Agricultural and Forest Meteorology最新文献

{"title":"Increase in carbon sink in a protected tropical seasonal rainforest in southwestern China over 20 years","authors":"Yaqi Liu ,&nbsp;Linjie Jiao ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuefei Li ,&nbsp;Huixu Zheng ,&nbsp;Boonsiri Sawasdchai ,&nbsp;Yaoliang Chen ,&nbsp;Yiping Zhang ,&nbsp;Palingamoorthy Gnanamoorthy ,&nbsp;Qinghai Song","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tropical forests play a significant role in the global carbon cycle, but the lack of long-term in-situ datasets renders our understanding of the specific carbon dynamics in tropical forests uncertain. This study investigated the long-term trends (from 2003 to 2022) in gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Reco), and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) at a primary tropical rainforest reserve in Xishuangbanna, southwest China based on the eddy covariance technique. Our study found this protected tropical seasonal rainforest to be a modest carbon sink (annual mean NEP = 157.9 ± 56.7 g C <em>m</em>⁻² year⁻¹), with a NEP growth rate of 3.4 % year⁻¹ and a similar upward trend of annual mean carbon use efficiency (CUE) (annual mean CUE = 5.9 % ± 1.8 %, growth rate = 2.4 % year⁻¹). The increase in NEP was mainly due to the rising trend in GPP, which averaged 2658.1 ± 254.5 g C <em>m</em>⁻² year⁻¹ and grew at 1.0 % year⁻¹. With the same 6-month duration, the tropical seasonal rainforest exhibited a stronger carbon sink during the dry season (148.3 g C <em>m</em>⁻² season⁻¹) than during the rainy season, with the dry season accounting for 93.9 % of the annual carbon sink. The enhanced dry season radiation and precipitation throughout the two decades positively affected the upward trend of the carbon sink. These findings underscore the potential of well-protected primary tropical rainforests to act as carbon sinks in the long run, contributing to future carbon budget predictions for the tropical region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110851"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145093696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Warming enhances productivity despite exacerbated water and nutrient deficits in wild blueberry, a traditionally managed temperate crop","authors":"Pratima Pahadi ,&nbsp;Yu-Ying Chen ,&nbsp;Seanna Annis ,&nbsp;Lily Calderwood ,&nbsp;Frank Drummond ,&nbsp;Jay Wason ,&nbsp;Yong-Jiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global warming could be beneficial to temperate crops owing to more suitable temperatures for photosynthesis, and traditionally managed crops with high field genetic diversity, such as wild blueberry, could show resilience under warming. However, warming can exacerbate water deficits, with its overall impacts on crops not fully understood. Here, we used a native North American fruit crop (wild blueberry) managed traditionally with naturally-growing plants and high diversity, as the model system to study warming impacts on its plant structure, physiology, and productivity (vegetative growth and berry yield). We implemented a warming simulation study in the field using active heating (AH; 3 to 4°C; 3.5°C average) and passive heating (PH; 1 to 2°C; 1.5°C) open-top chambers to compare with an ambient control in six genotypes over two years (2019 and 2020) in Maine, USA. Warming, especially active heating, resulted in lower soil volumetric water content (7.55 % decrease) and leaf water potentials (-0.49 MPa decrease) along with lower leaf chlorophyll, N, and K concentrations. However, we found no change in photosynthetic rate, while the photosynthetic rate per stem increased significantly due to increased leaf area. We also found that plants under warming were taller and had larger-in-diameter stems, as well as more and larger berries. The PH and AH increased yields by 1.9 and 5.5-fold, respectively. Yield correlated positively with higher photosynthesis under AH, and with boron concentration, flowers per stem, and negatively with chlorophyll concentrations across treatments. In summary, we were able to find both positive and negative effects of warming, but enhanced productivity in this temperate crop, highlighting that rising temperatures may be a boon to wild blueberry production when sufficient water and nutrients are present. The resilience of this traditionally managed crop with high genetic diversity provides insight into how we can sustain agricultural systems under global change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110820"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145093697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sugarcane radiation use efficiency: varietal differences, temperature dependence, and implications for modeling biomass across environments","authors":"Mathias Christina ,&nbsp;David Clark ,&nbsp;Fabio Ricardo Marin ,&nbsp;Rafael Vasconcelos Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Julio Victor Saez ,&nbsp;Tendai Polite Chibarabada ,&nbsp;Murilo dos Santos Vianna ,&nbsp;Matthew R. Jones ,&nbsp;Santiago Vianna Cuadra ,&nbsp;Osvaldo Machado Rodrigues Cabral ,&nbsp;Martin Moises Acreche ,&nbsp;Henrique Boriolo Dias","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sugarcane is a major tropical C₄ crop of global economic significance, primarily used for sugar, ethanol, and bioenergy production. As climate change accelerates, with projected increases in global temperatures, understanding the temperature sensitivity of sugarcane's radiation use efficiency (RUE) is crucial for projecting yield under changing environmental conditions. In this context, this study aimed to characterize sugarcane RUE response to temperature across various environments and varieties from key producing regions worldwide. Using experimental data from