Yao Rong , T. Andrew Black , Weishu Wang , Xingwang Wang , Pu Wang , Fuping Xue , Chenglong Zhang , Junwei Tan , Zailin Huo
{"title":"Hybrid deep learning model with joint water-carbon constraints for simultaneous estimation of evapotranspiration and gross primary production","authors":"Yao Rong , T. Andrew Black , Weishu Wang , Xingwang Wang , Pu Wang , Fuping Xue , Chenglong Zhang , Junwei Tan , Zailin Huo","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately quantifying evapotranspiration (<em>ET</em>) and gross primary production (<em>GPP</em>) is essential for sustainable agroecosystem management. Hybrid deep learning (<em>DL</em>) models, which integrate physical knowledge with data-driven techniques, have demonstrated strong potential in improving flux predictions. However, most existing frameworks estimated <em>ET</em> and <em>GPP</em> separately, thereby overlooking their intrinsic coupling via shared physiological mechanisms such as stomatal regulation. In this perspective, we proposed a novel hybrid modeling framework that incorporated <em>DL</em>-based canopy stomatal conductance (<em>G<sub>s</sub></em>) as an intermediary biophysical variable within process-based host models to simultaneously estimate <em>ET</em> and <em>GPP</em>. The framework was evaluated using multi-year eddy covariance observations from sunflower and maize agroecosystems under three constraint strategies: water-only (<em>HDW</em>), carbon-only (<em>HDC</em>), and joint water-carbon (<em>HDWC</em>). Results showed that although <em>HDW</em> and <em>HDC</em> achieved high target-specific accuracies, they exhibited limited generalization in cross-target predictions. In contrast, the <em>HDWC</em> model, optimized with weighting coefficients of 0.5 for sunflower and 0.6 for maize, effectively balanced the trade-off between <em>ET</em> and <em>GPP</em>, achieving average Kling-Gupta Efficiency (<em>KGE</em>) values of 0.881 for sunflower and 0.931 for maize. Multi-year evaluations further revealed that <em>HDWC</em> reduced root mean square errors (<em>RMSE</em>) to 0.45 and 0.50 mm d<sup>−1</sup> for <em>ET</em>, and 0.97 and 1.35 g C m<sup>−2</sup> d<sup>−1</sup> for <em>GPP</em> in sunflower and maize, respectively, while minimizing interannual variability and extreme biases. Notably, the inter-model differences in <em>G<sub>s</sub></em> estimates highlighted the enhanced interpretability of <em>HDWC</em>, which more realistically captured the physiological coupling between water and carbon fluxes. Overall, our findings demonstrated that the joint constraint strategy provided a robust and interpretable framework for the simultaneous prediction of <em>ET</em> and <em>GPP</em>, offering a valuable tool for advancing intelligent simulations of agroecosystem processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"373 ","pages":"Article 110762"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144771722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Heterogeneous elevation-dependence of grassland greenness and greening on the Tibetan plateau","authors":"Jiangliu Xie , Gaofei Yin , Qiaoyun Xie , Wei Zhao , Wenping Yuan , Changting Wang , Aleixandre Verger , Adrià Descals , Iolanda Filella , Josep Peñuelas","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The change in vegetation activity along elevational gradients holds important value in maintaining biodiversity and function of ecosystems. The Tibetan Plateau (TP), a highly climate-sensitive region, has undergone pronounced warming in recent decades, with its complex terrain and diverse climatic conditions driving variability in vegetation activity along elevational gradients. In this study, we utilized 250 m resolution leaf area index (LAI) records to investigate the elevation dependence of grassland greenness on the TP. Our results indicate that grassland LAI across the entire TP decreased with increasing elevation at a rate of 1.16 m<sup>2</sup> m<sup>-2</sup> km<sup>-1</sup>. However, marked spatial differences were observed: LAI decreased with elevation mainly in the energy-limited regions, i.e., eastern TP (accounting for 68.4 % of TP grassland), but increased with elevation predominantly in the water-limited areas, i.e., western TP (accounting for 31.6 % of TP grassland). From 2000 to 2021, rising temperatures have driven an overall increase in grassland LAI across the TP. However, the increasing rate declined with elevation at a rate of 0.01 m<sup>2</sup> m<sup>-2</sup> y<sup>-1</sup> km<sup>-1</sup>, resulting in a 25.93 % increase in the elevation dependence of greenness and thereby intensifying greenness heterogeneity along elevation. Spatially, 42.4 % of grassland areas exhibited more homogeneous grassland greenness along elevation, while 57.6 % showed increasing heterogeneity, reflecting a fragmented distribution across the TP. These patterns were attributed to the spatial variability in the elevational variations of grassland sensitivities to climate change. These findings enhance our understanding of vegetation dynamics and responses to global change