Xueran Wang , Rongrong Wan , Guishan Yang , Xiaosong Zhao , Bing Li , Xingwang Fan , Yixue Hong , Haoran Wang , Jipeng Song , Zhiyu Song , Yu Jiang
{"title":"Hydrological processes govern methane flux fluctuations in a subtropical floodplain","authors":"Xueran Wang , Rongrong Wan , Guishan Yang , Xiaosong Zhao , Bing Li , Xingwang Fan , Yixue Hong , Haoran Wang , Jipeng Song , Zhiyu Song , Yu Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Floodplain methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions represent a significant component of the global CH<sub>4</sub> budget. However, their response to escalating extreme drought events remains poorly understood, mainly due to high temporal variability under alternating wet-dry conditions. To address this gap, we conducted two years of <em>in-situ</em> CH<sub>4</sub> flux measurements using the chamber technique across alternating hydrological cycles (2022–2023) in the Poyang Lake floodplain, during which the region experienced a prolonged drought. Our results showed that CH<sub>4</sub> emissions during non-flooding periods (1.82 ± 1.36 mg CH<sub>4</sub> m<sup>–2</sup> h<sup>–1</sup>) (mean ± standard deviation) were significantly higher than those during flooding periods (1.26 ± 0.96 mg CH<sub>4</sub> m<sup>–2</sup> h<sup>–1</sup>). Notably, CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes in the autumn growing period (2.04 ± 1.43 mg CH<sub>4</sub> m<sup>–2</sup> h<sup>–1</sup>) were 35 % higher than in the spring (1.51 ± 1.21 mg CH<sub>4</sub> m<sup>–2</sup> h<sup>–1</sup>) under drought conditions. Further analysis revealed that, apart from air temperature, CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes were primarily regulated by vegetation during non-flooding periods and by fluctuating water levels and flooding duration that influence biogeochemical processes during flooding periods. The enhanced temperature sensitivity of CH<sub>4</sub> emissions emerged as a key factor for the higher autumn emissions compared to spring, which is directly linked to the shortened flooding period in the Poyang Lake floodplain. These findings underscore the critical role of extreme drought in reshaping hydrological conditions and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions in floodplain wetlands, with important implications for predicting wetland responses under future climate change scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110965"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145658196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tian Zhang , Chris B. Zou , Rodney E. Will , Benedict Ferguson , Jia Yang
{"title":"Maturation of encroaching juniper woodland elevates gross primary productivity and water use but reduces net ecosystem exchange relative to native tallgrass prairie","authors":"Tian Zhang , Chris B. Zou , Rodney E. Will , Benedict Ferguson , Jia Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.111009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.111009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Woody plant encroachment (WPE) is transforming grassland ecosystems, with important consequences for carbon sequestration and water balance. This study assessed the long-term impacts of eastern redcedar (<em>Juniperus virginiana</em>, juniper) encroachment by comparing ecosystem carbon and water fluxes between a mature juniper‐dominant woodland and an adjacent tallgrass prairie in the Southern Great Plains, USA. Paired eddy covariance systems (2022–2024) revealed that the juniper woodland was a weaker carbon sink, with a mean annual net ecosystem CO<sub>2</sub> exchange (NEE) of -162 g C/m<sup>2</sup>, compared to -182 g C/m<sup>2</sup> in the tallgrass prairie. This occurred despite higher annual gross primary productivity (GPP: 2164 vs. 1475 g C/m²), aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP: 281 vs. 142 g C/m²), and evapotranspiration (ET: 762 vs. 589 mm) of the woodland because WPE increased ecosystem respiration (R<sub>e</sub>: 2001 vs. 1294 g C/m²). These results suggest a decoupling of water loss from carbon gain in juniper woodlands and underscore the importance of evaluating full ecosystem carbon budgets – beyond aboveground biomass – to guide integrated carbon and water management in a transitional landscape in the prairies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 111009"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multi-source remote sensing of insect defoliation events in Abisko from point to regional scales","authors":"Shunan Feng , Simon Nyboe Laursen , Amy Smart , Katrine Stadsholt Sørensen , Monika Lund , Federico Grillini , Jolanta Rieksta , Yi Jiao , Riikka Rinnan , Andreas Westergaard-Nielsen","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Insect infestation is projected to become more frequent in the Arctic regions under global climate change, posing high socioeconomic and ecological pressure on the local environment and ecosystem. Rapid insect induced defoliation detection is critical for understanding the impact of discernible disturbances on terrestrial ecosystem structures and functions. This paper uses Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC) algorithm and the Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) dataset to build a systematic insect defoliation monitoring system in the Abisko region, subarctic Sweden. The Green Chromatic Coordinate (GCC) index was used to link different scale sensors, from