American Journal of Clinical Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Does a low-carbohydrate diet impede endurance sports performance? Yes","authors":"Louise M Burke ,&nbsp;Timothy D Noakes","doi":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The complex determinants of endurance sports performance vary according to exercise demands, the specific event, and the individual athlete. A key issue is the availability and integration of the oxidative use of muscle fat and carbohydrate (CHO) stores to supply energy. Current competition nutrition guidelines promote “high CHO availability,” using personalized strategies pre-, during, or between events to match glycogen and blood glucose supplies to the specific event demands. Alternatively, adaptation to a ketogenic low CHO high-fat (LCHF) diet makes fat the principal fuel, but impairs performance in some scenarios. Indeed, at oxidative thresholds, important in high-performance sport, metabolic pathways of fat oxidation provide a lower energy yield, leading to lower power/speed. Moreover, the consumption of CHO during exercise in keto-adapted athletes often enhances endurance capacity or performance. Therefore, the LCHF diet alone is suboptimal for endurance performance, as is as a one-size-fits-all approach to sports nutrition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50813,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":"123 5","pages":"Article 101268"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147802996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Literature-based human milk nutrient composition values for use in North American food composition databases","authors":"Kathryn E Hopperton ,&nbsp;Samadhi Thavarajah ,&nbsp;Jaspreet Ahuja ,&nbsp;Kellie Casavale ,&nbsp;Subhadeep Chakrabarti ,&nbsp;Kimberlea Gibbs ,&nbsp;Tina Irrer ,&nbsp;Stephanie K Nishi ,&nbsp;Sophie Parnel ,&nbsp;Pamela Pehrsson ,&nbsp;Melanie Stanton ,&nbsp;Dennis Anderson-Villaluz ,&nbsp;Krista A Zanetti ,&nbsp;Ashley J Vargas","doi":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The profile for human milk (HM) nutrient composition jointly used by Canada and the United States [Standard Reference (SR), legacy] is largely based on &gt;40-y-old studies. In 2018, it was deemed unsuitable by the United States Department of Agriculture for estimating current nutrient exposures.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To review data available in the literature to develop interim HM nutrient profile data values.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Two reviewers screened and extracted data from 3 recent systematic reviews covering the period from 1980‒2022 and 1 large Canadian biomonitoring study. Eligible studies: reported quantitative concentrations of ≥1 component of interest (energy, macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, or fatty acids), included data specific to United States or Canadian participants, reported on mature milk (<u>&gt;</u>21 d postpartum) for term-born infants (<u>&gt;</u>37 wk of gestation), had samples collected within the first 6 mo of lactation, and used appropriate methods for milk collection and nutrient analysis. Studies were combined as weighted means and pooled standard deviations and compared with the existing SR and international literature.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Updated data were identified for &gt;40 HM components, including some that had previously been assigned 0 in SR legacy (e.g., DHA), or estimated from other foods (e.g., vitamin K). Concentrations for interim HM nutrient profile data differed by &gt;20% from values in the SR legacy for total fat, iron, manganese, and most vitamins and fatty acids. Eligible data were lacking for niacin, vitamin B-12, vitamin C, and total vitamin D, and were only available from single studies for manganese, β-carotene, thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, total choline, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin E, cholesterol, and some fatty acids.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings summarize data available to develop an interim nutrient profile for North American HM that could be used until an empirically measured profile can be developed. They also highlight gaps in the literature to be addressed by future studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50813,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":"123 5","pages":"Article 101252"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147802988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The low-fat milk recommendation for young children: time for a re-evaluation","authors":"Arne Astrup ,&nbsp;Carlo Agostoni","doi":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101273","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50813,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":"123 5","pages":"Article 