in mountainous ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"373 ","pages":"Article 110764"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144766790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Joint assimilation of satellite soil moisture and vegetation conditions improves estimates of gross primary production and evapotranspiration over South Asia","authors":"Arijit Chakraborty , Manabendra Saharia","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil moisture and vegetation critically influence the availability and distribution of water and carbon within terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, realistic representations of soil moisture and vegetation dynamics in land surface models are essential to better understand land–atmospheric interactions. However, uncertainties in inputs and static vegetation parameterization restrict the model’s accuracy in capturing the variation in these fluxes across larger domains like South Asia. To overcome these limitations, this study implements a joint data assimilation framework within the Indian Land Data Assimilation System (ILDAS) using the Ensemble Kalman Filter method to assimilate Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) and Global Land Surface Satellites (GLASS) leaf area index (LAI) data, to explore the influence on evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary production (GPP) over South Asia. The Noah-MP land surface model simulates the land surface processes incorporating the meteorological forcings from MERRA2 and the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) within ILDAS. Model estimates are statistically evaluated with in-situ and satellite datasets. The results demonstrate that data assimilation (DA) reduces variability in the estimates of soil moisture, LAI, GPP, and ET compared to the open-loop simulations. Seasonal differences between DA and open loop (OL) estimates of GPP, ET, and LAI vary predominantly in central and northern India during the pre-monsoon season, with standard deviations of 59.87 gC/m²/month, 29.33 mm/month and 0.706 m²/m², respectively. The improvements due to DA vary seasonally, with enhancements observed during certain months and across different land cover types due to seasonal variability in vegetation and soil moisture dynamics. Significant improvements in GPP and ET are observed over croplands and grasslands. This study is the first to explore the applicability of joint assimilation of soil moisture and leaf area index over South Asia and it provides valuable insights for future applications in eco-hydrological studies by assessing their combined impact on water and carbon fluxes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"373 ","pages":"Article 110765"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144764149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Temple R. Lee , Sandip Pal , Tilden P. Meyers , Praveena Krishnan , Rick D. Saylor , Mark Heuer
{"title":"Vertical Structure of Turbulence in the Lower Atmospheric Boundary Layer above a Deciduous Forest in Complex Terrain","authors":"Temple R. Lee , Sandip Pal , Tilden P. Meyers , Praveena Krishnan , Rick D. Saylor , Mark Heuer","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is well known that parameterizations developed using observations from flat terrain have difficulty over complex terrain, which motivates a better understanding of turbulence exchanges occurring in these areas. In this work we addressed the question of how the vertical variability of turbulence features evolves over the lowest few hundred meters of the convective and nocturnal boundary layer above a forested ridge as a function of cloud cover and mean wind. We used one year of observations obtained from a WindCube V2.1 lidar installed in eastern Tennessee in the Southeast U.S. coupled with observations from a 60-m micrometeorological tower. The wind lidar has 20-m range gates spanning from 40 m to 300 m above ground. We used the lidar’s high-frequency observations to derive turbulent kinetic energy (<em>TKE</em>), vertical velocity variance (<span><math><msubsup><mi>σ</mi><mi>w</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></math></span>), vertical velocity skewness (<em>S</em>), and kurtosis (<em>K</em>). We observed the largest decrease in the diurnal wind speed on clear, windy days. Under clear sky conditions, increasing <em>TKE</em> and <span><math><msubsup><mi>σ</mi><mi>w</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></math></span> yielded positive S throughout the lower convective boundary layer. Under cloudy regimes, the distribution of <em>TKE</em> was height-independent and corresponded with smaller <span><math><msubsup><mi>σ</mi><mi>w</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></math></span> and near-zero S. Our results provide insights into turbulence processes over forested complex terrain and support the refinement of turbulence parameterizations used in weather forecast models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"373 ","pages":"Article 110745"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144756722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yi Zhang , Jane Liu , Holly Croft , Ralf Staebler , Michael S. Wang , Xiangzhong Luo , Liming He , Alemu Gonsamo , Jing M. Chen
