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Mathematical Complexities in Modelling Damage in Spur Gears 支齿轮损坏建模的数学复杂性

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050346

Aselimhe Oreavbiere, Muhammad Khan

{"title":"Mathematical Complexities in Modelling Damage in Spur Gears","authors":"Aselimhe Oreavbiere, Muhammad Khan","doi":"10.3390/machines12050346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050346","url":null,"abstract":"Analytical modelling is an effective approach to obtaining a gear dynamic response or vibration pattern for health monitoring and useful life prediction. Many researchers have modelled this response with various fault conditions commonly observed in gears. The outcome of such models provides a good idea about the changes in the dynamic response available between different gear health states. Hence, a catalogue of the responses is currently available, which ought to aid predictions of the health of actual gears by their vibration patterns. However, these analytical models are limited in providing solutions to useful life prediction. This may be because a majority of these models used single fault conditions for modelling and are not valid to predict the remaining life of gears undergoing more than one fault condition. Existing reviews related to gear faults and dynamic modelling can provide an overview of fault modes, methods for modelling and health prediction. However, these reviews are unable to provide the critical similarities and differences in the single-fault dynamic models to ascertain the possibility of developing models under combined fault modes. In this paper, existing analytical models of spur gears are reviewed with their associated challenges to predict the gear health state. Recommendations for establishing more realistic models are made especially in the context of modelling combined faults and their possible impact on gear dynamic response and health prediction.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140969948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Image-Based Interactive Training Method of an Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robot 基于图像的上肢康复机器人互动训练方法

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050348

Changlong Ye, Zun Wang, Suyang Yu, Chunying Jiang

{"title":"An Image-Based Interactive Training Method of an Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robot","authors":"Changlong Ye, Zun Wang, Suyang Yu, Chunying Jiang","doi":"10.3390/machines12050348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050348","url":null,"abstract":"Aimed at the problem of human–machine interaction between patients and robots in the process of using rehabilitation robots for rehabilitation training, this paper proposes a human–machine interactive control method based on an independently developed upper limb rehabilitation robot. In this method, the camera is used as a sensor, the human skeleton model is used to analyse the moving image, and the key points of the human body are extracted. Then, the three-dimensional coordinates of the key points of the human arm are extracted by depth estimation and spatial geometry, and then the real-time motion data are obtained, and the control instructions of the robot are generated from it to realise the real-time interactive control of the robot. This method can not only improve the adaptability of the system to individual patient differences, but also improve the robustness of the system, which is less affected by environmental changes. The experimental results show that this method can realise real-time control of the rehabilitation robot, and that the robot assists the patient to complete the action with high accuracy. The results show that this control method is effective and can be applied to the fields of robot control and robot-assisted rehabilitation training.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":"3 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140968536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Predicting Tool Wear with ParaCRN-AMResNet: A Hybrid Deep Learning Approach 利用 ParaCRN-AMResNet 预测刀具磨损：混合深度学习方法

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050341

Lian Guo, Yongguo Wang

{"title":"Predicting Tool Wear with ParaCRN-AMResNet: A Hybrid Deep Learning Approach","authors":"Lian Guo, Yongguo Wang","doi":"10.3390/machines12050341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050341","url":null,"abstract":"In the manufacturing sector, tool wear substantially affects product quality and production efficiency. While traditional sequential deep learning models can handle time-series tasks, their neglect of complex temporal relationships in time-series data often leads to errors accumulating in continuous predictions, which reduces their forecasting accuracy for tool wear. For addressing these limitations, the parallel convolutional and recurrent neural networks with attention-modulated residual learning (ParaCRN-AMResNet) model is introduced. Compared with conventional deep learning models, ParaCRN-AMResNet markedly enhances the efficiency and precision of feature extraction from time-series data through its innovative parallel architecture. The model adeptly combines dilated convolution neural network and bidirectional gated recurrent units, effectively addressing distance dependencies and enriching the quantity and dimensions of extracted features. The strength of ParaCRN-AMResNet lies in its refined ability to capture the complex dynamics of time-series data, significantly boosting the model’s accuracy and generalization capability. The model’s efficacy was validated through comprehensive milling experiments and vibration signal analyses, showcasing ParaCRN-AMResNet’s superior performance. In evaluation metrics, the model achieved a MAE of 2.6015, MSE of 15.1921, R2 of 0.9897, and MAPE of 2.7997%, conclusively proving its efficiency and accuracy in the precise prediction of tool wear.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":"51 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140974642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electromagnetic Characterization of Permanent Magnet Eddy Current Structures Based on Backplane Distance Adjustment 基于背板间距调整的永磁涡流结构电磁特性分析