101273"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147802990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muscle movement and metabolism: exercise and skeletal muscle as mediators of health—a report from the 26th Annual Harvard Nutrition Obesity Symposium, 2025","authors":"Lauren Carollo ,&nbsp;Elizabeth A Lawson ,&nbsp;Takara L Stanley ,&nbsp;Jingyu Wang ,&nbsp;Romit Bhattacharya ,&nbsp;David J Bishop ,&nbsp;Owen Carmichael ,&nbsp;Karyn A Esser ,&nbsp;Mark A Febbraio ,&nbsp;Roger A Fielding ,&nbsp;Lindsay T Fourman ,&nbsp;Bret H Goodpaster ,&nbsp;Laurie J Goodyear ,&nbsp;J Sawalla Guseh ,&nbsp;Melanie S Haines ,&nbsp;John A Hawley ,&nbsp;Steven B Heymsfield ,&nbsp;Malene E Lindholm ,&nbsp;Jonathan Z Long ,&nbsp;Michael P Snyder ,&nbsp;Steven K Grinspoon","doi":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Skeletal muscle is a crucial facilitator of many of the effects of exercise on metabolic health. Intrinsic myocellular mechanisms, exercise-induced myokine secretion, and crosstalk between multiple organ systems contribute to the maintenance of energy homeostasis, cardiovascular health, strength, cognition, and quality of life. Investigating the molecular underpinnings of the skeletal muscle response to exercise from multiple perspectives, including the genetic, physiological, and environmental factors leading to metabolic dysfunction, has advanced our understanding of disease risk and helped identify avenues for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders and chronic diseases. The National Institutes of Health-funded Boston Area Nutrition Obesity Research Center, in partnership with the Harvard Medical School Division of Nutrition, hosted its 26th Annual Symposium, “Muscle Movement and Metabolism: Exercise and Skeletal Muscle as Mediators of Health,” in June of 2025. Speakers presented novel research and unique perspectives on exercise and skeletal muscle as key determinants of health. This manuscript synthesizes the symposium’s major themes: <em>1</em>) physiological and molecular mechanisms of exercise, <em>2</em>) clinical implications of physical inactivity and reduced muscle function, and <em>3</em>) individual variability and personalized medicine. By bridging mechanistic and clinical insights with principles of personalized medicine, the symposium provided key insights into the current landscape of treatments for metabolic diseases and evidence-based strategies for disease prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50813,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":"123 5","pages":"Article 101262"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147437434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NIH-FDA Nutrition Regulatory Science Workshop: advancing research and policy","authors":"Andrew A Bremer ,&nbsp;Samantha Adas ,&nbsp;Alison GM Brown ,&nbsp;Kellie O Casavale ,&nbsp;Steven Hermansky ,&nbsp;Kirsten Herrick ,&nbsp;Claudine J Kavanaugh ,&nbsp;Holly L Nicastro ,&nbsp;Sheri D Schully ,&nbsp;Jill Reedy ,&nbsp;Ashley J Vargas ,&nbsp;Krista A Zanetti ,&nbsp;Robin A McKinnon","doi":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Nutrition plays a pivotal role in health, yet poor dietary habits are now the leading risk factor for illness and death. In the United States, diet-related conditions such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and obesity cause &gt;1 million deaths per year and are leading contributors to the nation’s $4.5 trillion in healthcare spending.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Addressing these issues requires coordinated efforts across multiple sectors and government agencies. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are essential partners in this endeavor. A strong foundation of scientific research, coupled with effective, practical, and real-world regulatory activities, is critical to inform consumers and support a healthier food environment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In December 2024, NIH and FDA convened a workshop to advance nutrition science for food-related policy decision making. A diverse group of researchers, policymakers, and other experts participated in the event to identify research gaps, explore strategies for enhanced NIH-FDA collaboration, and highlight emerging technologies in nutrition science, with a particular focus on the topic of ultra-processed foods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The workshop was designed to do the following: 1) identify critical research gaps and priorities in nutrition regulatory science; 2) enhance scientific collaboration between NIH and FDA; 3) explore how scientific evidence informs food-related policies and regulations; and 4) highlight emerging technologies and data resource needs for nutrition research.