{"title":"Rainfall-induced changes in vertical O3 and SO2 within and above a boreal-temperate forest","authors":"Yi Zhang , Jane Liu , Holly Croft , Ralf Staebler , Michael S. Wang , Xiangzhong Luo , Liming He , Alemu Gonsamo , Jing M. Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110748","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the impact of rainfall on the vertical distribution of ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) and sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) in a boreal-temperate forest, using multi-year observations (2009-2013) from a 42-m tower. Based on 194 persistent rainfall events, we compare the vertical O<sub>3</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> concentrations between rain and non-rain conditions at the same height, hour, and month to minimize biases introduced by the background variations in time and space. In contrast to the observed O<sub>3</sub> increases during rainfall over tropical forests, O<sub>3</sub> during rainfall predominantly declines 2-6 ppb (10-20 %) from the surface throughout the canopy and above, except at lower layers during nighttime rainfall. SO<sub>2</sub> exhibits a much larger reduction of 0.3-0.5 ppb (40-50 %) throughout the vertical profile. We further assess the role of four key processes, including washout, photochemistry, deposition, and vertical transport, in modulating O<sub>3</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> vertical profiles during rainfall. Our analysis suggests that the substantial reduction in SO<sub>2</sub> is mainly attributable to its high solubility, while O<sub>3</sub> reductions during the day are largely due to declined photochemical production. Both O<sub>3</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> depositions in nighttime could be moderately enhanced during rainfall with wet non-stomatal depositions, while the rainfall-induced change in daytime O<sub>3</sub> deposition is small because rainfall-induced changes in stomatal and non-stomatal deposition offset each other. Furthermore, upward transport prevails in the rainfall periods, contributing to O<sub>3</sub> reduction, whereas downward transport could enhance O<sub>3</sub>. These findings provide new insights into how rainfall impacts air pollutants and underscore the role of the four processes in shaping O<sub>3</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> vertical distributions in boreal-temperate forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"373 ","pages":"Article 110748"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144764148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinshu Chi , Anne Klosterhalfen , Mats B. Nilsson , Hjalmar Laudon , Jörgen Wallerman , Johannes Larson , Anders Lindroth , Natascha Kljun , Johan E.S. Fransson , Tomas Lundmark , Matthias Peichl
{"title":"A managed boreal forest landscape in northern Sweden is a persistent net carbon sink despite large inter-annual weather anomalies","authors":"Jinshu Chi , Anne Klosterhalfen , Mats B. Nilsson , Hjalmar Laudon , Jörgen Wallerman , Johannes Larson , Anders Lindroth , Natascha Kljun , Johan E.S. Fransson , Tomas Lundmark , Matthias Peichl","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The future role of boreal forests in the global carbon cycle is uncertain given the rapid climate change in high latitudes. At the landscape scale, heterogeneity in stand age and land cover, contributions from terrestrial and aquatic fluxes, and harvest export may create complex carbon cycle-climate interactions. However, the integrated response of the net landscape carbon balance (NLCB) to inter-annual variations (IAVs) in environmental conditions is poorly understood. Here, we used tall-tower eddy covariance and stream monitoring to integrate terrestrial and aquatic carbon fluxes with harvest export for a 68 km<sup>2</sup> boreal catchment in Sweden during 2016–2020. This actively managed forest landscape acted as a net carbon sink with a 5-year mean (± standard deviation) NLCB of 128±55 g C m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>. The NLCB IAV included a reduced sink (36 g C m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>) during the cool/cloudy year 2017. In the other four years, featuring a drought summer (2018) and an exceptionally warm/wet winter (2020), the landscape acted as a significant sink (127–180 g C m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>). The NLCB IAV corresponded primarily to variations in landscape respiration, followed by GPP and harvest export, with negligible contributions from landscape CH<sub>4</sub> and aquatic carbon fluxes. The NLCB IAV was not correlated to any single environmental factor. However, daily NLCB contrastingly responded to key environmental factors as a function of forest aboveground biomass and mire contributions. Overall, our study indicates that the annual carbon sink-strength of the managed boreal forest landscape may be resilient to a wide range of IAVs in environmental conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"373 ","pages":"Article 110758"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144748787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruiguang Shi , Yi Liu , Ye Zhu , Liliang Ren , Yu Liu , Xinyu Zhang , Linqi Zhang
