Fire最新文献

{"title":"Using a Cultural Keystone Species in Participatory Monitoring of Fire Management in Indigenous Lands in the Brazilian Savanna","authors":"R. M. Falleiro, L. C. Moura, Pedro Paulo Xerente, Charles Pereira Pinto, Marcelo Trindade Santana, M. Corrêa, Isabel Belloni Schmidt","doi":"10.3390/fire7070231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070231","url":null,"abstract":"There is a consensus that fire should be actively managed in tropical savannas to decrease wildfire risks, firefighting costs, and social conflicts as well as to promote ecosystem conservation. Selection and participatory monitoring of the effects of fire on cultural keystone species may be an efficient way to involve local stakeholders and inform management decisions. In this study, we investigated the effects of different fire regimes on a cultural keystone species in Central Brazil. With the support of diverse multiethnic groups of local fire brigades, we sampled Hancornia speciosa (Apocynaceae) populations across a vast regional range of 18 traditional territories (Indigenous Lands and Quilombola Territories) as well as four restricted Protected Areas. We considered areas under wildfires (WF), prescribed burns (PB) and fire exclusion (FE) and quantified tree mortality, canopy damage, loss of reproductive structures and fruit production following a simplified field protocol. Areas with H. speciosa populations were identified and classified according to their fire history, and in each sampled area, adult plants were evaluated. We hypothesized that WF would have larger negative impact on the population parameters measured, while FE would increase plant survival and fruit production. We found that tree mortality, canopy damage, and loss of reproductive structures were higher in areas affected by wildfires, which also had the lowest fruit production per plant compared to PB and FE areas, corroborating our hypotheses. However, we also found higher mortality in FE areas compared to PB ones, probably due to plant diseases in areas with longer FE. Considering these results and that the attempts to exclude fire from fire-prone ecosystems commonly lead to periodic wildfires, we argue that the Integrated Fire Management program in course in federal Protected Areas in Brazil—based on early dry season prescribed fires—is a good management option for this, and likely other, cultural keystone species in the Brazilian savanna.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"26 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141684519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought and Wildfire Trends in Native Forests of South-Central Chile in the 21st Century","authors":"Efraín Duarte, Rafael Rubilar, Francisco Matus, Claudia Garrido-Ruiz, C. Merino, Cecilia Smith-Ramirez, Felipe Aburto, Claudia Rojas, Alejandra Stehr, José Dörner, Francisco Nájera, Guillermo Barrientos, I. Jofré","doi":"10.3390/fire7070230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070230","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last decades, Chile has experienced a long-term drought with significant consequences for water availability, forest productivity, and soil degradation, ultimately dramatically increasing the surface of burned area. Here, we quantify the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) to ascertain the extent of “moisture deficiency” across the central-southern region of Chile from 2000 to 2023 to assess the drought’s relationship with the frequency of wildfires focusing on the impact of native forests. Our methodology quantifies the PDSI from the burned area data using MODIS MCD64A1 satellite imagery, validated by in situ wildfire occurrence records. The findings indicate that 85.2% of fires occurred under moderate to severe drought conditions. We identified 407,561 ha showing varying degrees of degradation due to wildfires, highlighting the critical areas for targeted conservation efforts. A significant increase in both the frequency of wildfires and the extent of the affected area in native forests was observed with the intensification of drought conditions in the 21st century within mesic to humid Mediterranean climatic zones where drought explains up to 41% of the variability in the burned area (r2 = 0.41; p < 0.05). This study highlights the relationship between drought conditions and wildfire frequency, showing the paramount need to adopt comprehensive wildfire mitigation management in native forests.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"28 32","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141684697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the Safety Characteristics of Different Types of Pepper Powder (Capsicum L.)","authors":"László Kosár, Zuzana Szabová, R. Kuracina, S. Spitzer, Miroslav Mynarz, Bohdan Filipi","doi":"10.3390/fire7070229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070229","url":null,"abstract":"This research was aimed at comparing the fire characteristics of different types of pepper in the context of explosion prevention. The following characteristics were studied: explosion pressure Pmax and Kst at selected concentrations, ignition temperature of the deposited dust layer from the hot surface, and minimum ignition energy. The comparison of the chemical properties of the used types of pepper was performed using TG/DSC. The results of the measurements suggest that different types of peppers exhibit different explosion characteristics. Each sample reached the maximum value of the explosion pressure and rate of pressure rise at different concentrations. The volume of the explosion chamber used also influenced the explosion characteristics. It is a consequence of the fact that the explosion characteristics strongly depend on the mechanism of action of a particular igniter. The minimum effect on the safety characteristics was observed when measuring the minimum ignition energy and the minimum ignition temperature of the dust layer from the hot surface. The results of the measurements suggest that different types of peppers exhibit different explosion characteristics. This information should then be considered in explosion prevention.