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This article summarizes the workshop proceedings and describes priority research gaps, opportunities, and suggested next steps that emerged from the discussions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50813,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":"123 5","pages":"Article 101267"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147445799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Measures of Carbohydrate Quality to Lower the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Findings from Three Prospective Cohort Studies.","authors":"Hala B AlEssa, Tong Xia, Seyed Mohammad Mousavi, Caleigh Sawicki, Walter C Willett, Shilpa N Bhupathiraju, Frank B Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Numerous carbohydrate quality metrics (CQMs) have been suggested, yet the optimal one(s) associated with the lowest type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk remains unknown.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to systematically compare 23 CQMs with T2D risk, identify the five strongest associations, propose an alternate Carbohydrate Quality Index (aCQI), and compare it with the existing CQI regarding T2D risk and cardiometabolic biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We included participants of three prospective cohort studies (Nurses' Health Study I (1984-2020) and II (1991-2019), and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2020), free of cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Our primary outcome was incident T2D. We examined thirteen plasma biomarkers in relation to CQIs among a subset.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During 5,628,955 person-years of follow-up among 213,704 adults, 22,351 cases of incident T2D were ascertained. In multivariable-adjusted models, comparing Q5 to Q1, intakes of cereal fiber (relative risk (RR):0.77 (0.74 - 0.81)), whole-fruit carbohydrates (RR:0.80 (0.76 -0.84)), glycemic index (RR:1.20 (1.14 -1.26)), sugar from sugar-sweetened beverages (RR:1.22 (1.17-1.28)), and whole grain carbohydrates (RR:0.86 (0.82 - 0.91)) had the strongest associations with T2D risk. The aCQI (RR:0.71 (0.68 - 0.75)), comprising these variables, had a larger magnitude of association with T2D risk than the original CQI (RR:0.82 (0.79 - 0.87)), which included total fiber intake, glycemic index, the ratios of whole to total grains and solid to total carbohydrates. The aCQI had significant associations with larger percentage of differences in cardiometabolic biomarker concentrations, such as C-peptide, leptin, and LDL-cholesterol, than the CQI (all P-trend ≤ 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The novel aCQI, comprised of carbohydrates from whole fruits, whole grains, sugar-sweetened beverages, cereal fiber, and glycemic index, was more strongly associated with risk of T2D and cardiometabolic biomarkers than its individual components or the existing CQI, necessitating further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":50813,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"101337"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147823195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of calcium supplementation in pregnancy on maternal anemia and iron status: Secondary analyses of two randomized trials in India and Tanzania.","authors":"Nazia Binte Ali, Christopher R Sudfeld, Alfa Muhihi, Tinku Thomas, Nandita Perumal, Mary M Sando, Honorati M Masanja, Uttara Partap, Christopher P Duggan, Anura V Kurpad, Pratibha Dwarkanath, Andrea B Pembe, Wafaie W Fawzi","doi":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>While recent trials have shown daily prenatal low-dose 500 mg calcium supplementation to be noninferior to the recommended high-dose 1500 mg regimen for prevention of preeclampsia, its effects on maternal anemia and iron status remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted two individually randomized, non-inferiority trials in India and Tanzania (N=11,000 each) comparing daily 500 mg to 1500 mg calcium supplementation during pregnancy. All participants received standard IFA (60 mg iron) and were counseled to take calcium supplements several hours apart from the IFA. All participants had hemoglobin measured at baseline and at 32 weeks of gestation, while a random subset of participants had ferritin quantified at the same time points. Using an intention-to-treat approach, we assessed effects of 500 mg compared to 1500 mg calcium supplementation on mean hemoglobin and inflammation-adjusted serum ferritin (log-scale) using generalized linear models, and on anemia and iron deficiency anemia using log-binomial models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Third-trimester hemoglobin and serum ferritin were measured in 8,953 and 1,336 participants in India, respectively. In Tanzania, 8,496 participants had hemoglobin, and 882 had ferritin assessed. In both trials, there was no difference between 500 and 1500 mg calcium supplementation on third-trimester hemoglobin [India: mean difference (MD) 0.01 (95% confidence interval (CI): -0.03, 0.04); Tanzania: MD -0.02 (95% CI: -0.07, 0.03)], anemia [India: relative risk (RR) 1.01 (95% CI: 0.95, 1.07); Tanzania: RR 1.00 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.05)], or iron deficiency anemia [India: RR 1.20 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.57); Tanzania: RR 0.94 (95% CI: 0.77, 1.15)].