Fire Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.3390/fire7070242

Shanwei Liu, Xiao Li, Bozhezi Peng, Chaoyang Li

{"title":"The Impact of Pedestrian Lane Formation by Obstacles on Fire Evacuation Efficiency in the Presence of Unfair Competition","authors":"Shanwei Liu, Xiao Li, Bozhezi Peng, Chaoyang Li","doi":"10.3390/fire7070242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070242","url":null,"abstract":"After a fire breaks out, pedestrians simultaneously move towards the exit and quickly form a crowded area near the exit. With the intensification of pedestrians’ tendencies towards unfair competition, there is an increase in pushing and collisions within the crowd. The possibility of stampedes within the crowd also gradually increases. Analyzing the causes and psychological tendencies behind pedestrian pushing and collisions has a positive effect on reducing crowd instability and improving evacuation efficiency. This research proposes a modified social force model considering the unfair competition tendency of pedestrians. The model considers factors such as the gap between pedestrians’ actual and maximum achievable speed, effective radius, and their distance from the exit. In order to overcome the shortage of “deadlock” in the classical social force model in a high-density environment, this research introduces the feature of variable pedestrian effective radius. The effective radius of pedestrians dynamically changes according to the density of the surrounding crowd and queuing time. Through validation, the evacuation efficiency of this model aligns well with the actual situation and effectively reflects pedestrians’ pushing and squeezing behaviors in high-density environments. This research also analyzes how to strategically arrange obstacles to mitigate the exacerbating effect of unfair pedestrian competition on exit congestion. Five experiments were conducted to analyze how the relative position of obstacles and exits, the number of evacuation paths, and the size of the obstacle-free area before the exit affect evacuation efficiency in the presence of unfair pedestrian competition. The results show that evacuation efficiency can be improved when obstacles play a role in guiding or reducing the interaction of pedestrians in different queues. However, when obstacles hinder pedestrians, the evacuation efficiency is reduced to a certain extent.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"37 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141660652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of Surfactants on the Synthesis and Dissociation of Gas Hydrates 表面活性剂对气体水合物合成和解离的影响

Fire Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.3390/fire7070240

Sergey Misyura, Vladimir Morozov, Pavel Strizhak, N. Shlegel, I. Donskoy

引用次数: 0

Comparative Analysis between Remote Sensing Burned Area Products in Brazil: A Case Study in an Environmentally Unstable Watershed 巴西焚烧区遥感产品对比分析：环境不稳定流域案例研究

Fire Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.3390/fire7070238

Juarez Antonio da Silva Junior, Admilson da Penha Pacheco, A. M. Ruiz-Armenteros, Renato Filipe Faria Henriques

{"title":"Comparative Analysis between Remote Sensing Burned Area Products in Brazil: A Case Study in an Environmentally Unstable Watershed","authors":"Juarez Antonio da Silva Junior, Admilson da Penha Pacheco, A. M. Ruiz-Armenteros, Renato Filipe Faria Henriques","doi":"10.3390/fire7070238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070238","url":null,"abstract":"Forest fires can profoundly impact the hydrological response of river basins, modifying vegetation characteristics and soil infiltration. This results in a significant increase in surface flow and channel runoff. In response to these effects, many researchers from different areas of earth sciences are committed to determining emergency measures to rehabilitate river basins, intending to restore their functions and minimize damage to soil resources. This study aims to analyze the mapping detection capacity of burned areas in a river basin in Brazil based on images acquired by AMAZÔNIA-1/WFI and the AQ1KM product. The effectiveness of the AMAZÔNIA-1 satellite in this regard is evaluated, given the importance of the subject and the relatively recent introduction of the satellite. The AQ1KM data were used to analyze statistical trends and spatial patterns in the area burned from 2003 to 2023. The U-Net architecture was used for training and classification of the burned area in AMAZÔNIA-1 images. An increasing trend in burned area was observed through the Mann–Kendall test map and Sen’s slope, with the months of the second semester showing a greater occurrence of burned areas. The NIR band was found to be the most sensitive spectral resource for detecting burned areas. The AMAZÔNIA-1 satellite demonstrated superior performance in estimating thematic accuracy, with a correlation of above 0.7 achieved in regression analyses using a 10 km grid cell resolution. The findings of this study have significant implications for the application of Brazilian remote sensing products in ecology, water resources, and river basin management and monitoring applications.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"120 51","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141665542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Characterization of Several Pellets from Agroforestry Residues: A Comparative Analysis of Physical and Energy Efficiency 几种农林业残留物颗粒的特性：物理和能源效率比较分析

