Agricultural and Forest Meteorology最新文献

{"title":"Climate-driven shifts in suitable areas of Alternaria leaf blotch (Alternaria mali Roberts) on apples: Projections and uncertainty analysis in China","authors":"Bin Chen ,&nbsp;Gang Zhao ,&nbsp;Qi Tian ,&nbsp;Linjia Yao ,&nbsp;Genghong Wu ,&nbsp;Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Qiang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Apple production in China faces significant threats from Alternaria leaf blotch (ALB), a disease potentially exacerbated by climate change through shifts in its distribution and severity. However, the impacts of future climate change on ALB distribution remain insufficiently explored. We collected ALB occurrence data from orchard surveys, public databases, and the literature. Using five species distribution models (SDMs), we examined the relationship between environmental variables and ALB occurrence, and assessed its potential distribution under different climate change scenarios. The analysis used five Global Climate Models (GCMs) from the CMIP6 dataset, with a baseline period (1970–2000) and projections for the 2030s, 2050s, 2070s, and 2090s, based on four shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585). The SDMs showed high reliability, with average values for the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve exceeding 0.96 and the true skill statistic exceeding 0.86. During the baseline period, ALB-suitable areas were primarily concentrated in the Bohai Bay, Loess Plateau, and Old Course of the Yellow River apple-planting regions. By the 2090s, under the SSP126, these areas were projected to decrease by 8.89 %. In contrast, under the SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585 scenarios, they were expected to increase by 4.89 %, 21.30 %, and 23.22 %, respectively, with a northwestward shift of 137 to 263 kms and an elevation increase of 288 to 680 m. Additionally, our findings indicated that GCMs contribute 42.2 % of the uncertainty in predictions, while SDMs and scenarios contribute 31.5 % and 8.28 %, respectively. This research highlights the importance of using multiple models and scenarios to enhance the accuracy of disease distribution predictions under changing climatic conditions. By identifying potential future hotspots and suitable areas of ALB, the study provides critical insights for safeguarding apple production in China against the impacts of climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 110464"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143479762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overstory and understory leaves warm faster than air in evergreen needleleaf forests","authors":"Keenan Ganz ,&nbsp;Christopher J. Still ,&nbsp;Bharat Rastogi ,&nbsp;L. Monika Moskal","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The limited homeothermy hypothesis states that leaves maintain their temperature within an optimal range for photosynthesis by increasing transpiration during warm conditions. Under limited homeothermy, plants may offset thermal stress caused by climate change. If this hypothesis is true, we should observe: 1) leaf temperature increasing slower than air temperature and 2) leaves cooler than air during warm conditions. We tested these predictions with an energy balance model for evergreen needleleaf forest sites in the National Ecological Observatory Network. A key feature of our model was its vertical stratification of the canopy, which allowed us to analyze vertical gradients in canopy temperature. This feature is especially important given that prior work has focused on the tops of forest canopies. Our results do not support limited homeothermy at any canopy position. In all canopy strata, leaf temperature increased faster than air and periods with leaves cooler than air were rare. In such cases, cooling was due to emitted radiation, not transpiration. But, when water was abundant, transpiration could produce mildly homeothermic behavior. We attribute these results to the needle-like shape of leaves in our study sites. This leaf shape increases boundary layer conductance and causes heat gain from surrounding air to overpower heat loss from transpiration when leaves are cooler than air. Our results indicate that needleleaf forests cannot avert thermal stress in a warming world. Thermal limits on photosynthesis and non-linear increases in respiration with temperature may weaken the role of evergreen forests as a global carbon sink.