{"title":"Impact of flash droughts on global crop yields considering crop phenology and irrigation conditions","authors":"Ruiguang Shi , Yi Liu , Ye Zhu , Liliang Ren , Yu Liu , Xinyu Zhang , Linqi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110763","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110763","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flash droughts are characterized by rapid onset and intensification. Different from slow droughts, flash droughts rapidly reduce soil water content, leaving less time for preparation and mitigation, and have the potential to significantly influence agriculture production and threaten food security. However, assessments of the agricultural impacts of flash droughts, especially flash drought risk at different periods of crop growth and its associated impacts on crop yields, as well as their impacts between rain-fed and irrigated agriculture, and between surface water and groundwater irrigation scheme, are generally lacking. This study conducted comprehensive analysis of the flash drought impacts in global agricultural areas by integrating multiple datasets, including globally crop yields, crop phenology, rain-fed and irrigated systems, and soil moisture data. The results suggested proportion of flash droughts in agricultural areas were increased, along with the accelerated drought onset. In view of crop phenology, the first growing season from the start of season (SOS) to the maximum of season (MOS), in particular, was more vulnerable to flash droughts with more than 50% of flash droughts occuring in this period. The impact of flash droughts on the yield of rain-fed crops was approximately 5%–20% greater than that of irrigated crops. Specifically, rain-fed maize and wheat were mostly affected by medium-duration droughts, rain-fed rice by short-duration droughts, and rain-fed soybean by long-duration droughts. Regarding the irrigation water sources, the groundwater irrigated areas presented higher resilience than surface water irrigated areas in response to flash droughts. The results are promising to enhance the understanding of the flash drought impacts on crop yields, which also have implications for water management, drought adaption and strategies for cultivated areas globally in a warming climate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"373 ","pages":"Article 110763"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144756717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feiyu Yang , Yujiu Xiong , Wenjin Wang , Hongxing Hu , Mantik Lai , Chao Zhang , Jiahao Cao , Leyao Zhu , Qibo Fan , Ying Zhao , Zhou Wang , Yaling Zhang , Hanxue Liang , Li Qin , Tongwen Zhang , Paolo Cherubini , Guo Yu Qiu , Jian-Guo Huang
{"title":"Land surface temperatures outperform gridded air temperatures in modeling forest growth across the Northern Hemisphere","authors":"Feiyu Yang , Yujiu Xiong , Wenjin Wang , Hongxing Hu , Mantik Lai , Chao Zhang , Jiahao Cao , Leyao Zhu , Qibo Fan , Ying Zhao , Zhou Wang , Yaling Zhang , Hanxue Liang , Li Qin , Tongwen Zhang , Paolo Cherubini , Guo Yu Qiu , Jian-Guo Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global warming significantly impacts forest growth. However, commonly used spatially interpolated gridded air temperature datasets may not fully capture these effects due to their coarse spatial resolution and because air temperature may not accurately reflect the conditions that influence the tree growth process. Although finer spatial resolution land surface temperature (LST) datasets may capture more detailed temperature variations, their potential to assess forest growth responses to global warming has not been thoroughly explored. We evaluated the performance of air temperature and LST datasets with various spatial resolutions, including Climatic Research Unit gridded Time Series (CRU), TerraClimate, the land component of the fifth-generation European ReAnalysis (ERA5-Land), and MODIS LST (MOD11A2), in capturing the relationships between tree radial growth and temperature variations across 555 sites in the Northern Hemisphere. Our results showed that the finer spatial resolution MOD11A2 significantly outperformed the widely used CRU air temperature in modeling tree radial growth, with mean and maximum temperatures increasing the coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) by 16.32 % and 18.14 %, respectively. This improvement was especially apparent in high-elevation areas where R<sup>2</sup> increased by 35.70 % and 36.97 %. We suggested that commonly used spatially interpolated gridded air temperature datasets (e.g., CRU and TerraClimate) may underestimate the impact of rising temperatures on forest growth. Our findings highlight the necessity of integrating high-resolution LST to accurately model forest growth responses to global warming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"373 ","pages":"Article 110759"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qingwen Zhang , Siyu Wei , Xiaojing Chu , Xiaoshuai Zhang , Zheng Gong , Xiaojie Wang , Weimin Song , Yang Song , Baohua Xie , Guangxuan Han