</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Low and high-dose calcium supplementation showed no differences in third-trimester hematologic outcomes. Future studies should assess the effects of co-administering or combining calcium and IFA into a single tablet on adherence and bioavailability of iron.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registry: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT03350516; Clinical Trials Registry India number, CTRI/018/2/12119; and Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority Trials Registry number, TFDA0018/TR/010/.</p>","PeriodicalId":50813,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"101338"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147823144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential associations between menstrual blood loss scores and iron status in Northern European and East Asian Individuals: Findings from a cross-sectional analysis of the FeGenes cohort.","authors":"Min-Ruei Lee, Alexa Barad, Erica Bender, Jennifer Thompson, Zhenglong Gu, Eva K Pressman, Kimberly O O'Brien","doi":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Healthy adult females of East Asian (EA) ancestry have been reported to have higher iron (Fe) stores and Fe absorption and alterations in Fe regulatory hormones when compared to adult females of Northern European (NE) ancestry.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This cross-sectional study collected data on menstrual characteristics among adult females of genetically confirmed EA or NE ancestry and evaluated the potential impact of this factor on Fe status.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were obtained from premenopausal females aged 18-50 years (BMI 18-30 kg/m²) who were enrolled in the FeGenes study, which recruited healthy individuals of genetically confirmed EA or NE ancestry. Data on age at menarche, cycle frequency, menstrual bleeding duration, and average use of menstrual products were collected from self-reported questionnaires, and menstrual blood loss (MBL) scores were calculated. Fe status was assessed through serum ferritin (SF; μg/L), hepcidin (ng/mL), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR; mg/L), transferrin (TF; mg/dL), and calculated total body iron (TBI; mg/kg). Group comparisons and associations with Fe status biomarkers were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>EA females had an earlier median age at menarche (EA 12.0 [IQR 11.0, 13.0] years; NE 13.0 [IQR 12.0, 13.3] years; p = 0.002) and a higher MBL score (EA 24.0 [IQR 17.5, 31.5]; NE 16.0 [IQR 10.5, 27.9]; p < 0.001) than NE females. In NE individuals, a higher MBL score was significantly associated with lower log-transformed SF (β = -0.01; SE = 0.005; p = 0.004), TBI (β = -0.06; SE = 0.02; p = 0.002), and higher log-transformed sTfR (β = 0.005; SE = 0.001; p = 0.002). No associations between MBL score and Fe status were evident in EA females.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Higher MBL scores were associated with lower Fe status in NE but not EA females. Greater attention and validated metrics are needed to evaluate menstrual blood losses and better quantify Fe needs in reproductive-aged females.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registry: </strong>The study was registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04198545.</p>","PeriodicalId":50813,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"101326"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147787860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary vitamin K intakes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, adult asthma, and lung function: a prospective cohort study in the UK Biobank.","authors":"Chengfeng Li, Pratik Pokharel, Marc Sim, Kevin Murray, Catherine P Bondonno, Benjamin H Parmenter, Liezhou Zhong, Montana Dupuy, Howraman Metemeran, Jette Jakobsen, Allan Linneberg, Tilman Kühn, Aedín Cassidy, Nicola P Bondonno","doi":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vitamin K-dependent proteins are important for maintaining lung structure and function, yet few studies have examined dietary vitamin K intake in relation to chronic respiratory disease.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the associations between dietary intakes of vitamin K₁ and vitamin K₂ and the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and lung function.