Chinese Journal of Electronics最新文献

{"title":"Hybrid Beamforming Design for Near-Field ISCPT Systems","authors":"Zhengyu Zhu;Jinbiao Li;Xidong Mu;Zheng Chu;Lantu Guo;Zhongliang Deng","doi":"10.23919/cje.2025.00.373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cje.2025.00.373","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates a near-field integrated sensing, communication, and power transfer (ISCPT) system that employs hybrid beamforming with a fully connected antenna architecture. We formulate an optimization problem to maximize the sum rate of communication users via hybrid beamforming design, subject to four constraints: the maximum Cramér-Rao bound constraint for sensing, the minimum harvested energy constraint for wireless power transfer, the base station's total transmit power constraint, and unit-modulus phase-shifter constraint on analog beamforming elements. The formulated problem is non-convex with highly coupled variables, posing significant optimization challenges. To address this, a two-stage optimization framework is proposed: The first stage optimizes the fully digital beamforming matrix to enhance algorithm performance, while the second stage decomposes the matrix into analog and digital components to achieve hybrid beamforming. Numerical simulations illustrate the influence of various constraint parameters on the sum rate and validate the effectiveness of the proposed two-stage optimization framework. Furthermore, numerical results show that by utilizing a certain number of radio frequency chains, the performance of the hybrid architecture can closely approximate that of the fully digital architecture. This hybrid architecture design enhances the economic viability of the system in practical applications.","PeriodicalId":50701,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electronics","volume":"35 5","pages":"1904-1916"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149188268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Survey on Degraded Image Segmentation","authors":"Linwei Chen;Ying Fu;Jingyu Shangguan;Jinglin Xu;Yuxin Peng","doi":"10.23919/cje.2025.00.245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cje.2025.00.245","url":null,"abstract":"Image segmentation is a fundamental task in computer vision with wide-ranging applications. While deep learning models have achieved remarkable success under ideal conditions, their performance often degrades catastrophically when faced with real-world image corruptions. These corruptions span several key categories, including adverse weather (e.g., fog, rain, snow), challenging light (e.g., nighttime, low-light), digital artifacts from processing (e.g., compression, color jitter), various forms of blur (e.g., motion, defocus), and pervasive noise (e.g., sensor noise, speckle). This degradation poses a critical challenge, particularly in safety-sensitive domains like autonomous driving, medical imaging, and remote sensing. This survey provides a comprehensive and structured overview of the field of degraded image segmentation, offering a clearer understanding of overarching approaches compared to prior surveys that often focus solely on degradation types. We establish a detailed taxonomy of common image degradations impacting segmentation tasks. We review a wide array of datasets and benchmarks designed for evaluating robustness. Furthermore, we systematically analyze state-of-the-art methodologies, categorized by their core technical strategies: domain adaptation and generalization, joint restoration-segmentation techniques, multimodal fusion. In addition, we identify critical open challenges and discuss promising future research directions, aiming to synthesize current knowledge and stimulate targeted advancements towards more generalizable, adaptable, and reliable segmentation systems. Detailed paper summaries are available at https://github.com/Linwei-Chen/awesome-degraded-segmentation.","PeriodicalId":50701,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electronics","volume":"35 5","pages":"2172-2192"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149188249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 0.068 mm24 μW Auto-Tuning RF Energy Harvester Analog Front-End IC","authors":"Zhiwei Li;Lantao Fang;Dezhi Li;Deming Wang","doi":"10.23919/cje.2025.00.527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cje.2025.00.527","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid development of integrated circuit process, radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting technology is widely used in passive Internet of things (IoT), which has become the key to solve the self-powering requirement of low-power systems. However, low energy conversion efficiency, poor impedance matching, and the tradeoff between performance and power cost seriously limit its application scope. In order to break through the existing problems and bottlenecks, this paper designs a low-power, small-area RF energy harvesting and power management analog front-end chip, which can also meet the communication requirements of ultra-high frequency tags. The innovative