Fire Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.3390/fire7070239

S. Papandrea, A. Palma, M. Carnevale, E. Paris, B. Vincenti, Francesco Gallucci, A. Proto

{"title":"Characterization of Several Pellets from Agroforestry Residues: A Comparative Analysis of Physical and Energy Efficiency","authors":"S. Papandrea, A. Palma, M. Carnevale, E. Paris, B. Vincenti, Francesco Gallucci, A. Proto","doi":"10.3390/fire7070239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070239","url":null,"abstract":"The use of agroforestry biomass provides several advantages, both from an environmental point of view, in terms of the mitigation of global warming, and in terms of a circular economy for agricultural or agroforestry companies that reuse pruning residues as a source of energy. However, even if the use of energy pellets resulting from the pruning residues of various agroforestry species has excellent potential for the valorization of agricultural by-products, the physicochemical characteristics of these pellets have been scarcely studied by the scientific community. In this context, this study aims to assess the valorization potential of various lignocellulosic material residues produced during agroforestry activities. The objectives of the study include evaluating the chemical and physical characteristics of pellets produced with different mixtures of agroforestry biomass (olive, citrus, black locust, poplar, paulownia, etc.) in order to determine the optimal pellet blend from an energy and physicochemical perspective. The results of this study demonstrate that this comprehensive analysis provides valuable information on the optimization of biomass mixtures for better energy valorization, addressing both compositional and combustion-related challenges. In fact, it is observed that the addition of citrus and olive biomass to the various mixtures increases their energy potential. Furthermore, all of the pellets analyzed are found to possess an adequate and useful durability index (PDI) for their handling during storage and transport operations. This study demonstrates that olive and citrus pruning residues can be used to improve biomasses that have poor suitability in energetic, physical, and chemical terms. Further studies could be useful to understand which specific interaction mechanisms have an influence on emissions in order to optimize mixtures using different biomass sources for sustainable energy production.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"50 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141663121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

“Not Even Hell Must Look like This”—Print Media Narratives about the October 2017 Wildfires in Portuguese Public-Managed Forests "即使地狱也不一定是这个样子"--平面媒体对 2017 年 10 月葡萄牙公共管理森林野火的叙述

Fire Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.3390/fire7070236

Elisabete Figueiredo, Cristina Ribeiro, Maria Eduarda Fernandes

{"title":"“Not Even Hell Must Look like This”—Print Media Narratives about the October 2017 Wildfires in Portuguese Public-Managed Forests","authors":"Elisabete Figueiredo, Cristina Ribeiro, Maria Eduarda Fernandes","doi":"10.3390/fire7070236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070236","url":null,"abstract":"The unprecedented wildfires of 2017 in Portugal, particularly affecting the Centre Region, resulted in more than 100 deaths and numerous other dramatic socioeconomic and environmental impacts. Due to the unparalleled magnitude of these events, the extent of the burned area, and the catastrophic consequences, forest and fire management were placed at the center stage of public and political concerns, receiving wide mass media attention and amplification likely to shape public opinion and influence policy decisions. Through a quasi-qualitative content analysis approach, this article focuses on the media narratives conveyed by the news issued over two years (N = 1056) by eight newspapers of different periodicities and geographical scopes regarding the wildfires of October 2017 in the Matas do Litoral—coastal public-managed forest areas located in the Centre Region of Portugal. The analysis focuses on three main dimensions: the agents and actors mentioned and their power-related positions, the geographical coverage of the newspapers, and the relevance ascribed to emotions and feelings in the media narratives about the wildfires. The results demonstrate the relevance attributed in media narratives to the views of institutional agents and the negligence of local people’s voices. When particularly highlighting the material impacts of the wildfires, media narratives tended to focus less on people’s emotions and other non-tangible issues. The variation in these narratives according to the geographical scope of the newspapers and the publication time of the news strongly points out the need to address the heterogeneous character of the media coverage of wildfires.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":" 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141675979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of Room Layout on Natural Gas Explosion in Kitchen 房间布局对厨房天然气爆炸的影响

