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Validation Challenges in Data for Different Diesel Engine Performance Regimes Utilising HVO Fuel: A Study on the Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Emissions Prediction 使用高纯氧化物燃料的不同柴油发动机性能状态的数据验证挑战：关于应用人工神经网络进行排放预测的研究

Machines Pub Date : 2024-04-21 DOI: 10.3390/machines12040279

J. Matijošius, Alfredas Rimkus, A. Gruodis

{"title":"Validation Challenges in Data for Different Diesel Engine Performance Regimes Utilising HVO Fuel: A Study on the Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Emissions Prediction","authors":"J. Matijošius, Alfredas Rimkus, A. Gruodis","doi":"10.3390/machines12040279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12040279","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial neural networks (ANNs) provide supervised learning via input pattern assessment and effective resource management, thereby improving energy efficiency and predicting environmental fluctuations. The advanced technique of ANNs forecasts diesel engine emissions by collecting measurements during trial sessions. This study included experimental sessions to establish technical and ecological indicators for a diesel engine across several operational scenarios. VALLUM01, a novel tool, has been created with a user-friendly interface for data input/output, intended for the purposes of testing and prediction. There was a comprehensive collection of 12 input parameters and 10 output parameters that were identified as relevant and sufficient for the objectives of training, validation, and prediction. The proper value ranges for transforming into fuzzy sets for input/output to an ANN were found. Given that the ANN’s training session comprises 1,000,000 epochs and 1000 perceptrons within a single-hidden layer, its effectiveness can be considered high. Many statistical distributions, including Pearson, Spearman, and Kendall, validate the prediction accuracy. The accuracy ranges from 96% on average, and in some instances, it may go up to 99%.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140679043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Investigation of Real-Time Robotic Polishing Motion Planning Using a Dynamical System 使用动力系统进行机器人实时抛光运动规划的研究

Machines Pub Date : 2024-04-21 DOI: 10.3390/machines12040278

Xinqing Wang, Xin Wang, Zhen Yang, Yupeng Zou

{"title":"An Investigation of Real-Time Robotic Polishing Motion Planning Using a Dynamical System","authors":"Xinqing Wang, Xin Wang, Zhen Yang, Yupeng Zou","doi":"10.3390/machines12040278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12040278","url":null,"abstract":"When addressing the technical challenges of achieving precise force tracking during the local polishing process of polishing robots, controlling the contact state between the robot and the workpiece surface is essential. To this end, a contact motion-planning strategy based on dynamic systems is designed to generate trajectory routes during local polishing. The trajectory simulation of the local modulation dynamic system is achieved through the employment of the support vector regression (SVR) algorithm with a Gaussian kernel, facilitating the learning process. The feasibility and stability of planning local paths are validated using the local modulation dynamic system. To maintain a constant contact force between the end-effector polishing robot and the workpiece, an integral adaptive impedance control strategy is utilized, enabling the robot’s compliant control. Subsequently, an experimental system for the polishing robot is constructed in order to verify the effectiveness of the motion-planning system. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed motion-planning approach is applicable in practical polishing processes, ensuring smooth contact and maintaining the desired contact force when scanning nonlinear surfaces, and thus showcasing stability and practicality.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140678307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on Dynamic Characteristic Coefficients of Integral Squeeze Film Damper 积分挤压薄膜阻尼器的动态特性系数研究