six countries (Brazil, South Africa, United States of America, Zimbabwe, Argentina, and La Réunion) and 40 distinct varieties, our results indicated that maximum RUE (RUE_MAX) is consistent across varieties, while apparent RUE (RUE_A) showed significant variation. Based on this diverse dataset, we parameterized different RUE_MAX temperature response formalisms used in crop models (APSIM-Sugar, DSSAT-Canegro, MOSICAS, and emergent formalisms). We compared their ability to simulate RUE_A in various regions accurately. Our analysis revealed significant differences in formalism performance, emphasizing the need for accurate parameterization. Additionally, we demonstrated that predictions of biomass production under climate change scenarios are highly sensitive to the formalism parameterization used to represent the RUE-temperature relationship. These findings highlight the critical importance of refining crop models considering temperature response and cardinal temperatures (optimal range: 30–33°C) to enhance projections of sugarcane yield under future climate conditions. We discussed physiological processes that may explain differences in RUE_A among varieties. Incorporating these refined mechanisms into models will support more accurate climate impact assessments and aid breeding programs focused on developing high-yield sugarcane varieties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110854"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global optimization of a water-constrained two-leaf light use efficiency model through multi-biome FLUXNET observations","authors":"Sha Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenchao Wang ,&nbsp;Jinguo Yuan ,&nbsp;Yun Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110845","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate simulation of terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP) is crucial for understanding global carbon cycles and climate change impacts. While light use efficiency (LUE) models, particularly two-leaf (TL) approaches, outperform big-leaf models, their parameterizations for water stress and meteorological responses remain limited. To address this, we developed an improved water-constrained TL-LUE model (WTL-LUE) based on the revised TL-LUE (RTL-LUE). Using observations from 201 sites in FLUXNET2015 dataset covering ten ecosystems, we optimized WTL-LUE by determining the parameters for temperature and vapor pressure deficit constraint functions through high-quantile regression and introducing a nonlinear photosynthesis response function to light. The optimized model demonstrated significant improvements in GPP estimation, achieving R² values of 0.71 (RMSE = 2.23 gC m⁻² d⁻¹) and 0.74 (RMSE = 2.03 gC m⁻² d⁻¹) for daily and 8-day scales, respectively. WTL-LUE outperformed existing LUE models (MOD17, VPM, TL-LUE, RTL-LUE), particularly in dryland ecosystems (savannas, shrublands) and specific vegetation types (croplands, deciduous broadleaf forests, wetlands), underscoring the critical integration of meteorological data with remote sensing for accurate water stress representation. In comparative analyses across environmental gradients, WTL-LUE also demonstrated relative stability advantages over the benchmarked XGBoost machine learning approach. This study provides a robust tool for analyzing global ecosystem dynamics and their responses to climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110845"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partitioning of nocturnal transpiration and stem recharge in the Three North Shelterbelt region of China","authors":"Tao Jiang ,&nbsp;Guodong Jia ,&nbsp;Xinxiao Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In arid and semi-arid regions, nocturnal water use in trees plays a critical role in regulating forest hydrology and maintaining plant water equilibrium. However, the physiological partitioning of nocturnal sap flow (NSF) into nocturnal transpiration (En) and stem recharge (Re), as well as their environmental regulation, remains inadequately characterized. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of NSF in <em>Populus simonii</em> Carr. and <em>Pinus sylvestris</em> var. <em>mongolica</em> Litv., two dominant afforestation species in the Three North Shelterbelt region of northern China. Using thermal dissipation probes (TDP), we determined that NSF accounted for 23.97 % and 20.08 % of the total daily sap flow (<em>Q</em>) in <em>P. simonii</em> and <em>P. sylvestris</em>, respectively. The average nocturnal flow velocities (<span><math><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></math></span>) were 2.71×10⁻⁴ and 1.51×10⁻⁴ cm·s⁻¹, respectively. Leaf gas exchange measurements confirmed a low, yet non-negligible, nocturnal transpiration (<span><math><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></math></span>: 0.04–0.12 mmol H₂O·m⁻²·s⁻¹), and stomatal conductance (<span><math><msub><mi>G</mi><mi>s</mi></msub></math></span>: 0.06–0.15 mmol H₂O·m⁻²·s⁻¹), supported by quantitative stomatal imaging, demonstrating partial nocturnal aperture (18.6 % in <em>P. simonii</em>, 12.4 % in <em>P. sylvestris</em>). Path analysis revealed that <em>VPD</em> and <em>SWC</em> jointly regulated NSF. A <em>VPD</em>-based exponential decay model estimated that Re accounted for over 79 % of <span><math><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></math></span> in both species, signifying that stem recharge is the dominant component of nocturnal water movement. Our findings suggest that NSF is an active physiological process characterized by species-specific traits and environmental sensitivity. Accurate quantification and modeling of En and Re are essential for improving forest water-use strategies in the context of climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110852"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature-Driven onset and light quality-linked senescence in Fagus sylvatica phenology","authors":"Ondřej Nezval ,&nbsp;Lenka Foltýnová ,&nbsp;Marek Fajstavr ,&nbsp;Jan Krejza ,&nbsp;Ladislav Šigut ,&nbsp;Jan Světlík ,&nbsp;Štěpánka Řehořková ,&nbsp;Marko Stojanović","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110834","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110834","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding phenology is essential to assessing forest responses to climate change, yet most research focuses on leaf development and the onset of the growing season. Less is known about the end-of-season dynamics and their physiological underpinnings. Here, we examined the seasonal timing and coordination of leaf phenology, cambial activity, xylem and phloem formation, sap flow, and gross primary production (GPP) in European beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica</em> L.) from 2018 to 2022 in the Czech Republic. Spring phenology, including budbreak, cambial reactivation, and GPP onset, were driven by air temperatures approaching 10 °C, with a consistent initiation around DOY 112. In European beech, light appears to function as a regulatory cue, acting as a safeguard against premature budburst, whereas temperature operates as the principal driver of phenological development. Sap flow followed shortly thereafter. In contrast, autumn phenology showed strong sensitivity to solar radiation quality—particularly the clearness index—highlighting the role of spectral light composition in driving senescence. Specifically, 10 % leaf colouring and the onset of phloem compression exhibited peak correlations with late-summer cloudiness (<em>r</em> = 0.97–0.99). Stem growth initiation, measured by dendrometers, lagged two weeks behind xylem enlargement, but the cessation of radial growth (90 %) precisely coincided with the end of secondary wall thickening. These findings reveal distinct spring and autumn triggers—thermal versus radiative—shaping phenology and underline the need to include ecophysiological indicators in phenology modelling to better represent forest functioning and carbon cycling under climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110834"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest greenness stability in response to climate change along forest edge–core gradients","authors":"Shaodong Huang ,&nbsp;Rui Li ,&nbsp;Yujie Li ,&nbsp;Siyu Xue ,&nbsp;Panfei Fang ,&nbsp;Yuying Liang ,&nbsp;Jia Wang ,&nbsp;Longhuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest greenness and its interannual variability are key indicators for assessing ecosystem stability and climate sensitivity. Recent studies have mainly focused on the direct greening effects of afforestation and the response of greenness to climate change. However, the extent to which large-scale afforestation in China has reshaped the edge–core gradient pattern of unchanged forests (i.e., forests that remained unchanged from 2001 to 2020), as well as how climate change has influenced greenness and its stability across these horizontal gradients, remains insufficiently explored. This study investigates the relative changes in edge–core gradients of unchanged forests using China’s Annual Tree Cover Dataset (CATCD) and Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI) data, combined with multiple linear regression and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis. It also quantifies the contributions of various climatic factors to greenness across different gradient levels and their impacts on the stability of greenness. Our results show that the proportion of unchanged forests located &gt;1 km from the edge increased from 13.12 % in 2001 to 25.80 % in 2020, nearly doubling, indicating improved forest connectivity due to afforestation. NDVI steadily increased with gradient distance, while the coefficient of variation of NDVI (NDVI_CV) trends was significantly negative (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), indicating enhanced greenness stability with increasing gradient and over time. Grid-based multiple linear regression analysis revealed that temperature was the dominant factor influencing greenness within 0–2 km, with relative contributions exceeding 35 %, much higher than other factors. SHAP analysis revealed that the variation of solar radiation (SR) and the slope of the coefficient of variation of solar radiation (CVSR_Slope) was the most important factor affecting NDVI_CV variability across all gradients. Our study highlights the shaping effect of afforestation on forest spatial gradients and its indirect impact on greening, emphasizing the key roles of temperature and radiation in driving greenness and stability across forest gradients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110850"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145059530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat, drought, and compound events: Thresholds and impacts on crop yield variability","authors":"Jakob Bogenreuther ,&nbsp;Christina Bogner ,&nbsp;Stefan Siebert ,&nbsp;Thomas Koellner","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110836","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food security is threatened by compound events (extreme events like heat and drought occurring together), intensifying with climate change. Crucial for studying their impact on crop yield variability is the setting of temperature and precipitation thresholds. While relative thresholds (e.g., the 95th percentile) can hardly be justified concerning plant physiology, absolute thresholds (e.g., 30 °C) are expected to differ substantially between plant-level and large-scale assessments. As this contradiction has not yet been addressed, suitable