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 110456"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No recovery of soil respiration four years after fire and post-fire management in a Nordic boreal forest","authors":"Julia Kelly ,&nbsp;Stefan H. Doerr ,&nbsp;Johan Ekroos ,&nbsp;Theresa S. Ibáñez ,&nbsp;Md. Rafikul Islam ,&nbsp;Cristina Santín ,&nbsp;Margarida Soares ,&nbsp;Natascha Kljun","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The long-term carbon storage capacity of the boreal forest is under threat from the increasing frequency and intensity of wildfires. In addition to the direct carbon emissions during a fire, the burnt forest often turns into a net carbon emitter after fire, leading to large additional losses of carbon over several years. Understanding how quickly forests recover after a fire is therefore vital to predicting the effects of fire on the forest carbon balance. We present soil respiration and CH₄ fluxes, soil chemistry, microclimate and vegetation survey data from the first four years after a wildfire in a <em>Pinus sylvestris</em> forest in Sweden. This is an understudied part of the boreal biome where forest management decisions interact with disturbances to affect forest growth. We analysed how fire severity and post-fire salvage-logging affected soil carbon fluxes. The fire did not affect soil CH₄ uptake. However, soil respiration was significantly affected by the presence or absence of living trees after the fire and post-fire forest management. Tree mortality due to the high-severity fire, or the salvage-logging of living trees after low-severity fire, led to immediate and significant decreases in soil respiration. Salvage-logging of dead trees after high-severity fire did not alter soil respiration compared to when the dead trees were left standing. However, it did significantly slow the regrowth of understory vegetation. Our results highlight that the impact of salvage-logging on the soil carbon fluxes depends on fire severity but that logging always slows the natural recovery of vegetation after fire. The soil CO₂ fluxes did not show signs of recovery at any of the burnt sites during the first four years since the fire.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 110454"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regionally variable responses of maize and soybean yield to rainfall events in China","authors":"Jin Fu ,&nbsp;Chengjie Wang ,&nbsp;Yue Qin ,&nbsp;Corey Lesk ,&nbsp;Christoph Müller ,&nbsp;Jakob Zscheischler ,&nbsp;Xin Liu ,&nbsp;Hao Liang ,&nbsp;Yiwei Jian ,&nbsp;Xuhui Wang ,&nbsp;Feng Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding crop yield responses to rainfall is essential for food systems adaptation under climate change. While there are ample evidences of crop yield responses to seasonal rainfall variation, the geographic sensitivities and driving mechanisms of sub-seasonal rainfall events remain elusive. We used long-term nationwide observations to explore the sensitivity of maize and soybean yields in response to event-based rainfall across Chinese agroecological regions. While maize and soybean yield showed concave downward responses to event-based rainfall depth at the national scale, these responses were differed considerably among regions. These differences can be primarily explained by soil moisture preceding rainfall events, soil erosion and sunshine hour reduction during rainfall. Our projections reveal that focusing on seasonal rainfall or national-level sensitivity analysis suggests a 0.3–5.9% increase in maize yields due to future rainfall, yet considering spatial variations unveils a contrasting reality, with maize yields declining by 9.1 ± 0.3% under a medium-range emission scenario (SSP2–4.5) by the end of century (2085–2100). The future rainfall effect on soybean yield is the opposite, leading to a 20.6 ± 3.9% reduction nationally without spatial consideration, but an increase (by 7.0 ± 1.0%) when spatial variations are factored in. These findings underscore the critical necessity of incorporating regional variation in yield responses to sub-seasonal rainfall events, which could otherwise lead to vastly different impact estimates, even reversing the expected crop yield response to future rainfall change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 110458"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing biochar application rate and predicting of climate change impacts on net greenhouse gas emissions in paddy systems using DNDC-BC model","authors":"Zewei Jiang ,&nbsp;Shihong Yang ,&nbsp;Qingqing Pang ,&nbsp;Mohamed Abdalla ,&nbsp;Suting Qi ,&nbsp;Jiazhen Hu ,&nbsp;Haonan Qiu ,&nbsp;Pete Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of biochar application and controlled irrigation (CI, a water-saving irrigation technique) on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil organic carbon (SOC), and rice yield from paddy fields under future climate change have not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this study was to optimize biochar application rates to minimize net greenhouse gas emissions (NGHGE), sequestered carbon, and increase rice yield. After testing the performance of Denitrification-Decomposition-Biochar-CI (DNDC-BC), based on a two-year field experiment, the biochar application rate was optimized based on the DNDC-BC model and CMIP5 future data after Bayesian Model Averaging. The scenarios under 6 biochar amounts (C0-C50 represent 0 t ha⁻¹ to 50 t ha⁻¹) were simulated in the next 17 years (2024–2040), and the NGHGE of each were also assessed. Under the four future climate scenarios, compared with C0, the average non-CO₂ greenhouse gas emissions of C40 decreased by 48.41 %-62.63 % over the next 17 years, while the average SOC and rice yield increased by 14.58 %-21.02 % and 7.58 %-8.76 %, respectively. 