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"58 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141687738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Framework for Conducting and Communicating Probabilistic Wildland Fire Forecasts","authors":"Janice L. Coen, Gary W. Johnson, J. S. Romsos, David Saah","doi":"10.3390/fire7070227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070227","url":null,"abstract":"Fire models predict fire behavior and effects. However, there is a need to know how confident users can be in forecasts. This work developed a probabilistic methodology based on ensemble simulations that incorporated uncertainty in weather, fuel loading, and model physics parameters. It provided information on the most likely forecast scenario, confidence levels, and potential outliers. It also introduced novel ways to communicate uncertainty in calculation and graphical representation and applied this to diverse wildfires using ensemble simulations of the CAWFE coupled weather–fire model ranging from 12 to 26 members. The ensembles captured many features but spread was narrower than expected, especially with varying weather and fuel inputs, suggesting errors may not be easily mitigated by improving input data. Varying physics parameters created a wider spread, including identifying an outlier, underscoring modeling knowledge gaps. Uncertainty was communicated using burn probability, spread rate, and heat flux, a fire intensity metric related to burn severity. Despite limited ensemble spread, maps of mean and standard deviation exposed event times and locations where fire behavior was more uncertain, requiring more management or observations. Interpretability was enhanced by replacing traditional hot–cold color palettes with ones that accommodate the vision-impaired and adhere to web accessibility standards.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"74 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141712065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Perimeter Delineation Methods for Remote Sensing Fire Spot Data in Near/Ultra-Real-Time Applications","authors":"Hanif Bhuian, H. Dastour, Mohammad Razu Ahmed, Q. Hassan","doi":"10.3390/fire7070226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070226","url":null,"abstract":"Forest fires cause extensive damage to ecosystems, biodiversity, and human property, posing significant challenges for emergency response and resource management. The accurate and timely delineation of forest fire perimeters is crucial for mitigating these impacts. In this study, methods for delineating forest fire perimeters using near-real-time (NRT) remote sensing data are evaluated. Specifically, the performance of various algorithms—buffer, concave, convex, and combination methods—using VIIRS and MODIS datasets is assessed. It was found that increasing concave α values improves the matching percentage with reference areas but also increases the commission error (CE), indicating overestimation. The results demonstrate that combination methods generally achieve higher matching percentages, but also higher CEs. These findings highlight the trade-off between improved perimeter accuracy and the risk of overestimation. The insights gained are significant for optimizing sensor data alignment techniques, thereby enhancing rapid response, resource allocation, and evacuation planning in fire management. This research is the first to employ multiple algorithms in both individual and synergistic approaches with NRT or ultra-real-time (URT) active fire data, providing a critical foundation for future studies aimed at improving the accuracy and timeliness of forest fire perimeter assessments. Such advancements are essential for effective disaster management and mitigation strategies.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141698125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study on the Inerting Effect of Premixed Inert Gas of CO2 and N2 in Goaf","authors":"Bobo Shi, Jiaxing Zhao","doi":"10.3390/fire7070225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070225","url":null,"abstract":"As the conventional inert gas, it is used for the prevention and control of coal’s spontaneous combustion, mainly N2 and CO2. However, there is limited research focusing on the inerting effect of composite inert gas. This paper studied the impact of using a premixed inert gas (N2 accounted for 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80%) instead of CO2 on the inerting effect of nearly horizontal and gently inclined goaf by building a physical similarity simulation experiment platform. The experimental results showed that the inerting effect of premixed inert gas was better than that of CO2. For instance, in a nearly horizontal goaf, the inerting effect of the premixed inert gas was optimal when the N2 accounted for 70%. The average O2 concentration in the monitored area decreased from 9.7% with CO2 to 6.4%. In addition, in the gently inclined goaf, the premixed inert gas exhibited an accumulation state similar to CO2, primarily occurring in the lower part region adjacent to the working face. Furthermore, the accumulation state of premixed inert gas was inversely proportional to its inerting effect. This study has important reference significance for applying inert gas fire prevention and extinguishing technology in mines.