on-chip auto-tuning technology is proposed, which significantly improves the impedance matching effect by dynamically matching the load impedance, so that the chip can realize high-efficiency energy harvesting in the 860 MHz-960 MHz frequency band. The low-voltage input voltage doubling rectifier circuit is designed to cope with complex and variable RF inputs and effectively improve the energy conversion efficiency. The sub-threshold reference circuit and low-power low-dropout regulator reduce power consumption and cost while ensuring chip performance. Under Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation's 180 nm bipolar-CMOS-DMOS process, the chip's power consumption is as low as 4 μW with an area of only 0.068 mm², which represents a 71% reduction in power consumption and a 74% reduction in area compared to the existing study.","PeriodicalId":50701,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electronics","volume":"35 5","pages":"1998-2008"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149188300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cascaded Network Modeling and Suppression of Periodic Reflections in 1 GHz–110 GHz Meander Lines","authors":"Yang Liu;Xuyao Zhang;Shengying Zou;Yiqun Wang;Jie Lin;Peng Jin","doi":"10.23919/cje.2025.00.328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cje.2025.00.328","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the challenge of achieving high-fidelity, ultra-wideband true-time-delay lines for millimeter-wave phased arrays. A cascaded network model (CNM) is proposed to analyze and suppress periodic strong reflection points (SRPs) arising from impedance mismatches at bends in low-loss, high-isolation meander structures. By formulating the meander line as a cascaded network of transmission segments and discontinuities, the model establishes quantitative relationships among segment length, segment count, impedance mismatch, and the resulting broadband insertion loss and group delay behavior, providing clear physical insight into the formation and accumulation of SRPs. Guided by the proposed model, rectangular air-filled coaxial lines are employed, leveraging their excellent shielding capability and low crosstalk. Two strategies are implemented: bend geometry optimization and an unequal-length dual-spiral topology, to disperse reflection buildup. A prototype fabricated via wafer-level additive manufacturing demonstrates a voltage standing wave ratio below 1.72 and a group delay error under 5.6% across 1–110 GHz, with measured results showing close agreement with model predictions. Compared with full-wave simulations, CNM enables rapid, full-band modeling and efficient parametric fitting of fabrication-induced variations, establishing a scalable and physically interpretable methodology for broadband distortion suppression in high-performance delay-line design.","PeriodicalId":50701,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electronics","volume":"35 5","pages":"2023-2035"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149188304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Efficiency Optimization of Buck DC-DC Converters Using an NN-PSO Artificial Intelligence Approach","authors":"Jianxin Zhao;Jiaming Zhang;Zhaoxi Li;Zhipeng Zhang;Yugao Li;Shengqi Yang;Xinnan Zhang;Yudi Li;Guohua Huang;Yintang Yang","doi":"10.23919/cje.2025.00.543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cje.2025.00.543","url":null,"abstract":"Buck direct current to direct current converters, serving as critical power supply modules in portable electronic devices and new energy vehicles, require a design and performance optimization approach to effectively balances multiple conflicting objectives. Traditional experience-based design methods often encounter challenges related to high-dimensional parameter coordination and slow convergence rates. To overcome these limitations, this study integrates neural networks with an enhanced particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, thereby enabling automated and efficient parameter tuning. The proposed method employs neural networks to accurately model the nonlinear relationships among key design variables (switching frequency and the number of parallel-connected transistors) and performance metrics. Furthermore, it incorporates a PSO algorithm enhanced with a linearly decreasing inertia weight strategy and a Cauchy mutation mechanism to ensure robust exploration within the multi-objective solution space. Experimental results show that the proposed framework improves the average efficiency of switching power supplies by more than 4.5%, maintains the power transistor area within acceptable limits, suppresses output voltage ripple to below 15 mV, and reduces the overall optimization time to 0. 