40 t ha⁻¹ is the optimal biochar application rate for CI paddy fields in decreasing NGHGE in the Lake Taihu region of China. The biochar amount has a strong positive correlation with SOC and rice yield. This is the first study to optimize the biochar application for mitigating GHG, sequestrating SOC and boosting rice yield in CI paddy fields under future climate change. This study evaluates GHG, SOC, rice yield, and economic benefits of the rice system at the same time, and can be extended to other systems and regional scales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 110461"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Shifted trend in drought sensitivity of vegetation productivity from 1982 to 2020” [Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 362 (2024) 1-10/110388]","authors":"Jiwang Tang, Ben Niu, Gang Fu, Jinlong Peng, Zhigang Hu, Xianzhou Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110457","url":null,"abstract":"In the online and PDF version of our new published paper (<span><span>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110388</span><svg aria-label=\"Opens in new window\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"20\" viewbox=\"0 0 8 8\"><path d=\"M1.12949 2.1072V1H7V6.85795H5.89111V2.90281L0.784057 8L0 7.21635L5.11902 2.1072H1.12949Z\"></path></svg></span>), we found the Acknowledgments (Funding information) was missing.","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143462255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responses of methane emissions to global wetland restoration and influencing factors","authors":"Shangqi Xu ,&nbsp;Meng Na ,&nbsp;Yuqing Miao ,&nbsp;Chunjie Tian ,&nbsp;Jihai Zhou ,&nbsp;Xia Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wetlands are among the largest sources of methane (CH₄) on Earth. To restore degraded ecological functions, wetland restoration has been implemented worldwide, but its impact on CH₄ emissions remains poorly understood. This study conducted a comprehensive global meta-analysis, integrating data from 59 field studies, to assess CH₄ emission responses to wetland restoration and identify key influencing factors through subgroup analyses and structural equation modeling (SEM). Our results indicated that CH₄ emissions increased by 122.3 % after wetland restoration compared to disturbed wetlands but remained 21.17 % lower than those of natural wetlands. Across all subgroup analyses, CH₄ emissions of restored wetlands were neither significantly lower than those of disturbed wetlands nor significantly higher than those of natural wetlands. The total greenhouse gas emissions of restored wetlands were not higher than those of disturbed wetlands but were significantly lower than those of natural wetlands (−22.92 %), primarily influenced by CH₄ and CO₂ emissions. CH₄ emissions were particularly sensitive to disturbance and restoration in freshwater wetlands, peatlands, and wetlands with seasonal flooding, high nutrient contents, or colder climates. In contrast, saline wetlands exhibited no significant changes in CH₄ emissions post-restoration. The SEM analysis identified restored hydrology, salinity, soil pH, restored type, and restored years as the dominant factors influencing CH₄ emissions, with climate exerting only indirect effects. These findings underscore the importance of rewetting (to water table depths of at least −15 cm), sustained restoration efforts (lasting at least 5 years), and the recovery of natural vegetation (rather than selective species planting) for effective wetland recovery. CH₄ emissions without these measures were significantly lower than those of natural wetlands. This study offers in-depth insights into CH₄ emissions following wetland restoration, providing a scientific foundation for wetland management strategies and CH₄ emission assessments under global change scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 110459"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep percolation and soil water dynamics under different sand-fixing vegetation types in two different precipitation regions in semiarid sandy Land, Northern China","authors":"Liang He ,&nbsp;Yiben Cheng ,&nbsp;Wenbin Yang ,&nbsp;Jianbin Guo ,&nbsp;Zhiming Xin ,&nbsp;Lin Chen ,&nbsp;Wei Xiong ,&nbsp;Qianqian Wang ,&nbsp;Huaiyuan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-scale afforestation has undoubtedly aided in combating desertification but it also exerts negative effects on the hydrological cycle, particularly on deep percolation (DP) and soil water dynamics. This study aims to fill the gap in current research on the effect of different sand-fixing vegetation types on DP and soil water in two different precipitation regions through in-situ tests and direct measurements. The experiment focused on various vegetation types in two sites with different precipitation levels: the Mu Us Sandy Land with four plots (mobile sand [MS], <em>Artemisia ordosica</em> semishrub fixed [AOF], <em>Salix psammophila</em> shrub fixed [SPF], and <em>Pinus sylvestrix</em> var. <em>Mongolica</em> arbor fixed [PSMF] sands) and the Horqin Sandy Land with three plots (mobile sand, <em>Caragana microphylla</em> shrub fixed [CMF] and <em>Populus bolleana Lauche</em> arbor fixed [PBLF] sands). To accurately estimate DP and soil water under various vegetation types, DP was measured using a deep percolation