Agricultural and Forest Meteorology最新文献

{"title":"Mediterranean strictly protected forests are cooler","authors":"Francesco Solano ,&nbsp;Chiara Mansi ,&nbsp;Michele Baliva ,&nbsp;Daniele Canestrelli ,&nbsp;Alessandro Chiarucci ,&nbsp;Raffaele Manicone ,&nbsp;Maurizio Maugeri ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Modica ,&nbsp;Jordan Palli ,&nbsp;Giovanni Quilghini ,&nbsp;Gianluca Piovesan","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forests are essential for climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. While the thermal buffering role of old-growth forests is well known, the long-term cooling benefits of restored forests in strictly protected areas remain poorly understood, particularly in the Mediterranean region – a biodiversity hotspot severely affected by climate change. In this paper, we examined summer maximum canopy temperatures using satellite observations across a Mediterranean forest landscape in Tuscany (Italy) during the period 2013–2023. Our analysis focused on topographic and forest attributes influencing temperature variations among evergreen oak stands under different IUCN management categories (Ia and V) compared to coppiced stands outside protected areas. The Ia site, legally established in 1961, is the first strictly protected reserve in the coastal Mediterranean. We observed measurable differences in canopy cooling at the mesoclimatic scale among strictly protected (IUCN Ia), protected landscape (IUCN V), and productive forests. Unmanaged stands with taller structure exhibited cooler conditions, with average summer maxima of 33.3 °C in strictly protected areas versus 35.4 °C in actively managed forests. Linear regression and GAM models suggest that terrain (elevation, aspect, topographic position index), forest structure (canopy height, tree cover), functional traits (canopy moisture content, EVI) and forest edge effects were the main factors affecting canopy maximum temperature. Even after accounting for topographical and stand attributes, productive forests were 1 °C warmer than strictly protected areas, underlying specific properties that emerge as these stands recover towards more natural stages. Our findings confirm canopy temperature as a robust proxy for assessing forests’ biophysical role in moderating localized heat and evaluating restoration and conservation outcomes. This study underscores the urgent need to restore Mediterranean forests through strict protection, ensuring canopy-level thermal regulation and forest resilience. We advocate for area-based conservation and rewilding as essential nature-based solutions that integrate climate change mitigation and biodiversity protection within sustainable landscape management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110858"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting responses to climate change – predicting bloom of major temperate fruit tree species in the Mediterranean region and Central Europe","authors":"Lars Caspersen ,&nbsp;Katja Schiffers ,&nbsp;Antonio Picornell ,&nbsp;Jose A. Egea ,&nbsp;Alvaro Delgado ,&nbsp;Adnane El Yaacoubi ,&nbsp;Haïfa Benmoussa ,&nbsp;Javier Rodrigo ,&nbsp;Erica Fadón ,&nbsp;Mehdi Ben Mimoun ,&nbsp;Mohamed Ghrab ,&nbsp;Ossama Kodad ,&nbsp;David Ruiz ,&nbsp;Eike Luedeling","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110859","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110859","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is shifting the timing of leaf emergence and bloom in temperate-zone trees. While warming typically advances spring phenology, insufficient winter chill can delay or prevent bloom. Understanding species- and cultivar-specific responses is vital for adaptation planning. We calibrated the PhenoFlex phenology model using long-term bloom data for 110 cultivars of seven temperate fruit and nut tree species (apple, pear, apricot, sweet cherry, plum, almond, pistachio) across Spain, Tunisia, Morocco and Germany. The models projected bloom dates and potential bloom failure – when agroclimatic requirements are not met – under current (2015) and future scenarios for two time periods (2035–2065, 2070–2100) and four warming scenarios (SSP1–2.6, SSP2–4.5, SSP3–7.0, SSP5–8.5), using 14–18 General Circulation Models. Three key trends emerged: advancing bloom dates in Germany, delayed bloom for most species in southern Spain, Tunisia, and Morocco, and largely unchanged bloom dates in northern Spain and for almonds in Morocco. The contrasting shifts in bloom result from differences in the primary driver of bloom timing: heat where bloom advances, chill where bloom is delayed and chill and heat substitution where bloom is stationary. In the short term (2035–2065), agroclimatic requirements for most species are expected to be met, except for apricots in southern Spain and pistachios in central Tunisia. Predicted bloom failure rates spiked for most species in Tunisia, Morocco, and southern Spain under pessimistic warming scenarios in the long term (2070–2100) and, to a lesser extent, in northern Spain. Our results reveal cultivar-specific differences in bloom date shifts and failure rates, indicating variation among cultivars in their adaptability to winter warming. This information may guide the design of climate-resilient orchards based on cultivars’ alignments with projected agroclimatic conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110859"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145153807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen enrichment offsets the stimulation of soil respiration by increased precipitation in temperate grasslands","authors":"Ru Tian ,&nbsp;Jiatao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yan Shen ,&nbsp;Lan Du ,&nbsp;Jinbao Zhang ,&nbsp;Shijia Yang ,&nbsp;Zhongxiang Liu ,&nbsp;Mengle Wang ,&nbsp;Zhuwen Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-term interactive effects of increased precipitation and nitrogen deposition on grassland carbon cycling remain poorly understood, despite their individual impacts being well documented through short-term experiments. Based on a three-year investigation within a 19-year precipitation (+ 180 mm per year) and nitrogen addition (+ 10 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹) experiment in temperate grasslands of northern China, we demonstrated that while long-term increased precipitation significantly stimulated soil respiration (Rs) and its components (heterotrophic [Rh] and autotrophic respiration [Ra]), long-term N enrichment exerted suppressive effects. Crucially, N enrichment offset 86.7 % of the precipitation-induced stimulation of Rs, leaving only 13.3 % of the stimulation under combined N and precipitation addition. Furthermore, N addition also weakened the promotive effect of increased precipitation on both Rh and Ra. Mechanistic analyses revealed that Rh was mainly regulated by soil moisture, β-glucosidase (BG) activity, and the abundance of the key carbon-degrading functional gene (<em>apu</em>). Whereas, Ra was primarily driven by soil moisture interacting with vegetation characteristics, including species richness, leaf area, and leaf C:N ratio. Also, by providing the first experimental evidence that long-term N deposition can counteract enhanced soil C emissions under increased precipitation in grasslands through biochemical pathways and biotic restructuring, our findings advance the predictive understanding of grassland C cycling under concurrent global change scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110864"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145153806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought in May inhibited conifer growth more seriously with climate warming in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Kun Xu ,&nbsp;Jingxuan Wei ,&nbsp;Yuandong Zhang ,&nbsp;Ning Miao ,&nbsp;Zhongtong Peng ,&nbsp;Shirong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate warming could benefit the tree growth of subalpine forests. However, increasing drought stress from climate change might limit tree growth and offset the beneficial effects in the cold and dry zone. In the past several decades, the southeastern Tibetan Plateau has experienced a rapid warming and enhanced aridification. How the conifer species have responded to climate change in this region remains unknown. We sampled seven conifer species at twelve sites with multiple elevations to reveal the growth response to climate change during 1961–2022 via dendroecological methods in the Muli Forest Region, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that, except for <em>Larix potaninii</em> at both sites and <em>Abies georgei</em> at the 3620 m site, the growth of all other tree species/sites was significantly inhibited by the May drought, even at the alpine treeline. A rapid warming occurred after 1997, dividing the study period into two intervals, 1961–1996 and 1997–2022. Tree growth consistency across species/sites increased noticeably from 1997 to 2022. Radial growth of <em>Picea likiangensis</em> at the 3310 m site, <em>Tsuga chinensis,</em> and <em>Pinus yunnanensis</em> at the 2450 m site were limited by the May drought during the whole period, while <em>Pinus armandii</em> and <em>Pinus densata</em> have suffered the May drought since the 1990s. The growth of <em>A. georgei</em> at the 3320 m and the 4080 m sites, and <em>P. likiangensis</em> at the 3800 m site, was inhibited by the May drought after 2000. Overall, the inhibition of tree growth by May drought has been enhanced noticeably during 1997–2022, along with a higher consistency of tree growth. Given continued warming in the future, conifer tree growth may likely be further suppressed, which will decrease forest productivity in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110860"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145153823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal rainfall variation disrupted the balance of carbon and nitrogen coupling