Cristian Marchioli, Marco Edoardo Rosti, Gautier Verhille
{"title":"Flexible Fibers in Turbulence","authors":"Cristian Marchioli, Marco Edoardo Rosti, Gautier Verhille","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-050451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-050451","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we review recent progress in the fundamental understanding of the motion of flexible fibers in a turbulent flow, made through multiscale experiments and simulations. Emphasis is given to problems involving flexible fibers that can be conveniently described with discrete and continuum models closely related to the slender body theory. Current state-of-the-art measurement and simulation methods, including optical techniques, Euler–Lagrange approaches for tracking large swarms of fibers, and recent methodologies for simulating finite-size fibers, are discussed. The capabilities of simulations and experiments are surveyed in connection with the current physical understanding of how flexible fibers interact with the full spectrum of length scales and timescales of turbulence. We review the phenomenological and statistical features of fiber dispersion and spatial distribution. We also discuss the relevant aspects of fiber rotation and deformation, highlighting their connection with mechanisms such as fragmentation and turbulence modulation, which are known to exhibit peculiar features in the case of flexible fibers. We conclude our analysis by providing an outlook on future research direction paths, open methodological issues, and expected advances, in particular those associated with the study of flexible particles in a broader sense.","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alberto Guardone, Tommaso Bellosta, Alessandro Donizetti, Mariachiara Gallia
{"title":"Aircraft Icing: Modeling and Simulation","authors":"Alberto Guardone, Tommaso Bellosta, Alessandro Donizetti, Mariachiara Gallia","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-062537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-062537","url":null,"abstract":"In-flight ice accretion poses a major safety concern in aviation. It occurs due to the icing from clouds of supercooled water droplets, the accumulation of ice crystals at high altitudes, or snow buildup. Assessing the detrimental effects of ice accretion on aircraft performance and handling qualities is a complex, multidisciplinary task, as it requires modeling the dynamics of the dispersed phase (water droplets, ice crystals, and snowflakes), the particle impact dynamics and its interaction with the aircraft surfaces, the liquid film dynamics, the solidification process, and possibly ice shedding. The ice protection systems must also be modeled. The present review addresses the status of ice accretion models and simulation tools. The intrinsically stochastic nature of ice accretion, combined with substantial operational and modeling uncertainties, makes it challenging to validate these tools against experimental observations and use simulation as a reliable means of compliance for certification in icing conditions, especially for innovative aircraft configurations such as wing-body and advanced urban air mobility vehicles.","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145089628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Secondary Atomization of Droplets at Extreme Conditions","authors":"Saini Jatin Rao, Saptarshi Basu","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-112823-115348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-112823-115348","url":null,"abstract":"Droplets, which are ubiquitous in nature, are formed through intriguing processes, and one such route is air-assisted atomization or aerobreakup. This review focuses on secondary atomization, particularly the breakup of an individual droplet subjected to high-speed flows. This process involves complex interfacial dynamics with multiscale deformations, ranging from global flattening to local unstable waves. The deformations occur at progressively smaller scales while interacting with the surrounding gas phase, forming a nonlinear cascade. Each local undulation serves as a precursor to a self-similar evolution or subsecondary breakup process that ends with a ligament-mediated mechanism. In practical scenarios, droplets often encounter nonuniform, unsteady, impulsive, or compressible flows, like shock waves, which pose extreme conditions. The spatiotemporal scales of the nonuniformity or unsteadiness of the external flow must be comparable with the drop deformation scales at either global or local levels to influence aerobreakup that cascades across hierarchical deformation scales. The compressible effects at high Mach numbers are interestingly shown to suppress the tendency toward breakup.","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144763282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Dynamics of Sand Dunes","authors":"Nathalie M. Vriend, Karol A. Bacik","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-062843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-062843","url":null,"abstract":"Sand dunes cover 5% of Earth's land surface, and they abundantly populate river bottoms and seabeds. The subtle dynamical interplay between the granular matter and the overlaying fluid leads to rich phenomenology at different scales, from colliding grains through migrating sand dunes to slowly evolving dune fields. In this review, we survey recent developments in the literature on the dynamics of sand dunes and focus in particular on the physics and mathematics. Our discussion is organized around four central paradigms of the field: flat bed instability, single dune migration, dune–dune interactions, and dune field statistics. Besides discussing the key scientific advances, we also highlight the methodological advances in observations, experiments, and simulations that facilitated them. We conclude our review by discussing the social implications of dune dynamics, such as the interaction between dune and infrastructure, and we offer speculation on what research topics related to sand dunes might become important in the next decade.","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144603260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electromagnetically Forced Flows in Shallow Electrolyte Layers","authors":"Sergio Cuevas, Sergey A. Suslov, Aldo Figueroa","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-051243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-051243","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetically forced flows in shallow electrolyte layers offer a versatile and nonintrusive method for exploring quasi-two-dimensional fluid dynamics. This review focuses on the experimental and theoretical aspects of such flows driven by Lorentz forces generated by the interaction of injected electric currents and the applied magnetic fields. The method is applicable to both liquid metals and electrolytes, with the latter more commonly used due to their wide availability and ease of handling. Experimental aspects of the method and key