Agricultural and Forest Meteorology最新文献

{"title":"Wind regimes and their drivers in mountainous forests: collaborative observations by Qingyuan Ker Towers","authors":"Tian Gao ,&nbsp;Jiaojun Zhu ,&nbsp;Yixuan Xu ,&nbsp;Xiufen Li ,&nbsp;Xingchang Wang ,&nbsp;Fengyuan Yu ,&nbsp;Dexiong Teng ,&nbsp;Yirong Sun ,&nbsp;Jinxin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal-induced wind regime is an important feature of mountain meteorology, which affects energy and scalar transports over complex terrains. Understanding wind regimes allows us to better interpret eddy covariance flux measurements and its data quality control. Due to a high spatial heterogeneity in wind features over complex terrains, single site-based measurement limits understanding of wind regimes. Here, we demonstrated wind regimes and their drivers using the Qingyuan Ker Towers (three towers in a valley: T1, mixed broadleaved forest; T2, Mongolian oak forest; T3, larch plantation forest) in mountainous forests of Northeast China.</div><div>In the daytime, down-slope winds dominated above the canopy at T1 and T3, while up-slope winds dominated at T2; in the nighttime, T1, T2 and T3 were dominated by down-valley, up-slope and down-slope winds, respectively. Along vertical gradients, different degrees of wind direction shears were observed, indicating frequently decoupling wind directions between above- and below-canopy. The profiles of wind speed at T1 and T2 were similar, showing a monotonical increase as height increases, whereas T3 showed an “S”-shaped profile with a secondary maximum in the trunk space. In general, the wind regimes did not exhibit traits of a typical thermal-induced wind circulation during the peak growing season. The similarity analysis suggested that the wind regimes were influenced by the strong background wind. Additionally, frequent cloudy weather with weak solar radiation is unfavorable to thermal-induced circulation. The wind regimes, thermal gradient and pattern of CO₂ concentration and flux jointly suggested that strong shallow drainage flows may occur frequently at T3, probably leading to an underestimation of net ecosystem exchange of CO₂ (NEE) during the nighttime, whereas drainage flows are expected to be weaker at T1 and T2. These analyses improve our understanding when NEE is reliably measured and provide an insight for correcting the flux data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"368 ","pages":"Article 110545"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal response of agricultural drought to meteorological drought in the upper Hanjiang River Basin from three-dimensional perspective","authors":"Shenghong Liu ,&nbsp;Shaokang Yang ,&nbsp;Ji Liu ,&nbsp;Te Zhang ,&nbsp;Qingxia Lin ,&nbsp;Wenjuan Chang ,&nbsp;Tao Peng ,&nbsp;Dan Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the relationships among different types of droughts is critical for effective drought early warning systems and water resource management. While much attention has recently been given to how agricultural drought (AD) is influenced by meteorological drought (MD), the spatial continuity of this relationship has often been overlooked. In this study, we introduce a set of criteria for identifying drought that takes into account its spatiotemporal continuity. We also establish a framework for quantifying the uncertainty associated with drought response using Copula functions in conjunction with a Bayesian network probabilistic model. We apply this framework to comprehensively assess the likelihood of MD leading to AD under various drought conditions (e.g., duration, area, severity) in the upper Hanjiang River Basin (UHJRB) from 1963 to 2014. Our findings indicate that by incorporating spatiotemporal continuity criteria, drought events can be more effectively identified. Specifically, 78 % of AD events followed MD events, with an average response time of 2.4 months. Generally, the probability of AD occurrence increases as the corresponding MD characteristics (such as duration, area, and severity) increase. For instance, when MD duration exceeds 6 months, the affected area surpasses 60 % of the basin, or the severity reaches 5.0 × 10⁵ km²·months, the probability of AD occurrence exceeds 80 %. The outcomes of this research can serve as a valuable reference for drought response efforts in the UHJRB. Furthermore, the proposed research framework can be adapted for use in other regions to enhance our understanding of MD and its impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"368 ","pages":"Article 110531"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The negative effects of competition on tree resilience weakened as drought severity intensified","authors":"Xinyu Han ,&nbsp;Lushuang Gao ,&nbsp;Xianliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Keyan Fang ,&nbsp;Sijie Li ,&nbsp;Keda Cui ,&nbsp;Mengzhao Guo ,&nbsp;Xiuhai Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As one of the important factors limiting tree growth in forests, competition structure, such as neighborhood competitive pressure and individual tree competitive ability, plays a significant role in regulating tree responses to drought events, but how it performs in different intensities of droughts remains unclear. Here, we used a network of <em>Larix gmelinii</em> tree-ring data and field data in 41 sites, covering most of the distribution of natural larch across Daxinganling region, to investigate the role of competition in modulating tree resistance and resilience to moderate, severe and extreme droughts in the year 2007. The results showed that growth reduction in trees increased from 46 % under moderate