loss in subtropical acidified watershed","authors":"Xin Hao ,&nbsp;Jiahui Xie ,&nbsp;Wei Ouyang ,&nbsp;Jie Tang ,&nbsp;Wenyan Tang ,&nbsp;He Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon and nitrogen coupling loss is a critical ecological process influenced by biogeochemical interactions, while the balance is frequently disrupted by significant seasonal variability in subtropical watersheds. This study investigated the mechanisms driving carbon‒nitrogen coupled loss across the land-river-estuary continuum in a representative subtropical acidic watershed in southern China. Through multi-season sampling, field research, and a distributed hydrological model, we analyzed spatiotemporal patterns of carbon and nitrogen concentrations in surface water, bed sediments, and vertical sediments. This study revealed a strong coupling effect between carbon and nitrogen loss during the dry season (R = 0.702, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). In contrast, seasonal factors such as rainfall in the wet season disrupted this coupling balance. The total organic carbon concentration in surface water increased significantly (with an average value of 2.26 mg/L), whereas the proportion of ammonium nitrogen decreased by 50% due to enhanced nitrification and dilution effects. Spatial analysis highlighted the downstream accumulation of pollutants, which were driven primarily by diffuse agricultural sources and sediment deposition. Redundancy analysis identified precipitation pH, soil pH, and the vegetation index (NDVI) as key drivers of these processes. This study underscores the vulnerability of carbon-nitrogen coupling to seasonal hydrological shifts and anthropogenic pressures. Exploring the seasonal characteristics and driving mechanisms of carbon and nitrogen coupling loss can further elucidate the factors influencing watershed diffuse pollution and provide valuable insights for formulating effective watershed management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110861"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145153805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface energy balance and surface temperature sensitivity in northern boreal ecosystems","authors":"Erkka Rinne ,&nbsp;Juha-Pekka Tuovinen ,&nbsp;Annalea Lohila ,&nbsp;Mika Aurela","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110837","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the surface energy balance (SEB) is the key to assessing ecosystems’ ability to modify their local climate, and how sensitive they are to changes in their biophysical properties. Atmospheric interactions connect the local phenomena to the global climate system.</div><div>We assessed long-term measurement data from six northern boreal sites, three mires and three forests between 67 and 69°N. The results complement existing knowledge by presenting SEB data from areas previously under-represented in the literature. The importance of these high-latitude ecosystems is increasing as areas north of the Arctic Circle warm faster than the globe.</div><div>Ecosystem available energy was largely defined by the shortwave albedo, which was lower for the darker, coniferous tree-dominated forests than for the open mires. Daily radiative energy did not decrease towards the north during summer as the long polar day compensated for the lower intensity, but lower temperatures during spring and autumn made the seasonal cycles more pronounced than in the more southern areas. The wet, moss-dominated mires were characterised by a low Bowen ratio and high evaporative fraction, low bulk surface resistance to evapotranspiration and high surface layer decoupling. In the forests, evapotranspiration was more tightly controlled by the vegetation, which was sensitive to the soil water content at the pine-dominated sites. High decoupling was observed to occur in the forests during humid conditions.</div><div>Mires were more sensitive to changes in their surface properties due to their low vegetation, high aerodynamic resistance and latent heat-dominated energy partitioning, but the sensitivities depended on the season.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110837"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145153803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The earlywood, latewood and xylem vessel chronologies of Teak tree (Tectona grandis) provide important insight into xylem hydraulic adjustment to past climate variability","authors":"Mahmuda Islam,&nbsp;Fouzia Ahmed Afia,&nbsp;Anita Das Borsa,&nbsp;Md Tareq Khan Tipu,&nbsp;Tahasina Chowdhury,&nbsp;Mizanur Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110863","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intra-annual growth (earlywood and latewood) and xylem vessel formation dynamics may provide high resolution climate signals and understanding of xylem hydraulic adjustment to climatic stress since xylem vessel formation of angiosperm trees are highly sensitive to climate. We evaluate the