Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Phenotypic and Genotypic Analyses of Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Isolates From Outpatient Blood Samples in Mukuru Slum, Nairobi, Kenya.","authors":"Jeremiah Ogeto, Simon Mitema, Gabriel Aboge, Alfred Mainga, Gervason Moriasi","doi":"10.1155/cjid/3974296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cjid/3974296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bloodstream infections caused by <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) and its methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA) represent a major clinical challenge, contributing to prolonged illness, increased healthcare costs, and high mortality worldwide. In low-resource settings, these infections are further aggravated by overcrowding, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare. Mukuru, the second-largest informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya, is characterized by such socioenvironmental conditions, which plausibly facilitate the transmission and persistence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, including MRSA. Therefore, the aim of the study was to characterize the phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance patterns of <i>S. aureus</i> isolated from outpatient blood samples collected in Mukuru Slum settlement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study analyzed blood samples collected from outpatients in Mukuru informal settlement. <i>S. aureus</i> isolates were identified using standard microbiological cultures and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against a panel of 10 antibiotics. The molecular detection of antimicrobial resistance genes (<i>mecA</i>, <i>mecC</i>, <i>gyrA</i>, <i>gyrB</i>, and <i>tetM</i>) was conducted using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), agarose gel electrophoresis, and sequencing (<i>mecA</i>).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 53 <i>S. aureus</i> isolates were recovered. Phenotypic resistance rates were sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (54.7%), ampicillin (50.9%), cefoxitin (37.7%), tetracycline (35.9%), ciprofloxacin (28.3%), gentamicin (28.3%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (28.3%), and erythromycin (18.9%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 35.8% of the isolates. Genotypic analysis revealed that 82.4% of the cefoxitin-resistant MRSA isolates harbored the <i>mecA</i> gene, while <i>mecC</i> was not detected. Among ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates, 91.7% possessed the <i>gyrA</i> gene and 75.0% carried <i>gyrB</i>. The <i>tetM</i> gene was detected in 60.0% of tetracycline-resistant isolates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study reveals a high prevalence of MDR <i>S. aureus</i> and MRSA in the study population, driven by significant resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics such as penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The strong concordance between phenotypic resistance and the presence of <i>mecA</i>, <i>gyrA</i>, and <i>tetM</i> genes underscores the genetic basis of resistance in this setting. These findings highlight the urgent need for enhanced antimicrobial stewardship and infection control measures in informal settlements.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"3974296"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13125862/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147822986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling Biofilm-Forming Uropathogens: Isolation and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns at Nepal Police Hospital, Kathmandu.","authors":"Niroj Man Amatya, Samena Shrestha, Nikita Syangtan Tamang, Muna Bista, Shruti Gautam, Jayandra Shrestha, Samriddhi Karki","doi":"10.1155/cjid/6625304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cjid/6625304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections with growing treatment challenges due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, the characteristics of the pathogens responsible for UTIs are changing, primarily due to the emergence of biofilms. Biofilms, which are structured microbial communities, pose a significant public health threat because of their inherent resistance to antimicrobial treatments. Hence, this cross-sectional study aimed to isolate and characterize uropathogenic bacteria capable of forming biofilm and exhibiting antimicrobial resistance among patients seeking microbiology laboratory services at the Nepal Police Hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Uropathogens were isolated from midstream urine samples using CLED, Blood, and MacConkey agar. Standard microbiological techniques were employed for identification of pathogen. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and biofilm formation was assessed using the microtiter plate method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 2081 samples analyzed, significant bacterial growth was observed in 184 (8.84%) of the samples. The predominant pathogens were <i>Escherichia coli</i> (39.7%), followed by <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (26.6%) and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (7.8%). Amikacin, levofloxacin, and tigecycline were the most effective antibiotics. Among the isolates, 32 (17.39%) were confirmed as MDR. Biofilm production was confirmed in six isolates (3.26%), with two <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and one <i>Klebsiella oxytoca</i> identified as strong biofilm producers, while two <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> and one <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp. exhibited weak biofilm production. Statistical analysis showed no significant correlation between antibiotic resistance and biofilm production (<i>p</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Biofilm-forming uropathogens present substantial challenges in UTI treatment. Importantly, our study did not find a correlation between antibiotic resistance and biofilm production, suggesting that these traits may be independent or influenced by different pathogenic mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"6625304"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13111802/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147787973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colistin Resistance in Bacteria: Current Updates on Mechanism of Action and Combating Strategies.","authors":"Indu Singh, Anil Kumar, Indira Kumari Verma, Divakar