Agricultural and Forest Meteorology最新文献

{"title":"Low-cost, energy-efficient sap flow system reveals multi-year transpiration dynamics in a subtropical mixed-species plantation","authors":"Ignacio Ruiz de la Cuesta Vela,Tomonori Kume,Cheng-Wei Lai,Man-Shun Hsu,Chieh-Yu Hong,Shin-Min Chong,Shih-Chieh Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111435","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"8 1","pages":"111435"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148894718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ebullition dominates N2O emissions from eutrophic shallow lakes in irrigated agricultural region","authors":"Heyang Sun,Xiangwei Li,Jiahang Wu,Linxiang Zhang,Ruihong Yu,Xixi Lu,Tingxi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111456","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"141 1","pages":"111456"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148894717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of even- versus uneven-aged tree species mixing on stem radial growth: Links to xylem traits and seasonal climate sensitivity","authors":"Renjie Chen, Xinyi Guan, Huizhen Nong, Angang Ming, Weijun Shen, Steven Jansen","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111452","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change increasingly threatens the capacity of planted forests to sustain growth and ecosystem services. Tree species mixing is regarded as a promising management strategy for improving productivity and climatic adaptability of plantation forests. However, it remains unclear how stand age structure influences mixing effects on radial growth and whether these effects are associated with changes in xylem traits and long-term growth–climate relationships. Using even- and uneven-aged mixtures of <ce:italic>Pinus massoniana</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>Castanopsis hystrix</ce:italic>, together with their corresponding monocultures, we developed 30-year chronologies of radial growth and xylem anatomical traits and combined them with seasonal climate variables to assess mixing effects on radial growth, xylem traits and seasonal growth–climate relationships. We found that even-aged mixing resulted in contrasting species-specific responses. <ce:italic>P. massoniana</ce:italic> maintained radial growth comparable to that in the monoculture during the early stage but declined markedly during the later stage, despite showing greater hydraulic efficiency and weaker precipitation sensitivity. By contrast, <ce:italic>C. hystrix</ce:italic> showed enhanced radial growth, lower vessel density and weaker sensitivity to both temperature and precipitation. Furthermore, higher theoretical specific hydraulic conductivity in <ce:italic>P. massoniana</ce:italic> and larger vessel area in <ce:italic>C. hystrix</ce:italic> were associated with weaker precipitation sensitivity. Uneven-aged mixing did not significantly affect <ce:italic>P. massoniana</ce:italic>, but shifted <ce:italic>C. hystrix</ce:italic> towards smaller vessel dimensions and weaker temperature sensitivity without changing radial growth. More positive mixing effects on radial growth were linked to higher hydraulic efficiency or lower vessel density in the even-aged mixture, but to safer hydraulic structures in the uneven-aged mixture. Our findings suggest that even-aged mixing of fast-growing <ce:italic>P. massoniana</ce:italic> with later-successional <ce:italic>C. hystrix</ce:italic> provides an effective stage-dependent management strategy for subtropical plantations by promoting <ce:italic>C. hystrix</ce:italic> growth while reducing its climate sensitivity, but timely thinning or harvesting of <ce:italic>P. massoniana</ce:italic> could be considered before canopy closure intensifies asymmetric light competition.","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148885249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in a managed grassland following nitrogen fertilisation: A comparative analysis of cumulative emissions determined by automated and manual chamber methods","authors":"Angela A. Duah, Paul N.C. Murphy, Shaun Connolly, Katie Scully, Dominika J. Krol, Gary J. Lanigan, Karl G. Richards","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111441","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate quantification of nitrous oxide (N<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O) emissions from grasslands remains challenging owing to their episodic, spatially heterogeneous and diurnally variable nature. This study compared automated chamber (AC) and manual chamber (MC) methods to evaluate the influence of chamber methodology on N<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O emissions following nitrogen (N) fertilisation. A field experiment was conducted on a perennial ryegrass (<ce:italic>Lolium perenne</ce:italic>) sward using 16 plots arranged in four replicate blocks, with paired AC and MC installed in each plot. Nitrogen fertilisers were applied in five equal splits of 40 kg N ha<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>, giving a total of 200 kg N ha<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup> yr<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>, and