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141705733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time Delay Estimation for Acoustic Temperature Measurement of Loose Coal Based on Quadratic Correlation PHAT-β Algorithm","authors":"Yin Liu, Jun Guo, Wenjing Gao, Hu Wen, Guobin Cai, Yongfei Jin, Kaixuan Wang","doi":"10.3390/fire7070228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070228","url":null,"abstract":"The acoustic temperature measurement method has a broad application prospect due to its advantages of high precision, non-contact, etc. It is expected to become a new method for hidden fire source detection in mines. The acoustic time of flight (TOF) can directly affect the accuracy of acoustic temperature measurement. We proposed a quadratic correlation-based phase transform weighting (PHAT-β) algorithm for estimating the time delay of the acoustic temperature measurement of a loose coal. Validation was performed using an independently built experimental system for acoustic temperature measurement of loose coals under multi-factor coupling. The results show that the PHAT-β algorithm estimated acoustic TOF values closest to the reference line as the sound travelling distance increased. The results of coal temperature inversion experiments show that the absolute error of the PHAT-β algorithm never exceeds 1 °C, with a maximum value of 0.862 °C. Using the ROTH weighted error maximum, when the particle of the coal samples is 3.0–5.0 cm, the absolute error maximum is 4.896 °C, which is a difference of 3.693 °C from the error minimum of 1.203 °C in this particle size interval. The accuracy of six algorithms was ranked as PHAT-β > GCC > PHAT > SCOT > HB > ROTH, further validating the accuracy and reliability of the PHAT-β algorithm.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"49 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141689686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen in the Natural Gas Network—Relevance for Existing Fire Precautions","authors":"Ilian Dinkov, Jan H. Braun, Dietmar Schelb","doi":"10.3390/fire7060189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7060189","url":null,"abstract":"Power-to-gas technology can be used to convert excess power from renewable energies to hydrogen by means of water electrolysis. This hydrogen can serve as “chemical energy storage” and be converted back to electricity or fed into the natural gas grid. In the presented study, a leak in a household pipe in a single-family house with a 13 kW heating device was experimentally investigated. An admixture of up to 40% hydrogen was set up to produce a scenario of burning leakage. Due to the outflow and mixing conditions, a lifted, turbulent diffusion flame was formed. This led to an additional examination point and expanded the aim and novelty of the experimental investigation. In addition to the fire safety experimental simulation of a burning leakage, the resulting complex properties of the flame, namely the lift-off height, flame length, shape and thermal radiation, have also been investigated. The obtained results of this show clearly that, as a consequence of the hydrogen addition, the main properties of the flame, such as lifting height, flame temperature, thermal radiation and total heat flux densities along the flame, have been changed. To supplement the measurements with thermocouples, imaging methods based on the Sobel gradient were used to determine the lifting height and the flame length. In order to analyze the determined values, a probability density function was created.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141266498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Wildfire Ember Hot-Spots on Gable Roofs via Deep Learning","authors":"M. al-Bashiti, Dac Nguyen, M. Z. Naser, Nigel B. Kaye","doi":"10.3390/fire7050153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7050153","url":null,"abstract":"Ember accumulation on and around homes can lead to spot fires and home ignition. Post wildland fire assessments suggest that this mechanism is one of the leading causes of home destruction in wildland urban interface (WUI) fires. However, the process of ember deposition and accumulation on and around houses remains poorly understood. Herein, we develop a deep learning (DL) model to analyze data from a series of ember-related wind tunnel experiments for a range of wind conditions and roof slopes. The developed model is designed to identify building roof regions where embers will remain in contact with the rooftop. Our results show that the DL model is capable of accurately predicting the position and fraction of the roof on which embers remain in place as a function of the wind speed, wind direction, roof slope, and location on the windward and leeward faces of the rooftop. The DL model was augmented with explainable AI (XAI) measures to examine the extent of the influence of these parameters on the rooftop ember coverage and potential ignition.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"90 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140654805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Ceiling Gas Temperature in a Branched Tunnel Fire with a Sloped Mainline Region under Natural Ventilation","authors":"Ning Lu, Xiaolin Yao, Jinming Yang, Youbo Huang","doi":"10.3390/fire7050152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7050152","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of the mainline slope on the ceiling temperature profile in a branched tunnel has not been clarified nor included in existing models. Thus, in this paper, the numerical code was employed to investigate the induced airflow velocity and gas temperature beneath the ceiling in a branch tunnel with a sloped upstream mainline. The mainline slope varied from 1% to 7%, with an interval of 1%. Five fire power of 3 MW, 5 MW, 10 MW, 15 MW, and 20 MW are employed on each slope. The airflow velocity and the longitudinal temperature in the mainline tunnel are measured and analyzed. Results show that the stack effect obviously occurred, which caused longitudinal velocity to prevent the smoke reverse flow in the mainline. The induced airflow velocity in the upstream inclined mainline is higher with increasing slope, and the dimensionless velocity is normalized well by the proposed expression. The maximum ceiling temperature is independent of the mainline slope and correlated well by Q*2/3, but the effect of the mainline slope on temperature longitudinal decay is worth considering. Finally, a normalized expression for longitudinal temperature decay in an inclined mainline is proposed by taking the fire power and mainline slope into account.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"51 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140662869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}