5 hours. This study establishes a scalable and automated design methodology for power electronic systems and presents a promising direction for the application of artificial intelligence in analog integrated circuit design.","PeriodicalId":50701,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electronics","volume":"35 4","pages":"1631-1641"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11685236","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards Privacy-Preserving and Secure Data Flow for Multimodal Transport: Overview, Limitations, Solutions and Directions","authors":"Lin Wan;Yue Cao;Gang Chen;Zhiquan Liu;Changbing Bi;Xia Chen","doi":"10.23919/cje.2025.00.073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cje.2025.00.073","url":null,"abstract":"Multimodal transport plays a vital role in modern logistics by integrating multiple transportation modes to improve efficiency and reduce costs. However, challenges such as fragmented information, lack of standardized electronic documentation, as well as critical privacy, security, and trust vulnerabilities hinder its development. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of privacy-preserving and secure data flow in multimodal transport, illustrating its architecture, limitations, and adaptive solutions in cross-domain logistic collaboration. We highlight the prospects of blockchain technology, particularly consortium blockchains, in enhancing trust, data regulation, and cross-domain collaboration, while identifying current limitations in ensuring privacy-preserving and secure interactions. Advanced solutions, including privacy-preserving sharing and robust authentication methods adapted to cross-domain multimodal transport scenarios that incorporate blockchain, are reviewed to address these gaps. Finally, we outline future research directions aimed at building secure, scalable, and interoperable multimodal transport systems.","PeriodicalId":50701,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electronics","volume":"35 4","pages":"1436-1460"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11685002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRAP-Guard: A Road Network-Constrained Privacy Protection Framework for Multi-Modal Trajectories","authors":"Fanshu Shang;Yong Wang;Jing Yang","doi":"10.23919/cje.2025.00.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cje.2025.00.217","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid development of multimodal transportation poses dual challenges for secure cross-modal trajectory data management. Addressing the core issues of spatial structure distortion and spatiotemporal fragmentation in existing methods, which result in reduced usability and credibility of the generated trajectories. This paper proposes trajectory rule-aware privacy guardian (TRAP-Guard), a dual-layer road network-constrained privacy preservation model. The model utilizes sequential path variational autoencoder based on variational autoencoder architecture with path completion to effectively improve the spatial topological consistency of the generated trajectories. During the trajectory point-level perturbation phase, by integrating the global candidate set of the road network, the exponential mechanism, and temporal constraints, fine-grained completion satisfying graph-geo-indistinguishability is achieved. Experimental validation on real-world public transportation datasets confirms that TRAP-Guard significantly enhances spatial rationality, temporal consistency, and overall utility of privacy-preserved trajectories.","PeriodicalId":50701,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electronics","volume":"35 4","pages":"1461-1476"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11685005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Accurate 3.3 kV SiC MOSFET Empirical Model Considering Temperature Effects","authors":"Jie Wang;Qingwen Song;Aijun Zhang;Yibo Zhang;Xiaoyan Tang;Hao Yuan;Yuming Zhang","doi":"10.23919/cje.2025.00.386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cje.2025.00.386","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon carbide metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (SiC MOSFETs) show significant advantages in diverse application scenarios due to their superior performance. However, the existing simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis models developed for low-voltage devices cannot be effectively applied to high-voltage (> 3.3 kV) SiC MOSFETs in practical applications, which may cause unreliable circuit simulations. This paper presents an empirical model for 3.3 kV SiC MOSFETs that considers temperature effects. The model focuses on static and dynamic characteristics using non-segmented equations, ensuring smooth and accurate predictions of the device's output and transfer characteristics. Besides, temperature-dependent parameters are incorporated into the equations to correctly reflect the correlation between characteristics and temperature.For the capacitance model, the new compensation equation is added to the commonly used capacitance fitting equations, and the accuracy of this enhanced capacitance model is verified by fitting the capacitance experimental results of the device using the new capacitance equations. The body diode modeling adopts a combined approach of parameter extraction using the model editor and equation fitting. The adoption of non-segmented effectively avoids convergence