relative and related absolute thresholds for the prominent crops grain maize and winter wheat are examined in this study. With these, it is analyzed whether extreme or compound events explain yield variability better and which development phase is sensitive to them. Also novel in the approach is to compare defining heat with daily mean and maximum temperatures and drought over 10 and 30 days. The analysis covers the years 1983 to 2021 and the 96 administrative districts of Bavaria, Germany, which are located in central Europe and exhibit a considerable precipitation gradient. Relative thresholds vary over this gradient, yet lead to similar absolute thresholds. This indicates that absolute thresholds are more suitable to explain crop yield variability. The discovered thresholds for daily maximum temperatures are at least 28 °C for grain maize and 24 °C to 25 °C for winter wheat, being lower than in plant-level analyses. Compound events have more impact on grain maize compared to individual extreme events. Yet, this effect was not revealed for winter wheat yields, showing the greatest sensitivity to individual heat events. During the vegetative phase, grain maize was most sensitive to heat. During the reproductive phase, grain maize was most sensitive to drought and winter wheat to heat. These results can be used in the methodology of further studies and for developing measures that buffer the impact of compound events on crop yields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110836"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145056957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cooling effect of wetlands weakens and reverses to a warming effect with increasing latitude in the Amur River Basin","authors":"Zihan Xing ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Li ,&nbsp;Zongming Wang ,&nbsp;Ling Luo ,&nbsp;Dehua Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110849","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110849","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wetland changes can alter diurnal land surface temperature (LST) through biophysical processes and contribute to adapting to global warming. However, studies focusing on the impacts of land cover changes on LST have neglected the feedback of wetland canopy structural changes, such as leaf area index (LAI), on temperature. In this study, based on long-term remote sensing observations, the effects of wetland area and LAI changes on local diurnal LST in the Amur River Basin (ARB) from 2000 to 2020 were comprehensively analyzed at multiple spatial scales. The results indicated that increases in wetland area in the ARB exhibited a cooling effect during the daytime but a warming effect at night, contributing to the exacerbation of diurnal temperature asymmetry in mid- to high-latitude regions. The temperature effect of wetland changes showed latitude dependence: the daytime cooling effect caused by changes in wetland area and vegetation LAI significantly weakened with increasing latitude in summer. In addition, the cooling effect during both day and night caused by changes in wetland LAI reversed to a warming effect from 50°N to the northward. The cooling effect in summer and the warming effect in spring, autumn, and winter caused by changes in wetland vegetation LAI highlighted the importance of considering the seasonal climatic regulatory role of wetlands in mid- to high-latitude regions. These complex effects suggest that, in the sustainable protection and management of wetlands, the feedback of wetland changes on surface temperature at multiple scales should be fully considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110849"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How stomatal, mesophyll, and biochemical limitations co-limit photosynthesis: A bilevel optimization model","authors":"Rui Zhu ,&nbsp;Tiesong Hu ,&nbsp;Giulia Vico ,&nbsp;Lu Zhang ,&nbsp;Rangjian Qiu ,&nbsp;Yingping Wang ,&nbsp;Yong Li ,&nbsp;Yong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photosynthesis depends on stomatal, mesophyll, and biochemical limitations, which in turn respond to the environment in complex ways. However, it remains unclear how to quantitatively describe the interrelationships among these three limitations and their response to environmental changes.</div><div>We introduce a nested (bilevel) optimization modeling framework in which stomatal and non-stomatal limitations are optimized for separate optimization objectives. Stomatal optimization is prioritized, with stomatal conductance maximizing photosynthesis for set hydraulic costs. In turn, for set stomatal conductance, mesophyll conductance and biochemical capacity are optimized for maximum photosynthesis at a minimal cost.</div><div>Our model reproduced observed responses of stomatal conductance, mesophyll conductance, and biochemical capacity to key environmental factors (light, air <span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> concentration, vapor pressure deficit, and soil moisture), including the different but coordinated reductions in stomatal conductance, mesophyll conductance, and biochemical capacity under water stress. Crucially, the model correctly estimated changes in intrinsic water use efficiency and provided testable predictions about how variations in plant hydraulic and photosynthetic traits drive the dynamic of photosynthetic limitations.</div><div>Our work provides a novel optimization framework for understanding and predicting how mesophyll and biochemical limitations are coordinated with stomatal regulation, which facilitates further theoretical and experimental studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 110829"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145043372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}