potential of <em>Tectona grandis</em> L.f. tree rings to archive high resolution climate signals in intra-annual growth zones and in xylem anatomical features and aim at understanding the hydraulic adjustment mechanism in a Bangladeshi tropical moist mixed deciduous forest. Standard dendrochronological technique was applied to develop chronologies of ring width (RW), Earlywood (EW), Latewood (LW), and xylem vessel features that spanned over 54-year period (1966–2020). Pearson correlation analysis revealed that tree growth, particularly earlywood growth, was negatively influenced by maximum temperature (Tmax) in pre-monsoon and at the beginning of monsoon season. Pre-monsoon nighttime temperature (Tmin) favored xylem cell enlargement allowing higher water transport but decreased vessel density leaving the tree at the higher risk of hydraulic failure. On the other hand, the main monsoon precipitation was positively correlated to whole ring vessel density and latewood growth thus precipitation helped achieve overall safety of trees against hydraulic failure. On a spatial scale, a significant correlation of intra-annual growth and xylem vessel features with regional climate variables indicate that the tree ring features of <em>T. grandis</em> are a good natural archive of local and regional climate information. Our analyses suggest that studying long term wood anatomical features along with growth dynamics offers important insight into long-term xylem hydraulic adjustment of tropical ring porous species to climate variability and changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110863"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clumping index estimation with 30°-tilted cameras in row crops: Evaluation of methods and segment size effects","authors":"Kaiyuan Li ,&nbsp;Chongya Jiang ,&nbsp;Kaiyu Guan ,&nbsp;Zewei Ma ,&nbsp;Sheng Wang ,&nbsp;Jing M. Chen ,&nbsp;Min Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The clumping index (CI) quantifies the spatial distribution of foliage elements and is essential for accurately estimating the plant area index (PAI), canopy radiative transfer, and photosynthesis. Traditionally, the finite-length averaging method (LX), the gap size distribution method (CC), and a combined approach of CC and LX (CLX) have been applied to instruments like TRAC and digital hemispherical photography to estimate CI. However, a comprehensive evaluation of these methods in row crops remains limited, especially regarding the influence of segment size on CI. Meanwhile, digital cameras offer a cost-effective and user-friendly solution for canopy measurements in row crops, yet their application in this context remains underexplored. In this study, we employed a new approach using a 30°-tilted digital camera to estimate CI in corn and soybean fields, applying the LX, CC, and CLX methods. We systematically assessed the performance of these three methods by combining field measurements in real-world fields with simulations using the LESS 3D radiative transfer model. Our results showed that CLX applied to the whole image and 45° segment offered accurate estimation of CI (bias within ±0.1, RMSE &lt; 0.2) and PAI (bias within ±0.4, RMSE &lt; 1) in real-world fields and LESS simulations. The accuracy of the LX method was highly sensitive to segment size, with the best performance observed at the 15° segment (PAI bias within ±0.4). In contrast, the CC method remained stable across different segment sizes, and its performance was generally comparable to that of LX, except at the 15° segment. Across view zenith angles, CI derived from CC generally showed a continuous increase, while those from LX and CLX followed a rising trend at small zenith angles but began to decline at 68°, likely due to an increasing proportion of no-gap segments. Seasonally, LX tended to show decreasing CI during early growth stages but increased as the canopy matured, whereas CC and CLX showed gradually increasing CI before plateauing at peak PAI. The 30°-tilted camera effectively captured CI variations across different angles and growth stages, making it a practical and robust instrument for row crop canopy structure analysis. Applying these CI methods to digital cameras offers a low-cost and accessible CI estimation alternative, improving canopy structure monitoring accuracy in row crops.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110846"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early detection of drought-stressed stands in Mediterranean forests using remote sensing and machine learning classification models in a rainfall exclusion experiment","authors":"Yehuda Yungstein ,&nbsp;Netanel Fishman ,&nbsp;Gil Lerner ,&nbsp;Gabriel Mulero ,&nbsp;Yaron Michael ,&nbsp;Assaf Yaakobi ,&nbsp;Sophie Obersteiner ,&nbsp;Laura Rez ,&nbsp;Tamir Klein ,&nbsp;David Helman","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change-driven droughts increasingly threaten Mediterranean forests. Early detection is crucial for mitigating long-term impacts; yet, conventional methods are limited in spatial and temporal coverage. Remote sensing offers a large-scale solution, but its application at the individual-tree level remains limited, particularly in mixed-species forests.