close-up and time-lapse imagery to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and HLS observations, and biological processes of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions. The detected defoliation intensity was validated using the ground truth larvae abundance and Greenness Ratio from <em>in situ</em> digital photos. The new insect defoliation detection approach provides a new tool for assessing larvae outbreaks and the associated impact at different scales. The findings underscore the potential of integrating remote sensing data with ground observations from various sensors for effective insect defoliation monitoring and ecological impact assessment, paving the way for future large scale rapid mapping, early warning systems, and BVOC emission estimation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 111023"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lu Zhang, Jianxia Chang, Aijun Guo, Guibin Yang, Yimin Wang, Kai Zhou
{"title":"Vegetation sensitivity to ecological drought contributes to inconsistent vegetation growth in terms of canopy structure and vegetation productivity","authors":"Lu Zhang, Jianxia Chang, Aijun Guo, Guibin Yang, Yimin Wang, Kai Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.111013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.111013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intensified drought significantly shifts the structure and function of the ecosystem, driving asynchronous changes between them. However, understanding the relationship between terrestrial ecosystem responses to drought and vegetation growth remains a persistent challenge due to limited direct observations. Here, we used gross primary productivity as a proxy for carbon sink, the normalized difference vegetation index for canopy structure, and the standardized ecological water shortage index to disclose this relationship across 24 ecological-climatic regions and 6 vegetation types. Integrating climate, vegetation, soil, and topography factors, the ecological-climatic regions were classified using Fuzzy C-Means method combined with the ant colony algorithm. The results indicated that 55.7 % of the vegetated areas in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) have experienced inconsistent vegetation growth in canopy structure and the ecosystem carbon sink. More than 66 % of vegetated areas displayed short-term (≤3 months) responses to ecological drought. Notably, forest ecosystems showed much longer lagged responses, with mean NDVI lag time exceeding 7 months in significantly decreasing regions. The ecosystem carbon sink is more sensitive to ecological drought than canopy structure. Grassland is the most sensitive vegetation type in the YRB, and forests express the most pronounced ecological drought impacts. Generally, vegetation in arid regions is more sensitive to ecological drought than in humid areas. Ecosystem carbon sink in areas of increased growth shows greater sensitivity to ecological drought than in areas of decreased growth. Furthermore, across 9 vegetation growth pattens between ecosystem carbon sink and canopy structure, the sensitivity of ecosystem carbon sink and canopy structure to ecological drought also varies distinctly. The lowest sensitivity of vegetation to ecological drought was observed when ecosystem carbon sink declined, and canopy structure increased within the YRB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 111013"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chenghao Ding , Runpeng Cai , Lei Zhou , Zhenzhen Zhang , Xiaowei Zhang , Enxiang Xu , Yonggang Chi
{"title":"Nitrogen fertilization enhances gross primary productivity by prolonging reproductive stage in the subtropical rice paddies","authors":"Chenghao Ding , Runpeng Cai , Lei Zhou , Zhenzhen Zhang , Xiaowei Zhang , Enxiang Xu , Yonggang Chi","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.111012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.111012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vegetation phenology and photosynthetic physiology provided a new perspective for in-depth understanding of gross primary productivity (GPP). However, it is unclear whether different phenological stages and photosynthetic physiology affect the variability of GPP. Here, seasonal dynamics of green chromatic coordinate (GCC), solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) and GPP were measured synchronously throughout the growing season in subtropical rice paddies in Zhejiang Province, China. Phenological metrics in the growing season were extracted by GCC and SIF. Our study found that nitrogen fertilization significantly advanced phenological timing during reproductive stage while prolonging its duration (57 ± 0.58 days). GPP<sub>total</sub> of the growing season was significantly positively correlated with length of reproductive stage but negatively correlated with length of vegetative stage. Reproductive stage length and GPP<sub>max</sub> jointly explain 92 % of the growing season GPP<sub>total</sub> variability. These findings highlight the critical role of reproductive stage in crop growth process and provide a new insight into understanding the variability of GPP from the perspective of vegetation phenology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 111012"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Louise Terryn , David Ellsworth , Belinda E. Medlyn , Matthias Boer , Tom E. Verhelst , Kim Calders