Fire Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.3390/fire7070235

Kai Yang, Hao Wu, Ye Chen

{"title":"Effect of Room Layout on Natural Gas Explosion in Kitchen","authors":"Kai Yang, Hao Wu, Ye Chen","doi":"10.3390/fire7070235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070235","url":null,"abstract":"In order to elucidate the overpressure and fire hazard effects of gas explosion in a congested room, the effects of gas concentration and room layout on a gas explosion in a kitchen were studied by CFD. The results showed that the flow field parameters in a kitchen exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease as the gas concentration increased. The maximum gas flow rate recorded within the chamber was 390 m/s, while the corresponding maximum flame propagation rate and peak pressure reached 289.86 m/s and 30.95 kPa, respectively. The difference in the flow field induced by the concentration was further enhanced by the presence of congested materials. Additionally, the room layout influenced the gas congestion’s blowout effect due to variations in turbulence intensity and flammable gas volume caused by significant changes in the congestion within the room. Specifically, when the gas concentration was 10%, the order of indoor gas flow rate and flame combustion rate were II > U > L > I, while the turbulent kinetic energy and explosive overpressure followed the order I > II > L > U. The results are of great significance for the disaster assessment and accident prevention of natural gas explosion in civil kitchens.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":" 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141675604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical Investigation of Flow and Flame Structures in an Industrial Swirling Inverse Diffusion Methane/Air Burner 工业漩涡反向扩散甲烷/空气燃烧器中流动和火焰结构的数值研究

Fire Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.3390/fire7070237

Mengwei Sun, Yali Shao, Yu Gong, Chuanyi Xu, Tao Song, Ping Lu, Ramesh K. Agarwal

{"title":"Numerical Investigation of Flow and Flame Structures in an Industrial Swirling Inverse Diffusion Methane/Air Burner","authors":"Mengwei Sun, Yali Shao, Yu Gong, Chuanyi Xu, Tao Song, Ping Lu, Ramesh K. Agarwal","doi":"10.3390/fire7070237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070237","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a novel gas burner combining air swirl and an inverse diffusion flame (IDF) is designed for industrial applications. Numerical simulations using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) method and simplified reaction mechanisms are conducted to predict the turbulent flow and combustion performance of the burner. Detailed flow structures, flame structures and effects of burner configurations are examined. The simulation results indicate that the swirl action of the burner creates a central recirculation zone and two external recirculation zones at the burner head, which stabilize combustion. The tangential velocity is minimal at the center of the burner and decreases with increasing distance from the outlet. As the distance from the exit increases, the maximum tangential velocity gradually decreases, and the peak value shifts towards the wall. This decrease in tangential velocity with axial distance signifies the gradual dissipation of the swirl effect, which disappears near the chamber outlet. The comparisons reveal that altering the number of burner fuel nozzles is more effective in reducing NO emissions than changing the inclination angle of the fuel nozzles, in the given conditions. Favorable combustion conditions are achieved when there are 16 fuel nozzles and the nozzle inclination angle is 60°, resulting in a 28.5% reduction in NO emissions at the outlet, compared to the reference condition.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141676661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Bacharach Method: A Low-Cost Tool for Small-Scale Combustion Units’ Flue Gas Quality Control 巴哈拉赫方法：小型燃烧装置烟气质量控制的低成本工具

Fire Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.3390/fire7070232

J. Ryšavý, Wei-Mon Yan, Thangavel Sangeetha, Jenn-Kun Kuo, Cheng-Chi Wang, F. Hopan, Maria Gouveia, Carla Oliveira Henriques, L. Kuboňová, T. Ochodek