</div><div>We combined a controlled rainfall exclusion experiment with drone-based hyperspectral imaging and machine learning to classify drought stress at the individual-tree level in a semi-arid Mediterranean forest (Yishi Forest, Israel). Six 0.05-ha plots with five co-occurring tree species were monitored over two hydrological years. Hyperspectral data (274 bands, 400–1000 nm) were used as is and after synthetically simulating Planet, VENµS, and Sentinel-2 bands in three machine learning classification models.</div><div>Results show that rainfall was reduced by nearly half in treated plots. Standard physiological metrics—leaf water potential, carbon assimilation, and transpiration—showed limited treatment sensitivity across most species and seasons, whereas hyperspectral-driven machine learning classification models accurately distinguished between drought-treated and control stands. Logistic Regression (LR) outperformed Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Random Forest (RF), reaching an accuracy of 0.85, a recall of 0.94, and an F1 score of 0.83 in classifying treated stands on a held-out test set. High performance persisted after reducing input to 21 bands. Simulated satellite spectral data showed that SVM performed best using VENµS bands (accuracy = 0.74, F1 = 0.73). When applied to real VENµS imagery from three independent forest sites, the model identified areas of high drought risk one to two years before visible canopy decline.</div><div>The presented approach offers a scalable and transferable tool for real-time forest drought monitoring, supporting early warning systems amid growing climate pressures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110855"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the vertical variability of turbulent heat fluxes within and above a deciduous forest","authors":"Temple R. Lee ,&nbsp;Sandip Pal ,&nbsp;Praveena Krishnan ,&nbsp;Tim B. Wilson ,&nbsp;Rick D. Saylor ,&nbsp;Tilden P. Meyers ,&nbsp;John Kochendorfer ,&nbsp;Will Pendergrass ,&nbsp;Randy White ,&nbsp;Mark Heuer","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110844","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Characterizing near-surface turbulent exchanges over forested, mountainous terrain is critical for a comprehensive understanding of micrometeorological and boundary-layer processes, including exchanges of mass, momentum, and energy. However, observations over mountainous terrain are relatively sparse compared with observations over flat terrain. We used turbulent fluxes obtained from three heights within and five heights above a 25-m tall mixed-deciduous canopy in eastern Tennessee in the Southeast United States. Analyses of measured vertical profiles of temperature variance (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;‾&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), kinematic heat flux (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;‾&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), and normalized correlation coefficients obtained via regression analyses between the vertical wind and temperature (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, which is an indicator of the efficacy of turbulent heat transfer) revealed how these quantities varied between foliated and non-foliated canopies and for different wind speed, wind direction, and atmospheric stability regimes. Results indicated that &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;‾&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;‾&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; peaked at the canopy top at the beginning and end of the growing season. Overall, larger values of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;‾&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; corresponded with smaller wind speeds, whereas the relationship was less consistent between &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;‾&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and horizontal wind. The magnitudes of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;‾&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;‾&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; were slightly larger under northwesterly flows as compared with other wind directions. Furthermore, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;‾&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;‾&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; were largest under the most unstable atmospheric regimes, and the connection between &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;m","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110844"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145103617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}