Machines Pub Date : 2024-04-20 DOI: 10.3390/machines12040274

Wei Yan, Jinlong Lu, Jiabao Pan, Jinduo Liu, Chengming Fuyang, Dongdong Ye

{"title":"Research on Dynamic Characteristic Coefficients of Integral Squeeze Film Damper","authors":"Wei Yan, Jinlong Lu, Jiabao Pan, Jinduo Liu, Chengming Fuyang, Dongdong Ye","doi":"10.3390/machines12040274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12040274","url":null,"abstract":"Integral squeeze film damper (ISFD) is a new type of structure that appeared on the basis of traditional squeeze film damper (SFD). Since the oil film in ISFD is a segmented structure without annular flow, the nonlinearity of the oil film force has been improved to a great extent. The dynamic characteristic coefficients of ISFD have a close relationship with its damping performance. This work investigates and studies the dynamic characteristic parameters of ISFD by means of numerical analysis and experimental validation techniques in order to examine the dynamic features and unveil the damping mechanism. The ISFD solid and fluid analysis models are created, and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and mechanical performance analyses are completed. The force acting on the ISFD’s S-type elastomer under excitation conditions is revealed in the mechanical property analysis, and the flow characteristics of the internal oil film are investigated in the CFD analysis. It is discovered that the ISFD has good linear damping and stiffness characteristics, and numerical analytical values for the ISFD’s damping and stiffness coefficients are obtained. By constructing a bi-directional excitation test rig, the experimental values of the ISFD stiffness coefficient and damping coefficient are determined. These values are in close agreement with the results of the numerical analysis, confirming the accuracy of the ISFD’s numerical analysis conclusions.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140680594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anti-Offset Multicoil Underwater Wireless Power Transfer Based on a BP Neural Network 基于 BP 神经网络的反偏移多线圈水下无线电力传输

Machines Pub Date : 2024-04-20 DOI: 10.3390/machines12040275

You Fu, Haodong Tang, Jianan Luo, Zhouhua Peng

{"title":"Anti-Offset Multicoil Underwater Wireless Power Transfer Based on a BP Neural Network","authors":"You Fu, Haodong Tang, Jianan Luo, Zhouhua Peng","doi":"10.3390/machines12040275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12040275","url":null,"abstract":"Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are now widely used in both civilian and military applications; however, wireless charging underwater often faces difficulties such as disturbances from ocean currents and errors in device positioning, making proper alignment of the charging devices challenging. Misalignment between the primary and secondary coils can significantly impact the efficiency and power of the wireless charging system energy transfer. To address the issue of misalignment in wireless charging systems, this paper proposes a multiple transfer coil wireless power transfer (MTCWPT) system based on backpropagation (BP) neural network control combined with nonsingular terminal sliding mode control (NTSMC) to enhance further the system robustness and efficiency. To achieve WPT in the ocean, a coil shielding case structure was equipped. In displacement experiments, the proposed multi-transmitting coil system could achieve stable power transfer of 40 W and efficiency of over 78.5% within a displacement range of 8 cm. The system robustness was also validated. This paper presents a new AUV energy supply solution based on MTCWPT. The proposed MTCWPT system can significantly improve the navigation performance of AUVs.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140680231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Liquid Nitrogen Cooling Circulation Unit: Its Design and a Performance Study 液氮冷却循环装置：设计与性能研究

Machines Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.3390/machines12040271

Jianjie Yao, Xiangyou Lu, Yuanlai Xie, Qianxu Wang, Xiao Liu

{"title":"A Liquid Nitrogen Cooling Circulation Unit: Its Design and a Performance Study","authors":"Jianjie Yao, Xiangyou Lu, Yuanlai Xie, Qianxu Wang, Xiao Liu","doi":"10.3390/machines12040271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12040271","url":null,"abstract":"A liquid nitrogen cooling circulating unit is a necessary condition for the stable operation of a cryogenic oscillator, which can provide a stable working environment for the oscillator. In this paper, according to the user’s functional requirements and performance parameters, a closed cooling system with supercooled liquid nitrogen as the medium was designed using SOLIDWORKS 2021 software, which can provide a suitable working environment for the cryogenic oscillator. Combined with the system heat load analysis, theoretical calculation for and the design of the coil heat exchanger, one of the core pieces of equipment of the unit, were carried out. The performance of the designed nitrogen exhaust heater was studied using FLUENT 2021 software, and the velocity field and temperature field of the nitrogen exhaust heater were analyzed. The results show that the outlet temperature of the nitrogen exhaust heating device can reach up to 310 K, and the outlet flow rate of the heating device is 0.01528 kg/s. The experiments on the liquid nitrogen circulating unit using the simulated load equipment show that the refrigeration power of the unit can reach a design index of 600 W, and the temperature of the liquid nitrogen at the liquid outlet of the unit can reach 77.8 K. The experiments also show that the unit meets the design requirements.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140687494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