problems inherent in traditional segmented models, while the integration of compensation equations brings simulation results closer to real operating conditions. Moreover, the incorporation of temperature-dependent parameters expands the model's applicability, enabling it to better support related design processes.","PeriodicalId":50701,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electronics","volume":"35 4","pages":"1560-1568"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11685257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear Current Anti-Phase Technique in a Linearity-Enhanced 24 GHz-28 GHz GaN MMIC Power Amplifier for 5G mm-Wave Applications","authors":"Chenghao Han;Hongqi Tao;Kang Zhong;Mingming Ma;Zehao Du;Yuan Zhuang;Xuming Yu;Wei Zhang;Weibo Wang","doi":"10.23919/cje.2025.00.326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cje.2025.00.326","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a novel nonlinear current anti-phase technique to enhance the linearity of gallium nitride (GaN) power amplifiers, specifically designed for the 24 GHz-28 GHz within the fifth-generation frequency range 2 n258 band. To solve the limited accuracy of conventional gm3 analysis in predicting the third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) performance under large dynamic range conditions, a large signal parameter <tex>$G_{mathrm{m}3}$</tex> is developed and analyzed that creates the anti-phase IMD3 current which can be flexibly controlled in both drive stage and power stage with deliberate biasing, enabling effective cancellation of IMD3 at across a large dynamic range. In addition, a shunt of resistive voltage divider was implemented to avoid multiple gate bias supplies. To demonstrate the proposed approach, a class-AB millimeter-wave power amplifier is implemented based on a 0.15 μm GaN-on-silicon carbide high electron mobility transistor technology. Under continuous-wave excitation at 20 V drain bias, the fabricated power amplifier (PA) demonstrates 40.5 dBm-40.9 dBm saturated output power over the 24 GHz-28 GHz frequency range, while the measured power-added efficiency (PAE) remains between 42.5% and 45.5%. Over a large output power back-off (OBO) range of 6 dB-25 dB, the PA achieves excellent linearity, with IMD3 better than −39 dBc. Additionally, at 4 dB OBO, the PA also achieves an IMD3 of −31 dBc and a PAE exceeding 24.5%. Owing to its excellent linearity, the proposed monolithic microwave integrated circuit, when tested with a 64-quadrature amplitude modulation signal featuring a 400 MHz modulation bandwidth and a 14 dB peak-to-average power ratio, provides 26 dBm of average output power. Under these operating conditions, it attains an error vector magnitude of 2.56% and an adjacent channel leakage ratio of −35.5 dBc without applying digital predistortion. The measured and simulated results verify the effectiveness of the high-linearity PA design over a large dynamic range.","PeriodicalId":50701,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electronics","volume":"35 4","pages":"1669-1677"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11685209","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Backward Private Graph Searchable Encryption Supporting Exact Shortest Distance Query","authors":"Qing Fan;Weixiao Wang;Yajie Wang;Cong Zuo;Liehuang Zhu","doi":"10.23919/cje.2025.00.184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cje.2025.00.184","url":null,"abstract":"Graph searchable encryption (GSE) ensures privacy protection for graphs while maintaining search functionality. A key aspect of GSE is exact shortest distance search, which identifies the closest relation between nodes in an encrypted graph. However, even minimal leakage from updates and queries can be exploited by attackers to infer the database or query content. Current GSE schemes supporting exact shortest distance queries overlook the potential information leakage from frequent relationship changes, particularly edge deletions, which compromise data privacy. This paper introduces the concept of backward privacy in GSE and formalizes three types of backward privacy (type-I, type-II, and type-III), a novel contribution. We then propose two backward-private GSE schemes, Bayonet and Baccarat. Bayonet offers fine-grained control over data decryption with type-III backward privacy, while Baccarat enhances type-II backward privacy by delegating edge deletion to a non-collusive proxy. We provide formal security proofs for both schemes and evaluate their efficiency on ten real-world graph datasets. Experimental results show that Bayonet sacrifices server storage and computational overhead for type-III backward privacy, while Baccarat achieves higher security and matches the query efficiency of the state-of-the-art GSE scheme with only forward privacy, incurring minimal proxy storage and computational costs.","PeriodicalId":50701,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electronics","volume":"35 4","pages":"1741-1755"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11685251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}