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed data from 179,062 UK Biobank participants without COPD or asthma. Associations between dietary vitamin K₁ and K₂ intakes, estimated using the Oxford WebQ 24-h recall, and incident COPD and asthma, identified through hospital, death, and primary care records, were examined using Cox proportional hazards models. In cross-sectional analyses, associations of vitamin K intake with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁), forced vital capacity (FVC), and the FEV₁/FVC ratio were assessed using splines within multiple regression. Stratified analyses were performed by sex, smoking status, and occupation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over 10.5-y follow-up, higher vitamin K₁ intakes were associated with lower COPD rates, with inverse associations reaching a plateau above ∼250 μg/d [HR_{quintile (Q)5 compared with Q1}: 0.84; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.75, 0.94], whereas no association was observed for vitamin K₂. No associations were observed between vitamin K₁ or vitamin K₂ intakes and asthma. Higher vitamin K₁ intakes (Q5 compared with Q1) were associated with better lung function (FVC: 44 mL; 95% CI: 35, 53 mL and FEV₁: 32 mL; 95% CI: 25, 40 mL), whereas vitamin K₂ showed weaker and nonlinear associations. Stronger associations between vitamin K₁ and lung function were evident in smokers and participants with high-risk occupations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Higher dietary vitamin K₁ intake was associated with better lung function and a lower rate of COPD. As vitamin K₁ is abundant in green leafy vegetables (e.g., ∼1 serving of kale, ∼1½-2 cups), higher consumption of these foods within a healthy diet may be associated with favorable respiratory health.</p>","PeriodicalId":50813,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"101324"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147787779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food consumption according to degree of processing and risk of breast cancer: prospective findings from the Moli-sani Study cohort.","authors":"Marialaura Bonaccio, Simona Costanzo, Augusto Di Castelnuovo, Emilia Ruggiero, Teresa Panzera, Simona Esposito, Chiara Cerletti, Maria Benedetta Donati, Giovanni de Gaetano, Licia Iacoviello","doi":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The potential impact of food processing on breast cancer (BC) has not been extensively addressed.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study sought to examine the association of food consumption according to the Nova classification with BC incidence in a large cohort of Italian females.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Longitudinal analyses were analyzed on 11,442 cancer-free females recruited in the Moli-sani Study (2005‒2010). Food intake was assessed at baseline using a 188-item food frequency questionnaire, and categorized into 4 mutually exclusive groups based on the extent and purpose of processing according to the Nova classification: 1) unprocessed/minimally processed foods; 2) processed culinary ingredients; 3) processed foods; and ultraprocessed foods. Each Nova group was expressed as its proportion (grams per day) of total food eaten (grams per day). Incident BC cases were ascertained by direct linkage with hospital discharge forms and validated through medical records. Associations between dietary exposures and BC outcomes were assessed using multivariable cause-specific Cox proportional hazard models controlled for known risk factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over a median follow-up of 13.1 y (146,522 person-years), 295 BC cases were recorded. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for overall BC risk associated with highest compared with lowest quartile of consumption of unprocessed/minimally processed foods, culinary ingredients, processed food, and ultraprocessed foods were 1.10 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.75, 1.59], 1.03 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.44), 1.55 (95% CI: 1.10, 2.17), and 1.04 (95% CI: 0.72, 1.51), respectively. When alcoholic beverages were removed from processed foods, the associated HR was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.67, 1.33) for quartile 4 compared with quartile 1. Food processing was not associated with BC subtypes, including menopausal status and hormone receptor status.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this cohort of Italian females, food consumption based on the degree of processing was not associated with BC incidence. Although a higher intake of processed foods appeared linked to increased risk, this was largely explained by alcoholic beverages. These findings are in agreement with previous research, which overall remains inconclusive about the link between food processing and BC.</p>","PeriodicalId":50813,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"101319"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}