{"title":"Climate and vegetation jointly determine the interannual variation of net ecosystem CO2 fluxes over 12 years in a restored coastal wetland","authors":"Qingwen Zhang , Siyu Wei , Xiaojing Chu , Xiaoshuai Zhang , Zheng Gong , Xiaojie Wang , Weimin Song , Yang Song , Baohua Xie , Guangxuan Han","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110760","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110760","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wetland CO₂ sinks represent a long-term, effective strategy for mitigating climate change and enhancing carbon sequestration. Many regions have adopted ecological restoration practices, such as “returning farmland to wetlands” to strengthen the CO₂ uptake capacity of ecosystems. However, the respective contributions of vegetation dynamics and climatic factors to ecosystem CO₂ sequestration during this process remain poorly understood. This study utilizes 12 years of CO<sub>2</sub> flux data, meteorological data, and remote sensing imagery from a restored coastal salt marsh to investigate how vegetation and climate jointly influence net ecosystem exchange (NEE) across multiple time scales and different restoration durations. The results demonstrate that both vegetation and climate provide critical insights into NEE dynamics. Integrating vegetation and climate data enhances the accuracy of NEE predictions, indicating their combined influence on ecosystem CO₂ sequestration. As the time scale increases, vegetation exerts progressively stronger control over NEE, although climatic factors remain the primary driver of its variation. Moreover, vegetation recovery during restoration enhances its regulatory effect on NEE, gradually reducing the relative influence of climate. These findings deepen our understanding of the mechanisms driving NEE of CO<sub>2</sub> and offer valuable guidance for predicting and optimizing coastal wetland carbon sink functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"373 ","pages":"Article 110760"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144723882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joan T. Sturm , Vincent Humphrey , Maria J. Santos , Alexander Damm
{"title":"The effects of atmospheric water demand, water availability, and exposure on the drought response of Swiss temperate forests","authors":"Joan T. Sturm , Vincent Humphrey , Maria J. Santos , Alexander Damm","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Projected increases in drought frequency and strength in Central Europe in the next two decades due to anthropogenic climate change pose challenges for European temperate forests. Understanding the correlation between drought stress, local conditions, and forest responses is crucial for effective forest management and climate mitigation measures. We examine how local water dynamics determine the response of Swiss forests during the European drought in 2018. We particularly investigate how increased atmospheric water demand, reduced soil water availability, and increased exposure of forests to potentially harsh abiotic conditions at the edge of the forest affect forest health.</div><div>We used Sentinel-2 data to calculate the normalized difference water index (NDWI) as proxy for forest health. Weather data, data from a process based hydrological model, a digital elevation model, and airborne LiDAR data were used to assess hydrological drivers. Our analysis revealed that forest exposure and water availability were more important than atmospheric water demand in explaining forest drought resistance. Regions with more limited water availability (47 % of Switzerland) had systematically higher proportions of forest areas that exhibited weak drought resistance (R² = 0.56 for moderate NDWI decrease and 0.55 for severe NDWI decrease). Forest exposure (i.e. the degree to which a forest patch stands out from the surroundings) could best explain weak drought resistance, with strong statistical relationships (R² = 0.69, R² = 0.50). Finally, atmospheric water demand had only a moderate effect on weak drought resistance (R² = 0.45 and 0.27). Our findings highlight the complex interplay of local water dynamics and forest responses to drought, while providing insights on how forest structure and exposure conditions at local scales affect responses and need to be considered when examining forest health under changing climatic conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"373 ","pages":"Article 110756"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144723883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}