{"title":"Corrigendum to “New allometric models for Eucalyptus tereticornis using terrestrial laser scanning show increased carbon storage in larger trees” [Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 373 (2025): 110708]","authors":"Louise Terryn , David Ellsworth , Belinda E. Medlyn , Matthias Boer , Tom E. Verhelst , Kim Calders","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110988","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110988"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145895040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Johannes Laubach , Aaron M. Wall , John E. Hunt , David I. Campbell , Jordan P. Goodrich , Scott L. Graham , Louis A. Schipper
{"title":"Small methane emissions from pasture observed with eddy covariance and flux-gradient methods: are they real or artefacts?","authors":"Johannes Laubach , Aaron M. Wall , John E. Hunt , David I. Campbell , Jordan P. Goodrich , Scott L. Graham , Louis A. Schipper","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grassland soils are generally considered a small methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) sink, based mostly on the findings from chamber experiments. However, micrometeorological studies using the eddy covariance (EC) and flux-gradient (FG) methods have often reported upward CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes over pasture, in the absence of grazing animals. Here, we collate available EC and FG data from New Zealand’s pasture systems finding a predominance of upwards fluxes, typically ≈ 5–10 mg m<sup>−2</sup> d<sup>−1</sup>. We then investigate whether these fluxes constitute real pasture emissions and conclude that they do not. Rather, these small upward fluxes are likely the result of strong CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from upwind sources, at distances on the order of 1 km or more, outside the area usually considered the flux footprint. In other words, horizontal advection is often a non-negligible term in the CH<sub>4</sub> mass budget and the homogeneity assumption for EC and FG is violated. This conclusion is based on the following points of evidence: 1) Exploratory surveys with chamber measurements, on three farms where EC and FG measurements operated, found small CH<sub>4</sub> uptake rates. 2) Simulations with a dispersion model of cow emissions 800–900 m upwind of a measurement point 2 m above ground showed systematically upward EC fluxes of 1–25 mg m<sup>−2</sup> d<sup>−1</sup>, and upward FG fluxes of similar magnitude for sufficiently stable or unstable stratification, demonstrating that fluxes of the observed magnitude can be entirely caused by advection. 3) Cospectra of CH<sub>4</sub> and vertical wind were compared with their carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) counterparts, because CO<sub>2</sub> is known to be taken up or emitted locally and spatially homogeneously, and the CH<sub>4</sub> cospectra were substantially different, being dominated at small wavenumbers indicating transport by large, organised structures. Based on our analyses, we urge caution when interpreting micrometeorological CH<sub>4</sub> flux data in landscapes where large, transient emissions sources are present.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110976"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145813859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M.A. Hernández-Ceballos , R. López-Orozco , M.J. Tenor-Ortiz , C. Galán , H. García-Mozo
{"title":"Wind dynamics drives the changes of the 2001–2023 grass pollen seasons in Córdoba (southern Spain)","authors":"M.A. Hernández-Ceballos , R. López-Orozco , M.J. Tenor-Ortiz , C. Galán , H. García-Mozo","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110955","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110955","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aerobiological studies have reported an increasing severity of pollen seasons, both in terms of duration and total pollen amount. Climate change has also influenced global terrestrial near-surface wind speeds, yet its connection to pollen dynamics remains underexplored in southern Europe. This study analyzes long-term trends in grass (Poaceae) pollen season parameters in Córdoba, Spain (2001–2023), with a particular focus on wind dynamics—including air mass trajectories and wind speed—as well as other meteorological variables such as temperature and rainfall. By examining surface wind patterns in detail, the analysis also allows identification of potential pollen sources during different phases of the pollen season (pre- and post-peak). The results reveal a significant positive trend in pollen season duration (+3.7 days year⁻¹), associated with an earlier onset (–0.8 days year⁻¹) and a delayed end (+1.3 days year⁻¹). Temporal variations in air mass arrivals significantly influence grass pollen concentrations, with distinct patterns observed between pre- and post-peak periods. The pre-peak period is characterized by lower wind speeds (average 1.53 ± 0.05 m/s, with a negative trend of –0.007 m/s year⁻¹) and slow-moving air masses, favoring local sources and atmospheric accumulation processes that lead to progressively increasing concentrations. In contrast, the post-peak period is marked by higher wind speeds (average 1.82 ± 0.05 m/s, with a positive trend of +0.004 m/s year⁻¹) and the dominance of faster northerly and north-westerly flows, indicating a greater influence of distant sources. Additionally, the study identifies a positive contribution of precipitation during the season to the extension of the pollen season with an earlier onset and delayed end. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of how meteorological factors, especially wind dynamics, shape temporal and spatial patterns in grass pollen seasons in southern Spain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110955"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrew VanderZaag , Hambaliou Baldé , Thomas K. Flesch , Chih-Yu Hung , Claudia Wagner-Riddle