components of mathematical flow analysis are discussed. Initially developed for geophysical flow modeling, the method has been instrumental in exploring various other physical phenomena including vortex and wake dynamics, spatiotemporal chaos, and mixing processes. The review also addresses the challenges of achieving true two-dimensionality in laboratory settings and discusses the influence of various parameters, such as layer thickness and forcing intensity, on the flow behavior. Future research directions in the field are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144547047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Formation and Evolution of Planetary Stagnant Lids and Crusts","authors":"Chloé Michaut, Anne Davaille, Stéphane Labrosse","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-055048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-055048","url":null,"abstract":"Earth is the only known planet with plate tectonics, which involves a mobile upper thermal boundary layer. Other terrestrial planets show a one-plate immobile lithosphere, or stagnant lid, that insulates and isolates their interior. Here, we first review the different types of lids that can develop on rocky and icy bodies. As they formed by accretion, involving high-energy impacts, terrestrial planets likely started hot and molten. We examine the process of lid initiation from a magma ocean stage and develop the equations for lid growth. We survey how lateral perturbations in lid and crust thickness can be amplified during their growth and finally discuss the possible processes at the origin of lid rupture and plate generation.","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144210850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rapidly Rotating Magnetohydrodynamics and the Geodynamo","authors":"Emmanuel Dormy","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-031224-121649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-031224-121649","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of the geodynamo is simple to formulate (Why does the Earth possess a magnetic field?), yet it proves surprisingly hard to address. As with most geophysical flows, the fluid flow of molten iron in the Earth's core is strongly influenced by the Coriolis effect. Because the liquid is electrically conducting, it is also strongly influenced by the Lorentz force. The balance is unusual in that, whereas each of these effects considered separately tends to impede the flow, the magnetic field in the Earth's core relaxes the effect of the rapid rotation and allows the development of a large-scale flow in the core that in turn regenerates the field. This review covers some recent developments regarding the interplay between rotation and magnetic fields and how it affects the flow in the Earth's core.","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Turbulence from an Observer Perspective","authors":"Tamer A. Zaki","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-030424-114735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-030424-114735","url":null,"abstract":"Turbulence is often studied by tracking its spatiotemporal evolution and analyzing the dynamics of its different scales. The dual to this perspective is that of an observer who starts from measurements, or observations, of turbulence and attempts to identify their back-in-time origin, which is the foundation of data assimilation. This back-in-time search must contend with the action of chaos, which obfuscates the interpretation of the observations. When the available measurements satisfy a critical resolution threshold, the influence of chaos can be entirely mitigated and turbulence can be synchronized to the exact state–space trajectory that generated the observations. The critical threshold offers a new interpretation of the Taylor microscale, one that underscores its causal influence. Below the critical threshold, the origin of measurements becomes less definitive in regions where the flow is inconsequential to the observations. In contrast, flow events that influence the measurements, or are within their domain of dependence, are accurately captured. The implications for our understanding of wall turbulence are explored, starting with the highest density of measurements that entirely tame chaos and proceeding all the way to an isolated measurement of wall stress. The article concludes with a discussion of future opportunities and a call to action.","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142360118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vortex-Induced Vibration of Flexible Cylinders in Cross-Flow","authors":"Francisco Huera-Huarte","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-022724-014235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-022724-014235","url":null,"abstract":"This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the literature on vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of flexible circular cylinders in cross-flow. It delves into the details of the underlying physics governing the VIV dynamics of cylinders characterized by low mass damping and high aspect ratio, subject to both uniform and shear flows. It compiles decades of experimental investigations, modeling efforts, and numerical simulations and describes the fundamental findings in the field. Key focal points include but are not limited to amplitude–frequency response behavior, the relationship between the distributed loading acting on the cylinder and the trajectories and the near wake structures around the cylinder, the existence of traveling waves, the identification of power-in/power-out regions, and the modal overlapping and mode competition phenomena.","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142360117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Physicochemical Hydrodynamics of Particle Diffusiophoresis Driven by Chemical Gradients","authors":"Jesse T. Ault, Sangwoo Shin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-030424-110950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-030424-110950","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical gradients, the spatial variations in chemical concentrations and components, are omnipresent in environments ranging from biological and environmental systems to industrial processes. These thermodynamic forces often play a central role in driving transport processes taking place in such systems. This review focuses on diffusiophoresis, a phoretic transport phenomenon driven by chemical gradients. We begin by revisiting the fundamental physicochemical hydrodynamics governing the transport. Then we discuss diffusiophoresis arising in flow systems found in natural and artificial settings. By exploring various scenarios where chemical gradients are encountered and exploited, we aim to demonstrate the significance of diffusiophoresis and its state-of-the-art development in technological applications.","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142321061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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