Sharma, Amritesh Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1155/cjid/8603173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cjid/8603173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid development of colistin-resistant bacteria is the biggest global health issue since colistin is referred to as a 'last-hope resource' against life-threatening infections caused by GNB (Gram-negative bacteria). Injudicious and excessive colistin application in clinical, agricultural and veterinary practices, as well as plasmid-mediated horizontal gene transfer and chromosomal mutation, commonly contribute to colistin resistance. The coexistence of the <i>mcr</i>-1 gene with <i>mcr</i> variants, other intrinsic genes and other mechanisms might provide additional resistance strength against colistin. To prevent the emergence of colistin-resistant strains and preserve the therapeutic efficacy of existing antibiotics, we must expand our deep understanding of colistin-resistant strains at the molecular level. This critical review discusses the mechanism of action, various bacterial resistance mechanisms, the presence of <i>mcr</i> genes in bacterial plasmids, hetero-resistance, biofilm formation, the horizontal transfer or dispersion of colistin-resistant genes and combating strategies. Our synthesis underscores the need for strategically aligning mechanistic knowledge with practical therapeutic solutions to combat escalating colistin resistance and inform future medical decision-making and research planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"8603173"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13096796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147787956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"KaiWei JianPI Ointment Downregulates Fcgbp and Modulates HMGB1/TLR4 Signaling to Combat Ferroptosis in <i>H. pylori</i> Infection.","authors":"Xiaoying Zhu, Jie Liu, Meng Chen, Yubo Jin, Yan Dang, Xianfeng Qin, Huijun Tang, Caiqun Bie","doi":"10.1155/cjid/4297059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cjid/4297059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to explore the therapeutic mechanisms of KaiWei JianPI Ointment in treating <i>H. pylori</i> infection, focusing on its role in regulating ferroptosis and the associated HMGB1/TLR4 signaling pathway.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used a combination of network pharmacology, molecular docking, transcriptome sequencing, and molecular biology in this study. Active components of the KaiWei JianPI Ointments were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database. Post-treatment transcriptomic changes in rat gastric tissues were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Network analysis identified 152 active components targeting key proteins involved in immune responses and cellular signaling. Transcriptome sequencing revealed 76 differentially expressed genes linked to immune response pathways. Additionally, treatment with the KaiWei JianPI Ointment resulted in decreased levels of Fe²⁺ and MDA in <i>H. pylori</i>-infected rats, suggesting inhibition of ferroptosis. This effect correlated with the downregulation of Fcgbp and modulation of HMGB1/TLR4 signaling.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>KaiWei JianPI Ointment shows potential as a novel therapeutic strategy against <i>H. pylori</i> infection by inhibiting ferroptosis through modulation of the HMGB1/TLR4 pathway. This study provides insights into the application of traditional Chinese medicine in modern treatment frameworks, highlighting the need for clinical validation and further exploration of the underlying mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"4297059"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13090678/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole Genome Sequencing Reveals High Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in <i>Salmonella</i> Isolates From Diarrheal Patients in Jinan, China.","authors":"Chuanmin Ma, Na Li, Lei Wang, Kunyan Li, Ming Liu, Jun Zhou, Hui Liu","doi":"10.1155/cjid/5033217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cjid/5033217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The global emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) <i>Salmonella enterica</i> poses a significant public health threat, particularly in developing countries where antibiotic consumption remains high. However, genomic data on circulating <i>Salmonella</i> strains in Eastern China remain limited.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To characterize the genomic profiles of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and molecular epidemiology of <i>Salmonella</i> isolates from diarrheal patients in Jinan, China (2017-2020).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 185 <i>Salmonella</i> strains isolated from secondary/tertiary hospital outpatients were subjected to whole genome sequencing (WGS) on the Illumina platform. Bioinformatic analyses included antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) screening (ResFinder and CARD), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), in silico serotyping (SISTR), and pan-genome analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, with highest rates to fluoroquinolones (100%), aminoglycosides (99.46%), and nitroimidazoles (99.46%). ARG profiling revealed aac(6')-Iaa as the predominant gene (98.9%). MLST identified 33 sequence types (STs), dominated by ST34 (28.65%) and ST11 (24.86%). In silico serotyping further confirmed the predominance of the monophasic <i>Salmonella Typhimurium</i> (I 1,4, [5],12:i:-; ST34) and <i>Salmonella Enteritidis</i> (ST11). Pan-genome analysis defined a core genome of 3376 genes (23.35%) and an accessory genome of 9201 cloud genes (63.64%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This first WGS-based surveillance in Jinan highlights the predominance of MDR ST34/ST11 <i>Salmonella</i> with an extremely high prevalence (100%) of fluoroquinolone resistance. The integration of genomic and historical phenotypic data underscores the urgent need to revise empirical therapy for diarrheal diseases and implement genomic surveillance in public health practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"5033217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13091231/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungal Infections in Pediatric Patients With Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation: Impact on the Upper and Lower Respiratory Systems.","authors":"Matin Pourghasem, Seyed Ahmad Tabatabaii, Seyedeh Zalfa Modarresi, Abdolhamid Jafari Nodoushan, Nafise Fadavi, Maedeh Soflaee, Ali Hosseini Vajari, Fatemeh Khazaii, Babak Shahhosseini, Korosh Fakhimi Derakhshan, Saeid