{"title":"Heat waves associated with higher methane emissions from dairy manure: A 6-year study","authors":"Andrew VanderZaag , Hambaliou Baldé , Thomas K. Flesch , Chih-Yu Hung , Claudia Wagner-Riddle","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110980","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emission estimates for dairy manure management require farm-scale studies that capture the effect of changing temperatures under in situ conditions. In Northern climates the sensitivity of methanogenesis to temperature is critically important for annual emission estimates; however, most data on CH<sub>4</sub> emission dynamics come from lab studies at constant temperatures. A related source of uncertainty in emission estimates is the potential for naturally forming surface crusts to enable aerobic methanotrophs to mitigate CH<sub>4</sub> emissions. This study used an inverse-dispersion approach to measure CH<sub>4</sub> emissions for 6 years and NH<sub>3</sub> emissions for 2 years at a dairy manure storage near Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (53°N). Results showed the effect of inter-annual temperature variability: CH<sub>4</sub> emissions were highly sensitive to heat waves that occurred in two out of six years. In those years, annual CH<sub>4</sub> emissions were 2 to 3times higher than other years. Increased CH<sub>4</sub> emissions in years with heat waves indicated that brief exposure to warmer temperature was associated with a sustained increase in emissions. This supports the idea that there is a temperature threshold above which CH<sub>4</sub> production accelerates. Manure surface crusts developed in the warm years but did not reduce CH<sub>4</sub> emissions compared to colder years without crust. This finding does not support the use of lower CH<sub>4</sub> emission factors when surface crusts are present. Ammonia emissions were lower in the warmer year (2021) when a thick, dry crust developed, compared to the cooler year (2019) with less crust. Ammonia emissions represented a modest 6.6 % (2021) and 4.8 % (2019) of the estimated N loading rate into the manure storage. From a climate perspective the results of this study point to a reinforcing feedback loop where warming climate leads to higher CH<sub>4</sub> emissions under business-as-usual management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110980"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dan Yang , Asger Buur Jensen , Zheng Gong , Linjing Ren , Brian K. Sorrell , Franziska Eller , Hans Brix
{"title":"Grazing influences salt marsh greenhouse gas balance mediated by plant-specific methane emissions","authors":"Dan Yang , Asger Buur Jensen , Zheng Gong , Linjing Ren , Brian K. Sorrell , Franziska Eller , Hans Brix","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.111001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.111001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salt marshes with high photosynthetic capacity play a crucial role in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) uptake, yet their climate benefit can be diminished by simultaneous methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions. Knowledge of the mechanisms underlying CH<sub>4</sub> emissions and their impact on the net greenhouse gas (GHG) balance remains limited, particularly in marine-terrestrial gradient salt marshes under grazing management. Here, we quantified the CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes over a growing season across grazed and ungrazed communities dominated by <em>Spartina anglica</em> and <em>Schoenoplectus maritimus</em> in the low and middle marshes, as well as a grazed <em>Phragmites australis</em>-dominated community in the high marsh. Our results indicated that all communities functioned as net carbon sinks during the growing season, with a stronger carbon sequestration capacity observed in ungrazed communities. The grazed <em>Phragmites-</em>dominated community had high CH<sub>4</sub> emissions of 23.6 mg m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>, 21-fold greater than the combined CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from the other four communities, resulting in a net warming effect, in contrast to the net cooling effects of the ungrazed communities. Photosynthetic and respiratory CO<sub>2</sub> exchange were primarily driven by air temperature, whereas CH<sub>4</sub> emissions were predominantly controlled by plant species. Given the high CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from grazed <em>Phragmites</em> communities and the observed pattern of enhanced respiration and reduced photosynthesis under grazing, implementing targeted grazing management is crucial to restoring their net climate mitigation potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 111001"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}