{"title":"The Bacharach Method: A Low-Cost Tool for Small-Scale Combustion Units’ Flue Gas Quality Control","authors":"J. Ryšavý, Wei-Mon Yan, Thangavel Sangeetha, Jenn-Kun Kuo, Cheng-Chi Wang, F. Hopan, Maria Gouveia, Carla Oliveira Henriques, L. Kuboňová, T. Ochodek","doi":"10.3390/fire7070232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070232","url":null,"abstract":"Although current EU regulations, such as EU Directive 2015/1189 on the eco-design of solid fuel boilers and Directive 2015/1188, in accordance with the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC, require manufacturers to meet specific emission requirements for CE marking, the routine and regular onsite testing of household heating appliances is still not mandatory in many EU countries. This research endeavour addressed this gap by evaluating the effectiveness of the Bacharach method as a rapid and cost-effective tool for assessing flue gas quality, particularly in terms of particulate matter mass concentration. This study also compared the results of the Bacharach method with those obtained from two commercially available portable analysers. The research outcomes demonstrate that the Bacharach method, in combination with an innovative evaluation approach, offers a viable solution, enabling the swift and economical assessment of flue gas quality with the primary objective of determining the boiler class according to the limits specified by standard EN 303-5 under operating conditions. The modified Bacharach method for measuring TSP in solid fuel-fired boilers provides qualitatively similar results to the commercially used SM500 and STM225 instruments. The modified Bacharach methodology was primarily developed for comparison to the boiler class 3 limit (i.e., 125 and 150 mg/m3). The study revealed that the modified Bacharach method, when applied to biomass-based boilers, exhibited higher accuracies in the case of classification into classes 3 and 4, whereas fossil fuel-based boilers demonstrated higher accuracy in the case of class 5 limits.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141680574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Recent Developments in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Transportation: Challenges, Opportunities, and Perspectives 氢气生产、储存和运输的最新发展：挑战、机遇和前景

Fire Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.3390/fire7070233

S. S. Patel, Rahul K. Gupta, M. V. Rohit, Jung-Kul Lee

{"title":"Recent Developments in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Transportation: Challenges, Opportunities, and Perspectives","authors":"S. S. Patel, Rahul K. Gupta, M. V. Rohit, Jung-Kul Lee","doi":"10.3390/fire7070233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070233","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen (H2) is considered a suitable substitute for conventional energy sources because it is abundant and environmentally friendly. However, the widespread adoption of H2 as an energy source poses several challenges in H2 production, storage, safety, and transportation. Recent efforts to address these challenges have focused on improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of H2 production methods, developing advanced storage technologies to ensure safe handling and transportation of H2, and implementing comprehensive safety protocols. Furthermore, efforts are being made to integrate H2 into the existing energy infrastructure and explore new opportunities for its application in various sectors such as transportation, industry, and residential applications. Overall, recent developments in H2 production, storage, safety, and transportation have opened new avenues for the widespread adoption of H2 as a clean and sustainable energy source. This review highlights potential solutions to overcome the challenges associated with H2 production, storage, safety, and transportation. Additionally, it discusses opportunities to achieve a carbon-neutral society and reduce the dependence on fossil fuels.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"35 S142","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141683361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Influence of Wildfire Climate on Wildfire Incidence: The Case of Portugal 野火气候对野火发生率的影响：葡萄牙案例

Fire Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.3390/fire7070234

Mário G. Pereira, Norberto Gonçalves, M. Amraoui

{"title":"The Influence of Wildfire Climate on Wildfire Incidence: The Case of Portugal","authors":"Mário G. Pereira, Norberto Gonçalves, M. Amraoui","doi":"10.3390/fire7070234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070234","url":null,"abstract":"Although the influence of climate on the fire regime is unanimously recognized, most publications and studies on this influence are on a global scale. Therefore, this study aims to demonstrate the role of climate in wildfire incidence at the country and regional scale using multivariate statistical analysis and machine learning methods (clustering and classification algorithms). Mainland Portugal was chosen as a case study due to its climate and because it is the European region most affected by wildfires. The results demonstrate the climate signature in the spatial and temporal distribution of the wildfire incidence. The conclusions of the study include (i) the existence of two pyro-regions, with different types of climate (Csb and Csa) composed of NUTS II regions: the northern region composed of the Norte and Centro regions and the southern region composed of Alentejo and Algarve; (ii) the intra-annual variability in the wildfire incidence, characterized by two peaks, one in the spring and the other in the summer, are a consequence of the country’s type of climate; and (iii) how the annual cycle of wildfire incidence varies over the years depends on the weather conditions throughout each year. These results are of fundamental importance for wildfire managers, especially in the context of climate change.","PeriodicalId":508952,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"53 s183","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141682358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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