recorder and the relative extractable soil water (RESW) was calculated based on soil water. The rainfall threshold (10 mm) of MS for the occurrence of DP was the same in both sites but the precipitation amount during a rainfall event causing significant increases in DP was different. The canopy interception and root uptake of vegetation significantly reduced DP amount compared with MS at the daily and monthly scales. The DP amount in vegetated plots in the two areas could be ranked as follows: semishrub &gt; shrub &gt; arbor. Compared with MS, the soil profile (0–200 cm) of vegetated plots showed significant decreases in RESW. Within the soil layer of 40–200 cm, RESW was significantly higher in shrub plots than in arbor plots. Arbor plots had an imbalanced water budget, consuming more deep soil water (120–200 cm). Our findings provide a scientific foundation for ecological restoration and water resource management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 110455"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global vegetation vulnerability to drought is underestimated due to the lagged effect","authors":"Mijia Yin ,&nbsp;Yunhe Yin ,&nbsp;Xuezheng Zong ,&nbsp;Haoyu Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantifying vegetation vulnerability plays a critical role in the field of impacts and risks of extreme weather and climate. However, vegetation vulnerability assessments remain facing challenges due to complexity, nonlinearity and spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the lagged effect. In this study, we develop a Drought Vulnerability Index (DVI) based dynamic of vegetation response during the lagged period using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index and the Normalized Differential Vegetation Index. We examine spatiotemporal pattern of vulnerability of global terrestrial vegetation to drought and explore related driving factors. Our findings reveal that 68.22 % of terrestrial vegetation exhibits a lagged effect, primarily at 1–3 lagged months. Vegetation vulnerability of terrestrial vegetation is underestimated without considering the lagged effect. The underestimation is particularly higher in regions with 1–3 lagged months. Vegetation has higher vulnerability to more severe drought. Approximately 56.15 % of global terrestrial vegetation experiences an elevated vulnerability to drought from 1982 to 2022. Our study introduces a new perspective for a systematic scientific assessment of drought impacts, aiding in the formulation of proactive adaptation measures to mitigate drought risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 110451"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the sensitivity of vegetation indices to leaf area index variability at individual tree level using multispectral drone acquisitions","authors":"Xianchao Tian ,&nbsp;Xingyu Jia ,&nbsp;Yizhuo Da ,&nbsp;Jingyi Liu ,&nbsp;Wenyan Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vegetation indices (VIs) are widely applied to estimate leaf area index (LAI) for monitoring vegetation vigor and growth dynamics. However, the saturation issues in VIs caused by crown closure during the growing season pose significant challenges to the application of VIs in LAI estimation, particularly at the individual tree level. To address this, the feasibility of common VIs for LAI estimation at the individual tree level throughout the growing season was analyzed using data from digital hemispherical photography (DHP) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) acquisition. Additionally, the physical mechanisms underlying a generic VI-based estimation model were explored using the PROSAIL model and Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA). Furthermore, the relationships between observed LAI derived from DHP and UAV-based VIs across different phenological development phases throughout the growing season were analyzed. The results suggested that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and its faster substitute infrared percentage vegetation index (IPVI) exhibited the best capabilities for LAI estimation (R² = 0.55 and RMSE = 0.77 for both) across the entire growing season. The LAI-VI relationship varied seasonally due to the saturation issues on VIs, with R² values increasing from the leaf budburst to the growing stage, decreasing during maturation, and rising again in the senescence stage. This indicated that seasonal effects induced by phenological changes should be considered when estimating LAI using VIs. Additionally, the saturation of VIs was influenced by soil background, leaf properties (especially leaf chlorophyll content [C_ab] and dry matter content [C_m]), and canopy structures (especially average leaf inclination angle, ALA). Compared to satellites, UAV-based sensors were more effective at mitigating spectral saturation at fine-scale due to their finer spatial resolution and narrower bandwidth. The drone-based VIs used in this study provided reliable estimates and effectively described temporal variability in LAI, contributing to a better understanding of VI saturation effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 110441"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}