{"title":"Computer-Aided Design of Microfluidic Circuits.","authors":"Elishai Ezra Tsur","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082219-033358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082219-033358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microfluidic devices developed over the past decade feature greater intricacy, increased performance requirements, new materials, and innovative fabrication methods. Consequentially, new algorithmic and design approaches have been developed to introduce optimization and computer-aided design to microfluidic circuits: from conceptualization to specification, synthesis, realization, and refinement. The field includes the development of new description languages, optimization methods, benchmarks, and integrated design tools. Here, recent advancements are reviewed in the computer-aided design of flow-, droplet-, and paper-based microfluidics. A case study of the design of resistive microfluidic networks is discussed in detail. The review concludes with perspectives on the future of computer-aided microfluidics design, including the introduction of cloud computing, machine learning, new ideation processes, and hybrid optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"285-307"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082219-033358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37880114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Micromechanobiology: Focusing on the Cardiac Cell-Substrate Interface.","authors":"Erica A Castillo, Kerry V Lane, Beth L Pruitt","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092019-034950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092019-034950","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Engineered, in vitro cardiac cell and tissue systems provide test beds for the study of cardiac development, cellular disease processes, and drug responses in a dish. Much effort has focused on improving the structure and function of engineered cardiomyocytes and heart tissues. However, these parameters depend critically on signaling through the cellular microenvironment in terms of ligand composition, matrix stiffness, and substrate mechanical properties-that is, matrix micromechanobiology. To facilitate improvements to in vitro microenvironment design, we review how cardiomyocytes and their microenvironment change during development and disease in terms of integrin expression and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. We also discuss strategies used to bind proteins to common mechanobiology platforms and describe important differences in binding strength to the substrate. Finally, we review example biomaterial approaches designed to support and probe cell-ECM interactions of cardiomyocytes in vitro, as well as open questions and challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"257-284"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092019-034950","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38012712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mitigating the Consequences of Subconcussive Head Injuries.","authors":"Eric A Nauman, Thomas M Talavage, Paul S Auerbach","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-091219-053447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-091219-053447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subconcussive head injury represents a pathophysiology that spans the expertise of both clinical neurology and biomechanical engineering. From both viewpoints, the terms injury and damage, presented without qualifiers, are synonymously taken to mean a tissue alteration that may be recoverable. For clinicians, concussion is evolving from a purely clinical diagnosis to one that requires objective measurement, to be achieved by biomedical engineers. Subconcussive injury is defined as subclinical pathophysiology in which underlying cellular- or tissue-level damage (here, to the brain) is not severe enough to present readily observable symptoms. Our concern is not whether an individual has a (clinically diagnosed) concussion, but rather, how much accumulative damage an individual can tolerate before they will experience long-term deficit(s) in neurological health. This concern leads us to look for the history of damage-inducing events, while evaluating multiple approaches for avoiding injury through reduction or prevention of the associated mechanically induced damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"387-407"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-091219-053447","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37883522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The New Age of Cell-Free Biology.","authors":"Vincent Noireaux, Allen P Liu","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092019-111110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092019-111110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cell-free molecular synthesis of biochemical systems is a rapidly growing field of research. Advances in the Human Genome Project, DNA synthesis, and other technologies have allowed the in vitro construction of biochemical systems, termed cell-free biology, to emerge as an exciting domain of bioengineering. Cell-free biology ranges from the molecular to the cell-population scales, using an ever-expanding variety of experimental platforms and toolboxes. In this review, we discuss the ongoing efforts undertaken in the three major classes of cell-free biology methodologies, namely protein-based, nucleic acids-based, and cell-free transcription-translation systems, and provide our perspectives on the current challenges as well as the major goals in each of the subfields.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"51-77"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092019-111110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37720068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Layer-by-Layer Biomaterials for Drug Delivery.","authors":"Dahlia Alkekhia, Paula T Hammond, Anita Shukla","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Controlled drug delivery formulations have revolutionized treatments for a range of health conditions. Over decades of innovation, layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly has emerged as one of the most versatile fabrication methods used to develop multifunctional controlled drug release coatings. The numerous advantages of LbL include its ability to incorporate and preserve biological activity of therapeutic agents; coat multiple substrates of all scales (e.g., nanoparticles to implants); and exhibit tuned, targeted, and/or responsive drug release behavior. The functional behavior of LbL films can be related to their physicochemical properties. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the development of LbL-engineered biomaterials for drug delivery, demonstrating their potential in the fields of cancer therapy, microbial infection prevention and treatment, and directing cellular responses. We discuss the various advantages of LbL biomaterial design for a given application as demonstrated through in vitro and in vivo studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052350","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37666481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"4D Flow with MRI.","authors":"Gilles Soulat, Patrick McCarthy, Michael Markl","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-100219-110055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-100219-110055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an important tool for the clinical evaluation of patients with cardiac and vascular diseases. Since its introduction in the late 1980s, quantitative flow imaging with MRI has become a routine part of standard-of-care cardiothoracic and vascular MRI for the assessment of pathological changes in blood flow in patients with cardiovascular disease. More recently, time-resolved flow imaging with velocity encoding along all three flow directions and three-dimensional (3D) anatomic coverage (4D flow MRI) has been developed and applied to enable comprehensive 3D visualization and quantification of hemodynamics throughout the human circulatory system. This article provides an overview of the use of 4D flow applications in different cardiac and vascular regions in the human circulatory system, with a focus on using 4D flow MRI in cardiothoracic and cerebrovascular diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"103-126"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-100219-110055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37724148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transgenic and Diet-Enhanced Silk Production for Reinforced Biomaterials: A Metamaterial Perspective.","authors":"Jung Woo Leem, Malcolm J Fraser, Young L Kim","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082719-032747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082719-032747","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Silk fibers, which are protein-based biopolymers produced by spiders and silkworms, are fascinating biomaterials that have been extensively studied for numerous biomedical applications. Silk fibers often have remarkable physical and biological properties that typical synthetic materials do not exhibit. These attributes have prompted a wide variety of silk research, including genetic engineering, biotechnological synthesis, and bioinspired fiber spinning, to produce silk proteins on a large scale and to further enhance their properties. In this review, we describe the basic properties of spider silk and silkworm silk and the important production methods for silk proteins. We discuss recent advances in reinforced silk using silkworm transgenesis and functional additive diets with a focus on biomedical applications. We also explain that reinforced silk has an analogy with metamaterials such that user-designed atypical responses can be engineered beyond what naturally occurring materials offer. These insights into reinforced silk can guide better engineering of superior synthetic biomaterials and lead to discoveries of unexplored biological and medical applications of silk.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"79-102"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082719-032747","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37727746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anastasia K Varanko, Jonathan C Su, Ashutosh Chilkoti
{"title":"Elastin-Like Polypeptides for Biomedical Applications.","authors":"Anastasia K Varanko, Jonathan C Su, Ashutosh Chilkoti","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092419-061127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092419-061127","url":null,"abstract":"Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are stimulus-responsive biopolymers derived from human elastin. Their unique properties-including lower critical solution temperature phase behavior and minimal immunogenicity-make them attractive materials for a variety of biomedical applications. ELPs also benefit from recombinant synthesis and genetically encoded design; these enable control over the molecular weight and precise incorporation of peptides and pharmacological agents into the sequence. Because their size and sequence are defined, ELPs benefit from exquisite control over their structure and function, qualities that cannot be matched by synthetic polymers. As such, ELPs have been engineered to assemble into unique architectures and display bioactive agents for a variety of applications. This review discusses the design and representative biomedical applications of ELPs, focusing primarily on their use in tissue engineering and drug delivery. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, Volume 22 is June 4, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"343-369"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092419-061127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37880115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andreas Mang, Spyridon Bakas, Shashank Subramanian, Christos Davatzikos, George Biros
{"title":"Integrated Biophysical Modeling and Image Analysis: Application to Neuro-Oncology.","authors":"Andreas Mang, Spyridon Bakas, Shashank Subramanian, Christos Davatzikos, George Biros","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121105","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Central nervous system (CNS) tumors come with vastly heterogeneous histologic, molecular, and radiographic landscapes, rendering their precise characterization challenging. The rapidly growing fields of biophysical modeling and radiomics have shown promise in better characterizing the molecular, spatial, and temporal heterogeneity of tumors. Integrative analysis of CNS tumors, including clinically acquired multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and the inverse problem of calibrating biophysical models to mpMRI data, assists in identifying macroscopic quantifiable tumor patterns of invasion and proliferation, potentially leading to improved (<i>a</i>) detection/segmentation of tumor subregions and (<i>b</i>) computer-aided diagnostic/prognostic/predictive modeling. This article presents a summary of (<i>a</i>) biophysical growth modeling and simulation,(<i>b</i>) inverse problems for model calibration, (<i>c</i>) these models' integration with imaging workflows, and (<i>d</i>) their application to clinically relevant studies. We anticipate that such quantitative integrative analysis may even be beneficial in a future revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification for CNS tumors, ultimately improving patient survival prospects.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"309-341"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7520881/pdf/nihms-1631192.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38016228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Engineering Approaches for Addressing Opioid Use Disorder in the Community.","authors":"Paul M Griffin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082719-040832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082719-040832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many communities in the United States are struggling to deal with the negative consequences of illicit opioid use. Effectively addressing this epidemic requires the coordination and support of community stakeholders in a change process with common goals and objectives, continuous engagement with individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) through their treatment and recovery journeys, application of systems engineering principles to drive process change and sustain it, and use of a formal evaluation process to support a learning community that continuously adapts. This review presents strategies to improve OUD treatment and recovery with a focus on engineering approaches grounded in systems thinking.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"207-229"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082719-040832","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37807497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}