drought to 65 % under extreme drought. The influence of neighborhood competitive pressure and individual competitive ability on tree resistance and resilience weakened as drought severity increases, particularly, the individual competitive ability lost its influence on tree resilience to extreme droughts. Our results highlight that competition have negative effects on tree resistance and resilience only to moderate and severe droughts, but not to extreme droughts. Therefore, the forestry practice of competition-reduction strategies, such as thinning, in aiding trees’ endurance of future droughts should be re-evaluated in consideration of the intensity of droughts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"368 ","pages":"Article 110544"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disruptive effect of rainfalls on the diurnal periodicity of airborne wheat rust spore under field conditions","authors":"Frédéric Suffert","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stripe rust and leaf rust, caused by <em>Puccinia striiformis</em> f. sp. <em>tritici</em> (<em>Pst</em>) and <em>Puccinia triticina</em> (<em>Pt</em>), respectively, are major threats to wheat production. Forecasting epidemics requires a deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving spore dispersal. Many studies have either employed field data for purely correlative approaches without incorporating established knowledge on physical mechanisms or, conversely, relied on specific physical approaches in controlled environments focusing on only a few mechanisms or factors. Little emphasis has been placed on holistic field-based studies, where wind and rain play crucial roles. This study fills that gap by attempting to unravel the processes by which rainfall affects airborne spore concentrations over a wheat canopy during active rust epidemics. Over more than two months, bi-hourly spore counts from Burkard traps were integrated with detailed meteorological data, revealing both seasonal and diurnal trends. Diurnal peaks in airborne spore concentrations, typically driven by cyclic changes in wind and humidity, were dramatically altered by rain. Rain events either amplified spore concentrations by up to 25-fold through 'rain-puff' and/or depletes them via ‘wash-out’ and ‘wash-off’. Rains events from the dataset were classified into categories with distinct impacts: ‘precursor’ rains often trigger spore release, while ‘follower’ (and prolonged rains) reduce airborne spore concentrations. Moreover, differences in the dispersal dynamics of <em>Pst</em> and <em>Pt</em> were observed, and some were linked to how humidity and wind influence spore clustering. These results provide valuable insights for a more integrated understanding of the effect of rain and in order to enhance forecasting models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"368 ","pages":"Article 110527"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fog presence and ecosystem responses in a managed coast redwood forest","authors":"Julia Petreshen ,&nbsp;Salli F. Dymond ,&nbsp;Elizabeth T. Keppeler ,&nbsp;Scott T. Allen ,&nbsp;Joseph W. Wagenbrenner","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fog inundation along California's Coast Range creates microclimates that support coast redwood (<em>Sequoia sempervirens</em> (D. Don) Endl.) forests during the summer drought period. With changes in land use and climate, the coast redwood ecosystem is more susceptible to increased drought stress. Thus, understanding the role of fog in relieving drought stress is important to manage the remaining coast redwood forests. Fog presence, other climatic conditions, soil moisture, and sap flow were monitored at the Caspar Creek Experimental Watersheds in northwestern California over the 2020, 2021, and 2022 fog seasons (1 May – 30 Sep). Observations were recorded at shoulder and ridge topographic positions in harvested and unharvested third-growth forest to examine 1) temporal and spatial distribution of fog, 2) soil moisture responses to fog drip, and 3) the influence of fog on transpiration and streamflow. Fog presence was found to vary across the landscape with no significant relationship to harvesting. Leaf wetness as a result of fog was higher at the shoulder position than at the ridge of the hillslope. At all study sites, fog events tended to result in small increases in soil moisture or reduced withdrawals of soil moisture, albeit variably throughout the fog season. All sites displayed lower transpiration rates during fog periods and streamflow recession rates were similarly reduced. Overall, this research suggests that the occurrence of fog is ecologically and hydrologically important at the Caspar Creek Experimental Watersheds, and those effects are influenced by topography but not apparently by forest density.