Sadat Mansouri","doi":"10.1155/cjid/8766717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cjid/8766717","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children with hematological malignancies as well as those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Extreme immunological dysregulation secondary to severe neutropenia, T-cell lymphopenia, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), intensive chemotherapy regimens, and conditioning therapy for HSCT, as well as primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), render these patients highly susceptible to both opportunistic and pathogenic fungal infections. Despite advances in antifungal drugs and diagnostic tools, it is very difficult in these children to provide timely diagnosis and optimal management of IFIs because of the nonspecific clinical manifestations, the invasiveness of present diagnostic modalities in pediatric patients, and biomarker kinetics differences in various pediatric age groups, along with a lack of incorporation of immunological-pharmacological maturity-associated variability in the existing scoring systems borrowed from adults. This narrative review provides a comprehensive and contemporary assessment of the epidemiology, host-related risk factors, clinical presentations, diagnostic criteria, and management practices for IFIs in children with hematological malignancies and following HSCT. It also highlights the role of EORTC/MSGERC criteria in defining IFIs as probable, proven, and possible infections and explores the sensitivity and specificity of noninvasive methods such as the galactomannan index, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ß-D-glucan assay, high-resolution CT scans (HRCTs), and the latest approaches including next-generation sequencing (NGS) and metagenomics. This review points out significant gaps in pediatric research studies and supports efforts to optimize healthcare use with risk-prediction models rather than just relying on current algorithms.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"8766717"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13090571/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Factors Associated With Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Infections in Patients With Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Tehran.","authors":"Haniyeh Khalili, Mona Mahrooghi, Shahin Najar-Peerayeh, Shabnam Zeighamy Alamdary, Hossein Najd Sepas, Bita Bakhshi","doi":"10.1155/cjid/5695498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cjid/5695498","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Foot ulcer is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, which is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates among diabetic patients. This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) (MRSA) infections and their epidemiology among patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 211 wound samples were collected from patients with DFUs in five educational hospitals in Tehran during 2017-2019. The presence of certain virulence markers (α-haemolysin (<i>hlα</i>), phenol-soluble modulins (<i>psmα</i>), accessory gene regulator (<i>agr</i>), exfoliative toxin A, B (<i>eta etb</i>) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (<i>tsst-1</i>)) was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and a multiplex PCR assay was used to screen for staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC<i>mec</i>) types. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant proportion of patients with DFUs had Type 2 diabetes. Grading of DFUs revealed that Grade 4 was the most common grade among patients. The majority of patients were infected with <i>S. aureus</i> (45.3%) and <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) (29.4%). A total of 59 <i>S. aureus</i> isolates were identified, of which 37 (62.7%) were MRSA, and 22 (37.2%) were methicillin-susceptible <i>S. aureus</i> (MSSA). MRSA isolates were mostly positive for the <i>hlα</i> (57.6%) and <i>psmα</i> (50.8%) genes. The <i>tsst-</i>1 gene was detected in 8.5% of MRSA strains, while the <i>eta</i> (3.4%) and <i>etb</i> (5.1%) genes had the lowest prevalence in MRSA isolates. According to the results, SCC<i>mec</i> Type III (48.6%) was the most common subtype among MRSA isolates, followed by SCC<i>mec</i> II (16.2%). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing results revealed that linezolid (66.1%), gentamycin (66.1%) and mupirocin (62.7%) were the most effective antibiotics against MRSA isolates, respectively. In contrast, MRSA strains showed the highest resistance to cefoxitin and penicillin. Finally, the risk factors in patients with DFU in this study were diastolic hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, renal failure, neuropathy disease and hospitalization history.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings underscore the critical importance of a comprehensive understanding of patients' medical records and underlying conditions. In addition, accurate assessment of microbial prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility is essential for the effective management of DFUs.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"5695498"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13071331/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147693567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Nonantibiotic Adjuncts: Synergistic Effects of Esmolol and Carvedilol With Tigecycline.","authors":"Mehmet Erinmez, İpek Koçer, Yasemin Zer","doi":"10.1155/cjid/1402388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cjid/1402388","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Antimicrobial resistance poses a major global health threat, and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria such as <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> and <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> have been classified as critical priority pathogens. Although tigecycline provides coverage against multidrug resistant organisms, its use is limited by pharmacokinetic constraints and the emergence of resistance. This study investigates the in vitro synergistic potential of tigecycline combined with two β-blockers, carvedilol and esmolol, against clinical isolates of <i>K. pneumoniae</i>, <i>Proteus mirabilis</i>, and <i>A. baumannii</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Synergy was assessed using the disc diffusion, broth microdilution, and checkerboard methods. A total of 36 clinical isolates were tested. Esmolol and carvedilol were supplemented with tigecycline discs, and inhibition zone diameters were compared. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICi) were calculated according to standard protocols.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both β-blockers significantly enhanced tigecycline's antibacterial activity across all isolates, as evidenced by increased inhibition zones and synergistic FICi values (≤ 0.5). Neither carvedilol nor esmolol exhibited intrinsic antimicrobial activity at therapeutic concentrations, suggesting their synergistic role is not based on direct bactericidal effects. These findings support the hypothesis that β-blockers modulate bacterial susceptibility, possibly by interfering with quorum sensing or membrane dynamics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Carvedilol and esmolol significantly potentiate tigecycline's efficacy against MDR Gram-negative pathogens in vitro. These results support repurposing β-blockers as nonantibiotic adjuvants in antimicrobial therapy. Further molecular studies and in vivo validation are warranted to explore their potential in clinical applications and to better understand the mechanisms underlying the observed synergy.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"1402388"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13067050/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147678462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trend of Bloody Diarrhea in Kerman Province, Iran: A Time Series Study From 2013 to 2023.","authors":"Zahra Jaafari, Andishe Hamedi, Zahra Abdolahinia, Saeid Sohbati, Ali Esmaeilpour, Mozhgan Seif","doi":"10.1155/cjid/8516211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cjid/8516211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bloody diarrhea is a significant infectious disease of the gastrointestinal tract that poses a serious public health concern.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to elucidate the epidemiological profile of bloody diarrhea in Kerman Province, Iran, highlighting the necessity for targeted public health interventions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This longitudinal study analyzed data from 3111 patients diagnosed with bloody diarrhea between 2013 and 2023 in Kerman Province, Iran. The Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) method was employed to identify predictors of bloody diarrhea incidence. To investigate trends over time, the Box-Jenkins approach was utilized to model the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series (<i>p</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>q</i>).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings revealed a significantly higher incidence of bloody diarrhea among men (55.5%), children under 6 years old (48.0%), and individuals residing in urban areas (76.7%). The clinical assessment indicated that a substantial majority of patients were hospitalized (72.1%). Laboratory analyses identified <i>Shigella</i> species as the most prevalent pathogen (56.0%). The GEE analysis demonstrated that the risk of developing bloody diarrhea was particularly elevated in children under six and urban residents. The ARIMA model indicated seasonal components in the incidence of bloody diarrhea, with a mild decreasing trend observed over the study period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Given the clinical significance of this disease and its impact on vulnerable populations, particularly children, we advocate for enhanced community education and the strict implementation of health protocols to improve disease management and prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"8516211"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13069179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147678614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) Clinic for Pediatric Infectious Conditions: Insights From Alberta Children's Hospital.","authors":"Danah Alsharrah, Tajdin Jadavji","doi":"10.1155/cjid/9586294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cjid/9586294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) Clinic at the Alberta Children's Hospital (ACH) offers a vital service, enabling stable pediatric patients to receive intravenous (IV) antimicrobial therapy on an outpatient basis. Established in 1997, the program aims to reduce hospital admissions and enhance patient experience. Eligible patients with various infectious conditions receive initial treatment in the emergency department before transitioning to outpatient care. The program not only improves patient satisfaction but also minimizes the risks associated with hospital stays, such as hospital-acquired infections, while addressing the challenges of antibiotic stewardship and monitoring for potential complications. This study seeks to characterize OPAT outcomes in pediatric patients, filling a gap in existing literature.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective descriptive study reviewing records of patients under 18 years of age treated with IV antimicrobials as outpatients within the OPAT program. Data were collected from electronic hospital records from May 1, 2023, to May 31, 2024. All data entries were recorded in REDCap as our data management platform.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The study included 902 pediatric participants, with 455 males (50.4%); 32.9% were 1-5 years of age, followed by 26.9% of 6-10 years of age. The most common diagnoses were cellulitis (15.7%), genitourinary (GU) infections (15.5%), dental infections (9.8%), and pneumonia (8.2%). Ceftriaxone was the primary IV antibiotic for GU infections, while cefazolin was commonly used for cellulitis and dental infections. Of the total participants, 8% required hospitalization due to worsening infection or to increase the frequency of antibiotics. Additionally, a higher rate of admission was noted in males (<i>p</i> = 0.03). Most patients (97%) received peripheral IV access with minimal complications. Overall, OPAT demonstrated high efficacy and safety in managing pediatric infections.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study underscores the safety of OPAT. Supported by a multidisciplinary team, the program effectively treated common infections primarily using ceftriaxone. Most patients maintained peripheral IV access without significant complications. While hospitalization rates were low, notable differences between male and female patients warrant further investigation into contributing factors to these disparities.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"9586294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13051793/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147634931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}