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050343

Yipeng Wu, Teng Wang, Tao Song, Wenxiao Guo

引用次数: 0

A Remaining Useful Life Prediction Method of Mechanical Equipment Based on Particle Swarm Optimization-Convolutional Neural Network-Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory 基于粒子群优化-卷积神经网络-双向长短期记忆的机械设备剩余使用寿命预测方法

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050342

Yong Liu, Jiaqi Liu, Han Wang, Mingshun Yang, Xinqin Gao, Shujuan Li

{"title":"A Remaining Useful Life Prediction Method of Mechanical Equipment Based on Particle Swarm Optimization-Convolutional Neural Network-Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory","authors":"Yong Liu, Jiaqi Liu, Han Wang, Mingshun Yang, Xinqin Gao, Shujuan Li","doi":"10.3390/machines12050342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050342","url":null,"abstract":"In industry, forecast prediction and health management (PHM) is used to improve system reliability and efficiency. In PHM, remaining useful life (RUL) prediction plays a key role in preventing machine failures and reducing operating costs, especially for reliability requirements such as critical components in aviation as well as for costly equipment. With the development of deep learning techniques, many RUL prediction methods employ convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks and demonstrate superior performance. In this paper, a novel two-stream network based on a bidirectional long short-term memory neural network (BiLSTM) is proposed to establish a two-stage residual life prediction model for mechanical devices using CNN as the feature extractor and BiLSTM as the timing processor, and finally, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to adjust and optimize the network structural parameters for the initial data. Under the condition of lack of professional knowledge, the adaptive extraction of the features of the data accumulated by the enterprise and the effective processing of a large amount of timing data are achieved. Comparing the prediction results with other models through examples, it shows that the model established in this paper significantly improves the accuracy and efficiency of equipment remaining life prediction.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":"58 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140973727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Geometric Error-Based Multi-Source Error Identification and Compensation Strategy for Five-Axis Side Milling 基于几何误差的五轴侧铣多源误差识别和补偿策略

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050340

Ziwen Zhao, Jian Mao, Xingchi Wei

{"title":"Geometric Error-Based Multi-Source Error Identification and Compensation Strategy for Five-Axis Side Milling","authors":"Ziwen Zhao, Jian Mao, Xingchi Wei","doi":"10.3390/machines12050340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050340","url":null,"abstract":"Based on a multi-source error model, this paper discusses the principle of error element identification and uses the mirror bias method to compensate the geometric errors of a process system. Firstly, a nine-line measurement method to determine the geometric error of the linear feed axes of machine tools is introduced, and the geometric error identification model based on the “nine-line method” is established. Then, using a ballbar mounted in the axial, tangential, and radial directions of the machine, the geometric error elements of the rotation axis are identified by three simple measurements in each direction. Subsequently, for the more common flat vise clamping workpiece in actual production, the workpiece position error is identified by using the traditional process of dimensional chain, and the workpiece attitude error is identified by fitting the angle between the positioning plane and the horizontal plane by the least squares method. Finally, based on the tool position points and tool axis vectors obtained from the multi-source error model, the error compensation value is solved using inverse machine tool kinematics to offset the machining error by mirroring the error value of the same size, and based on the “S-shaped specimen” to compensate the processing experiments, after compensation, the processing error is reduced by 30~45%, verifying the effectiveness of the compensation method.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":"32 51","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140980404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Natural Characteristics of a Marine Two-Stage Tandem Hybrid Planetary System 海洋双级串联混合行星系统的自然特征

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050338

Xingfu Zhao, Z. Yue, Jianjun Qu, Marmysh Dzianis, Yanzhong Wang

{"title":"Natural Characteristics of a Marine Two-Stage Tandem Hybrid Planetary System","authors":"Xingfu Zhao, Z. Yue, Jianjun Qu, Marmysh Dzianis, Yanzhong Wang","doi":"10.3390/machines12050338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050338","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on a marine two-stage tandem hybrid planetary system. Natural frequencies and vibration modes are determined using a translational–torsional coupled dynamic model. Based on the motion characteristics of the transmission system, free vibration is categorized into three typical modes. The parameter sensitivity of natural frequencies is computed, and the effects of structural parameters such as unequally spaced planet, mesh stiffness, planet mass and rotational inertia on the natural frequencies are analyzed. Utilizing the coupling factor, the mode transition criterion for the natural frequencies response to parameters is formulated. The results demonstrate that the vibration modes of the two-stage tandem hybrid planetary system can be classified as the fixed-axis train vibration mode, the differential train vibration mode, and the coupled vibration mode. Unequally spaced planet primarily disrupts vibration modes without significantly affecting natural frequencies. In contrast, the effects of mesh stiffness, planet mass and rotational inertia on the modes are opposite to those of unequally spaced planets. The validity of the parameter sensitivity and mode transition criterion is substantiated through illustrative examples.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":"29 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140981293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