fluxes were monitored for eight months.","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148883951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weak sensitivity of annual N2O emission to precipitation in a paddy-dominated agricultural landscape","authors":"Jie Shi, Mi Zhang, Wei Xiao, Yanhong Xie, Yang He, Hengxin Bao, Fuyu Yang, Shenbao Zhang, Xuhui Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111451","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture is the largest anthropogenic source of atmospheric N₂O. Dryland crops are known to emit disproportionately large amounts of N<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O in short hot moments and to display high interannual variability in the emission rate. In comparison, the temporal dynamics of paddy rice N<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O emission are less well understood. In this study, the N<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O flux was measured near-continuously using an eddy covariance system on a 70-m tall tower in a paddy-dominated agricultural landscape of the Yangtze River Delta, China from 2019 to 2024. The results showed that hot moment occurrence time fraction was higher in the month of fertilization (June; 33%) than the average across the full year (14%), but hot-moment fluxes were not as well-defined as those reported for dryland crops. The six-year mean N<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O flux was 8.5 kg N₂O<ce:glyph name=\"sbnd\"></ce:glyph>N ha<ce:sup loc=\"post\">-</ce:sup>¹ yr <ce:sup loc=\"post\">–1</ce:sup>. The annual flux was weakly correlated with annual precipitation (linear correlation= +0.63, <ce:italic>p</ce:italic> = 0.18). The coefficient of variation (CV) of the annual N₂O emission (5.9%) was much smaller than the CV of precipitation (25.1%), indicating weak sensitivity of the N<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O flux to precipitation. The overall emission factor, calculated as the ratio of N in the annual N<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O flux to the flux footprint-weighted N fertilizer input, was 4.3% ± 0.2%, which is much higher than the IPCC direct (dryland crops: 1%; paddy fields: 0.4%) and indirect emission factor (1.1%) for paddy rice. Future work should investigate if this high emission factor also holds for paddy rice in other climate zones and under different water management regimes.","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148883952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When and why elevation fails as a temperature proxy: Hierarchical controls on lapse rates across climate, physiography, and vegetation in Mexico","authors":"Pablo Antúnez","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111376","url":null,"abstract":"Is elevation a reliable predictor of mountain temperatures? The answer depends on where you look and what you measure. Temperature–elevation relationships are widely used to estimate thermal variation in mountain ecosystems, yet their consistency across climatic and ecological contexts remains poorly resolved. Using 33,468 sampling units and hierarchical mixed-effects models, we evaluated how temperature gradients vary across macroclimatic, physiographic, and vegetation domains in continental Mexico. Altitudinal temperature gradients followed a hierarchical structure in which macroclimate controlled baseline thermal patterns, physiography modulated regional gradients, and vegetation regulated local thermal extremes. Lapse rates varied from -6.07°C/km (Csa) to -2.85°C/km (Aw) for mean annual temperature, and from -6.42°C/km (Cwb) to -0.86°C/km (Aw) for maximum temperature. The strongest physiographic gradients occurred in the Great Plains of North America, reaching -10.12°C/km for minimum temperature. Across vegetation types, the steepest gradients were observed in thorny forests (-5.47°C/km) and coniferous–oak forests (-5.02°C/km). Elevation reliably predicts temperature only under two concurrent conditions: humid macroclimates and mountainous terrain, where it explains &gt;80% of variation in mean and maximum temperatures. In contrast, its explanatory power declines substantially in arid, lowland, or inversion-prone environments. Elevation is a conditional—not universal—thermal predictor, with quantifiable boundary conditions for its use. The global standard lapse rate (∼6.5°C/km) was observed mainly in humid mountain systems, whereas dry environments exhibited substantially weaker gradients, challenging uniform lapse-rate assumptions in ecological and climate models.","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148883868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diffuse radiation impacts gross primary productivity of pasture ecosystems in Southern Amazonia","authors":"Bárbara Antonucci, Glauber Cirino, Simone Rodrigues, Leonardo José Gonçalves Aguiar, Alberto Dresch Webler, Rafael Palácios, Breno Imbiriba, Adriano Rogério Bruno Tech","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111402","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass burning associated with Amazonia deforestation increases atmospheric aerosol loading, altering the partitioning of solar radiation and potentially affecting ecosystem carbon exchange. While diffuse radiation effects are documented, its influence on pasture remains uncertain. This study quantified aerosols and cloud effects on carbon uptake in a <ce:italic>Brachiaria brizantha</ce:italic> pasture in Southwestern Amazonia using eddy covariance and micrometeorological data (1999–2007) from the Fazenda Nossa Senhora site. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) increased from 0.10 (rainy) to 0.69 (dry season), showing a significant correlation with regional hotspots (<ce:italic>R<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup></ce:italic> = 0.60, <ce:italic>p</ce:italic> &lt; 0.05). Grassland ecosystems showed enhanced photosynthetic activity under diffuse radiation, as clouds and aerosols improved light use efficiency (LUE), promoting better energy utilization by the canopy. Variations in the diffuse fraction explained 34% of the LUE variability (<ce:italic>R<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup></ce:italic> = 0.34, <ce:italic>p</ce:italic> &lt; 0.05). Under cloudy conditions, Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) peaked at 0.6 gC m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup> s<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>, while the optimal photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) level for maximum GPP was approximately 2000 µmol m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup> s<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>. Increasing AOD shifted diffuse PAR from 50% to 90%, while total radiation decreased by 20% compared to clear-sky conditions. Atmospheric turbidity reduced canopy temperature by up to 10 °C and vapor pressure deficit from 2.5 kPa to 1.5 kPa, creating a cooler microclimate. Although GPP declined under extreme turbidity (AOD &gt; 2.0), optimal carbon uptake occurred under intermediate conditions. These results demonstrate that moderate increases in diffuse radiation can enhance photosynthetic efficiency in Amazonian pastures.","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"387 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148883867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responses of evapotranspiration and gross primary productivity to extreme vapor pressure deficit, shortwave radiation, and soil moisture across China","authors":"Yi Liu, Jingfeng Xiao, Xing Li, Yue Li","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111453","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in soil water availability and atmospheric water demand influence how well ecosystems adapt to drought, while shifts in terrestrial water and carbon fluxes can, in turn, have feedback to soil-atmospheric conditions. Understanding responses of evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary productivity (GPP), regulators of water and carbon balances, to extreme soil-atmospheric conditions is imperative for developing more adaptable ecosystem strategies. However, the response under direct and compound extreme processes is not well understood. This study characterized the resistance and recovery of ET and GPP to extreme vapor pressure deficit (VPD), shortwave radiation, and soil moisture using random forest regression, based on satellite-derived data from 8 gridded datasets and in situ measurements from 15 eddy covariance flux sites across China from 2001 to 2018. We observed widespread increases in extreme VPD in the south temperate zone and further found that GPP exhibited lower resistance and recovery than ET. Specifically, GPP recovery following extreme VPD was lower than that following extreme radiation, indicating the long-term effects of extreme VPD on GPP in the North China Plain, the breadbasket of China. Under conditions of extreme radiation combined with extreme VPD, radiation had a larger effect on GPP in the south temperate zone; under conditions of extreme VPD combined with insufficient soil moisture, VPD had a larger effect on GPP in the plateau climate. Both regions had reduced resistance, and the plateau climate exhibited a weaker recovery. Our identification of regions with declining resilience prioritizes the south temperate zone and plateau climate for future research to disentangle roles of environmental drivers and vegetation hydraulic strategies in regulating carbon and water fluxes under extreme conditions.","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148883869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme drought converts grassland carbon sinks to sources in Inner Mongolia, but strong recovery follows: Insights from a 9-year study","authors":"Shaoling Li, Rongle Zhang, Juejie Yang, Tai Yang, Cong Wang, Frank Hagedorn, Arthur Gessler, Marcus Schaub, Fei Li, Shikui Dong, Qiang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111446","url":null,"abstract":"Grasslands, covering 40% of global land and storing 34% of terrestrial carbon, play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle but are highly vulnerable to climate extremes. This remote-sensing-based study assessed the impacts of extreme drought on