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"368 ","pages":"Article 110525"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Warming promotes divergent shift in sequential phenophases of alpine meadow plants","authors":"Yaya Chen,&nbsp;Xiangrong Yang,&nbsp;Tianwu Zhang,&nbsp;Yunpeng Zhao,&nbsp;Yinguang Sun,&nbsp;Miaojun Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant phenology is an important trait in the adaptation of species to climate change. Shifts in multiple sequential phenological events and phenological synchrony among species would influence ecosystem function. However, little is known about how climate change affects sequential phenological events and phenological synchrony among species, limiting our comprehensive understanding of the strategies of overall phenological responses to climate change. Here, we conducted a 3-year manipulative experiment of warming and precipitation changes in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau to investigate how the timing and duration of sequential phenophases of 10 common species, as well as the phenological synchrony among these species respond to climate change. We found that warming advanced sequential phenophases differently, the timing of early-season and reproductive phenophases was advanced more than late-season and vegetative phenophases. Warming extended reproductive phenophases by increasing the duration of flowering, while vegetative phenophases remained unchanged, resulting in an overall lengthening of the growing season. Moreover, warming reduced the synchrony of reproductive more than vegetative phenophases among species by inducing species-specific shifts in phenological timing. However, neither precipitation changes alone nor an interaction with warming had significant effects on any phenophase or synchrony. These results improve our understanding of overall phenological responses in alpine plants, and highlight that warming has divergent effects on multiple sequential phenophases of a plant's annual life cycle. Alpine plants will start growth and senescence earlier while allocate more time to reproduction under future warming. These divergent shifts in sequential phenophases may affect plant life histories and phenological overlap, and ultimately reshape species and trophic interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"368 ","pages":"Article 110521"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical and Projected Changes in Chill Accumulation and Spring Freeze Risk in the Midwest United States","authors":"Trent W. Ford ,&nbsp;Liang Chen ,&nbsp;Eduardo Fernandez ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Wahle ,&nbsp;Eike Luedeling ,&nbsp;Dennis Todey ,&nbsp;Laurie Nowatzkie","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the Midwest region of the United States, the dormant or cold season has experienced significant changes over the past several decades due to human-caused global warming, and changes are projected to continue or intensify through the end of the century. Changes in chill accumulation and spring frost injury risk are particularly concerning for specialty crop growers in the Midwest. Despite their importance for the industry, relatively little work has been done to assess these changes and help guide crop management strategies accordingly. We use a combination of historical observations and CMIP6 multi-model ensemble projections to assess recent and potential future changes in chill accumulation and phenology for apple in the region. Observations show increased chill accumulation in much of the Midwest over the past 70 years, and CMIP6 projections indicate continued increases through the next 70+ years. The southern Midwest is expected to lose chill, but not at a rate that would require a substantial shift to fruit cultivars with very low chill requirements. Additionally, apple full bloom estimates using the PhenoFlex model combined with CMIP6 model projections show shifts earlier in the spring for both apple phenology and spring freeze dates. We do not find any appreciable change in spring freeze injury risk by mid-century under any scenario. This study provides an important assessment of climate change impacts on specialty crops in an understudied region of the United States for non-commodity agriculture. More collaborative work is needed between scientists, practitioners, and growers to (1) assess the current and future risks to specialty crop agriculture in the Midwest that result from climate change and (2) explore viable solutions to ensure a resilient specialty crop industry in the face of changing climatic, economic, and social systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"368 ","pages":"Article 110532"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143777538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paleoclimate contributes to soil carbon storage in subtropical shrublands","authors":"Jielin Ge ,&nbsp;Boyu Ma ,&nbsp;Gaoming Xiong ,&nbsp;Changming Zhao ,&nbsp;Wenting Xu ,&nbsp;Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Jiaxiang Li ,&nbsp;Zongqiang Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shrubland soils play a significant role in global carbon sequestration, yet the factors influencing soil organic carbon stocks at different depths in subtropical shrublands remain poorly understood, introducing large biases in understanding and predicting terrestrial carbon dynamics. This study examines the relative impacts of abiotic and biotic drivers on SOC density (SOCD) in topsoils (0–30 cm) and subsoils (30–100 cm) by capitalizing on a consistent broad-scale sampling across 297 sites in subtropical shrublands of China. Contrary to earlier findings suggesting greater SOC storage in subsoils, we found that topsoils and subsoils contribute equally to SOC stocks per unit area on average. Existing SOC maps overestimated SOCD by 30.13 % in topsoils and 22.23 % in subsoils. Past climate conditions had a lasting positive influence on topsoil SOC, while current climate emerged as the dominant indirect driver of SOCD in both soil layers. Edaphic properties emerged as a major driver of SOCD and dominated the indirect effects of paleoclimate legacy rather than that of current climate on the geographic pattern of SOCD, whereas vegetation attributes and recent human disturbances had relatively minor impacts. Our findings reveal that subtropical shrublands store less SOC than previously estimated, underscoring the