State-of-the-Art Lightweight Implementation Methods in Electrical Machines 最先进的电机轻量级实现方法

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050339

Han Zhao, Jing Li, Xiaochen Zhang, Bin Xiong, Chenyi Zhao, Yixiao Ruan, H. Wang, Jing Zhang, Zhouwei Lan, Xiaoyan Huang, He Zhang

引用次数: 0

Systematic Development of a Novel Laser-Sintering Machine with Roving Integration and Sustainability Evaluation 带巡回集成的新型激光烧结机的系统开发与可持续性评估

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050336

Michael Baranowski, Johannes Scholz, F. Kößler, Jürgen Fleischer

{"title":"Systematic Development of a Novel Laser-Sintering Machine with Roving Integration and Sustainability Evaluation","authors":"Michael Baranowski, Johannes Scholz, F. Kößler, Jürgen Fleischer","doi":"10.3390/machines12050336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050336","url":null,"abstract":"Incorporating continuous carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CCFRP) parts within additive manufacturing processes presents a significant advancement in the fabrication of robust lightweight parts, particularly relevant to aerospace, engineering, and various industrial sectors. Nonetheless, prevailing additive manufacturing methodologies for CCFRP parts exhibit notable limitations. Techniques reliant on resin and extrusion entail extensive and costly post-processing procedures to eliminate support structures, constraining design versatility and complicating small-scale production endeavours. In contrast, laser sintering (LS) emerges as a promising avenue for industrial application. It facilitates the efficient and cost-effective manufacturing of resilient parts without needing support structures. However, the current state of research and technological capabilities has yet to yield an LS machine that integrates the benefits of continuous fibre reinforcement with the inherent advantages of the LS process. This paper describes the systematic development process according to VDI 2221 of a new type of LS machine with automated continuous fibre integration while keeping the advantages of the LS process. The resulting physical prototype of the machine is also presented. Furthermore, this study presents an approach to integrate the cost and Product Carbon Footprint of the process in the product design. For this purpose, a machine state model was developed, and the costs and Product Carbon footprint of a part were analysed based on the model. The promising potential for future lightweight products is demonstrated through the production of CCFRP parts.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":"4 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140981837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Consensus Tracking Control of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Subject to Distinct Unknown Delays 受不同未知延迟影响的多个无人飞行器的一致跟踪控制

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050337

Sandy-Natalie Campos-Martínez, O. Hernández-González, M. Guerrero-Sánchez, Guillermo Valencia-Palomo, B. Targui, F. López‐Estrada

{"title":"Consensus Tracking Control of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Subject to Distinct Unknown Delays","authors":"Sandy-Natalie Campos-Martínez, O. Hernández-González, M. Guerrero-Sánchez, Guillermo Valencia-Palomo, B. Targui, F. López‐Estrada","doi":"10.3390/machines12050337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050337","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the consensus tracking problem for multi-agent systems (MAS) under the influence of unknown time-varying delays. Each agent of the MAS is a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) represented as a linear continuous-time system. The main objective of this paper is the stabilization of multi-agent systems where the control input is affected by unknown time-varying delays, which are assumed to be upper-bounded, and where these bounds are not required to be known. The proposed observer-based control scheme guarantees the consensus tracking of multi-UAV systems with the desired H∞ performance, which adds a further level of mitigation of unknown delays present in MAS systems by minimizing the H∞ norm, which measures the maximum gain from the disturbance to the controlled output of the system. For each UAV agent, an unknown input observer is employed to isolate the unknown time-varying delays in the state estimation process. With the use of an unknown input observer-based consensus tracking control, sufficient conditions are derived to ensure that all follower UAVs can reach a consensus with the leader, despite the presence of distinct unknown time-varying delays. The stability of the proposed scheme is proven using Lyapunov theory for the leader and follower agents. Finally, numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":"37 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140979162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0