carbon fluxes and post-drought recovery in Inner Mongolia’s arid and semi-arid grasslands from 2010 to 2018, with emphasis on the severe drought event in 2017. Inner Mongolia was selected as a representative precipitation-limited temperate steppe region within the eastern Eurasian steppe, where carbon fluxes are strongly constrained by hydroclimatic variability. During the 2017 drought, gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP) declined by 43 and 21.1 g C m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup> yr<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>, respectively, while net ecosystem productivity (NEP) decreased significantly and turned negative (e.g., -14.5 g C m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup> yr<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup> in Xilingol League), indicating that the ecosystem function shifted from net carbon uptake to net carbon release during the drought period. In 2018, GPP and NPP increased by 29.3 and 17.5 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively, exceeding pre-drought levels, while NEP rebounded by 80% relative to the drought year and re-established a regional carbon sink. Spatial analysis revealed that central and eastern regions exhibited stronger drought resistance and quicker recovery, while northern areas were more sensitive. To enhance regional drought detection, we proposed a precipitation anomaly-based approach, integrating two structural indicators: proportion of affected area and number of impacted stations. This framework improves the spatial robustness and operational consistency of extreme drought identification. Our results underscore precipitation as the dominant control of interannual carbon flux variability and highlight the capacity of grassland ecosystems to recover from climate shocks. This study contributes a scalable indicator-based method for evaluating drought impacts and tracking ecosystem carbon dynamics under increasing hydroclimatic variability.","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148883870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenology constrains the predictability of soil respiration in cropping systems revealed through interpretable machine learning","authors":"Jing Yang, Jing Hu, Dana M. Miles, Frances A. Podrebarac, Daniel McCraine, Joby M. Prince Czarnecki, John P. Brooks","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111443","url":null,"abstract":"Soil respiration (R<ce:inf loc=\"post\">s</ce:inf>) links canopy carbon assimilation with belowground carbon cycling; however, its drivers and predictability vary substantially across crop development. Most traditional, season-aggregated approaches implicitly treat the growing season as homogeneous, thereby obscuring phenology-dependent controls on soil CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> efflux. To address this limitation, we applied stage-explicit modeling to examine how the predictability and dominant drivers of R<ce:inf loc=\"post\">s</ce:inf> shift across the life cycles of cotton (<ce:italic>Gossypium hirsutum</ce:italic> L.) and corn (<ce:italic>Zea mays</ce:italic> L.) in a no-till dryland system. Using this framework, we found that both R<ce:inf loc=\"post\">s</ce:inf> predictability and dominant controls were strongly stage-dependent. In particular, predictive skill was confined to specific phenological stages (R<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup> up to 0.52) and consistently collapsed during reproductive transitions, indicating reduced coupling between R<ce:inf loc=\"post\">s</ce:inf> and the measured surface predictors during these developmental periods. Within these stage-dependent regimes, vegetation indices (VIs) provided informative signals for R<ce:inf loc=\"post\">s</ce:inf> prediction during select phenological periods, whereas their predictive utility diminished during transitional phases. By contrast, cover crop (CC) residual effects primarily functioned as a magnitude filter, modulating the baseline intensity of R<ce:inf loc=\"post\">s</ce:inf> without fundamentally altering its sensitivity to environmental drivers (∆R<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup><ce:italic>≤</ce:italic> 0<ce:italic>.</ce:italic>04). To further interpret these patterns, interpretable analyses (SHAP/PDP/ICE) revealed crop-specific nonlinearities in predictor-response relationships. Most notably, non-monotonic VI-R<ce:inf loc=\"post\">s</ce:inf> trajectories emerged during late-season stages, indicating that increases in canopy greenness or cover did not consistently correspond to higher soil respiration later in crop development. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the governing logic of R<ce:inf loc=\"post\">s</ce:inf> changes systematically with phenology. Consequently, stage-explicit modeling provides a framework for interpreting phenology-dependent shifts in soil respiration predictability and identifying developmental windows of enhanced or reduced flux detectability, informing phenology-aware data collection and model evaluation.","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148883871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}