urgent need to refine SOC assessments and reconsider their long-term carbon sequestration potential. We further illustrate the critical role of past climate over extended timescales in shaping current SOC distribution and highlight the importance of integrating paleoclimate legacies and edaphic interactions into Earth System Models to improve predictions of SOC dynamics under climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"368 ","pages":"Article 110528"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143777537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rodent-induced grassland degradation increases annual non-CO2 greenhouse gas fluxes and NO losses despite CH4 uptake enhancement","authors":"Zhisheng Yao ,&nbsp;Rui Wang ,&nbsp;Han Zhang ,&nbsp;Lei Ma ,&nbsp;Xunhua Zheng ,&nbsp;Chunyan Liu ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Zhu ,&nbsp;Klaus Butterbach-Bahl","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Widespread degradation of grasslands due to human activities and climate change provides favorable habitats for subterranean rodents, whose subsequent bioturbation such as burrowing and mound building further exacerbates the ongoing degradation, thereby directly and indirectly altering biogeochemical C and N cycles. However, it remains unclear how rodent-induced degradation of grasslands affects soil CH₄, N₂O and NO fluxes. Here we report two-year field measurements of these trace-gas fluxes and associated environmental controls from different degradation treatments (unaffected or moderately affected meadow, heavily affected meadow with very severe signs of degradation) across three alpine meadow sites at different elevations on the Tibetan Plateau. Our results show that seasonal patterns of these gas fluxes were driven by the variations in soil temperature, moisture and C or N availability, and that non-growing season fluxes contributed 29 %-39 %, 29 %-93 % and 16 %-61 % to the annual CH₄, N₂O and NO budgets, respectively. Over the multiple site-years, annual CH₄ uptake ranged from 1.14–1.49 kg C ha^-1 yr^-1 for the healthy meadows to 1.42–2.85 kg C ha^-1 yr^-1 for the degraded meadows, indicating significant increases in CH₄ uptake following grassland degradation by rodents. However, the climate benefits of increased CH₄ uptake were overshadowed by a significant stimulation of annual N₂O emissions following the degradation, resulting in the net non-CO₂ greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes of 48.1–364 kg CO₂-eq ha^-1 yr^-1. Also, grassland degradation by rodents significantly increased annual NO emissions to 0.35–1.19 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1. Based on estimates of rodent-induced degradation across the Tibetan alpine grasslands, we estimated that degradation increased soil non-CO₂ GHG emissions by 2012 Gg CO₂-eq yr^-1 and stimulated NO losses by 9.54 Gg N yr^-1. Our results highlight the important contribution of rodent-induced grassland degradation to regional or global climate change, and point to the urgent need for policy development for the sustainable use of grasslands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"368 ","pages":"Article 110534"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining automated and manual chambers to provide reliable estimates of N2O emissions in annual and perennial cropping systems","authors":"Imran Ahammad Siddique ,&nbsp;Diego Abalos ,&nbsp;Johannes Wilhelmus Maria Pullens ,&nbsp;Klaus Steenberg Larsen ,&nbsp;Uffe Jørgensen ,&nbsp;Poul Erik Lærke","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perennials can produce more biomass and partially replace annual crops. However, environmental benefits of perennials over annuals in terms of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions have rarely been compared in a long-term field experiment. By combining automatic and manual chamber methods, we aimed to develop reliable N₂O estimates from annual and perennial systems. We measured N₂O emissions from: i. perennial grass during renovation including spring barley as catch crop (SB/RG); ii. perennial grass-clover mixture (GC); iii. triticale monoculture (Trit). Results showed that cumulative N₂O emissions from SB/RG were higher than GC or Trit. The highest emission rate was measured for SB/RG (258.9 µg N₂O<img>N m^-2 h^-1) after fertilization in spring. Increased N₂O emissions were also seen for a short period after direct grass seeding in August. For Trit, N₂O emissions increased after fertilization in March and ploughing in late September. In GC (fertilized with P and K), there was no N₂O peak after grass cutting. Both from manual and automatic chamber systems, “hot moments” of N₂O emissions contributed ∼16–79 % of cumulative emissions. By predicting hot moments and scheduling frequent measurements, manual chambers captured most of the N₂O dynamics. The results indicated that the hot moments of N₂O emissions were better quantified by automatic chambers, while some of the hot moments, for instance, fertilization and ploughing in Trit were accurately captured with manual chambers. Soil nitrate and ammonium were positively associated with N₂O emissions, whereas biomass N uptake was negatively associated. We conclude that perennial (GC) is a promising system for high biomass production with low environmental impact. Strategies such as growing spring barley as a catch crop, grass seeding with shallow tillage, and fertilization of newly seeded grass matching crop N demand are needed to reduce the higher risk for N losses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 110530"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}