RBF-Based Fractional-Order SMC Fault-Tolerant Controller for a Nonlinear Active Suspension 基于 RBF 的分数阶 SMC 非线性主动悬架容错控制器

Machines Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.3390/machines12040270

Weipeng Zhao, Liang Gu

引用次数: 0

Ultra-Compact Orthoplanar Spring via Euler-Spiral Flexures 通过欧拉螺旋挠性实现超紧凑正平面弹簧

Machines Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.3390/machines12040273

Jacob Sutton, Collin Ynchausti, Kyle Dahl, S.P. Magleby, Larry L. Howell, Brian D. Jensen

引用次数: 0

Robust Combined Adaptive Passivity-Based Control for Induction Motors 基于被动性的感应电机鲁棒组合自适应控制

Machines Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.3390/machines12040272

J. Travieso-Torres, A. Ricaldi-Morales, N. Aguila-Camacho

{"title":"Robust Combined Adaptive Passivity-Based Control for Induction Motors","authors":"J. Travieso-Torres, A. Ricaldi-Morales, N. Aguila-Camacho","doi":"10.3390/machines12040272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12040272","url":null,"abstract":"The need for industrial and commercial machinery to maintain high torque while accurately following a variable angular speed is increasing. To meet this demand, induction motors (IMs) are commonly used with variable speed drives (VSDs) that employ a field-oriented control (FOC) scheme. Over the last thirty years, IMs have been replacing independent connection direct current motors due to their cost-effectiveness, reduced maintenance needs, and increased efficiency. However, IMs and VSDs exhibit nonlinear behavior, uncertainties, and disturbances. This paper proposes a robust combined adaptive passivity-based control (CAPBC) for this class of nonlinear systems that applies to angular rotor speed and stator current regulation inside an FOC scheme for IMs’ VSDs. It uses general Lyapunov-based design energy functions and adaptive laws with σ-modification to assure robustness after combining control and monitoring variables. Lyapunov’s second method and the Barbalat Lemma prove that the control and identification error tends to be zero over time. Moreover, comparative experimental results with a standard proportional–integral controller (PIC) and direct APBC show the proposed CAPBC’s effectiveness and robustness under normal and changing conditions.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140689938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Three-Dimensional Modeling for Mechanical Analysis of Hydropower Generators with Floating Rotor Rim 用于浮动转子轮缘水力发电机机械分析的三维建模

Machines Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.3390/machines12040268

D. Rondon, Simon Pääjärvi, J. Aidanpää, R. Gustavsson, Peter Jeppsson

{"title":"Three-Dimensional Modeling for Mechanical Analysis of Hydropower Generators with Floating Rotor Rim","authors":"D. Rondon, Simon Pääjärvi, J. Aidanpää, R. Gustavsson, Peter Jeppsson","doi":"10.3390/machines12040268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12040268","url":null,"abstract":"Hydropower generators withstand multiple forces from diverse sources during operation. To ensure their stability and safe performance, numerical tools are developed to characterize their dynamic properties. Traditionally, generators are assumed to be rigid in rotordynamic analyses. However, the measurements in power stations challenge this assumption. This article proposes a novel approach to modeling hydropower generators with floating rotor rims using a three-dimensional (3-D) Finite Element Method, aiming to study their dynamic performance and properties, including natural frequencies, the modes of vibrations, and expansion due to centrifugal and electromagnetic forces, with the goal of improving the reliability of modern designs. Both this approach and employing a two-dimensional (2-D) model using curved beams result in similar in-plane natural frequencies and the expansion of the rotor rim due to centrifugal forces. However, the 3-D model can be used to calculate the out-of-plane natural frequencies and modes, to model the dynamics of complex geometries, and to perform stress evaluation and fatigue analysis.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140694256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Study on the Cavitation Effect of Elastic Material with Textured Surfaces under Fluid Lubrication Conditions 流体润滑条件下带有纹理表面的弹性材料的气蚀效应研究

Machines Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.3390/machines12040267

Haocheng Sun, Z. Yan, Shibo Wu, Ze Liu, Yuanyuan Jiang

引用次数: 0