Carbon Letters最新文献

{"title":"Cavity miniaturization and cluster interconnectivity enable high-capacity and fast-charging hollow carbon for lithium-ion battery anodes","authors":"Fan Wang,&nbsp;Yuan Zhou,&nbsp;Zhongli Hu,&nbsp;Weihua Wang,&nbsp;Liyuan Sha,&nbsp;Xinran Huang,&nbsp;Tao Hu,&nbsp;Li Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01105-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01105-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hollow carbon spheres (HCSs) have emerged as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), yet their practical application is hindered by intrinsic limitations. Excessive internal voids reduce the tapped density and volumetric energy density, while poor interparticle connectivity increases transport resistance and compromises rate capability. Here, we present a series of nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere clusters (HCSCs) with varying hollow diameters (20 nm, 100 nm, and 300 nm), achieved via a combined spray-drying and solution-stirring approach. The 20-HCSCs with ultra-small cavities (20 nm) markedly enhances tap density, while cluster-level interconnectivity establishes continuous pathways for efficient Li⁺ and electron transport, thereby enabling rapid charge/discharge kinetics and high volumetric capacity. Consequently, the 20-HCSCs electrodes exhibit an exceptional reversible capacity of 447.3 mAh cm^-3 after 90 cycles at 0.2 C, surpassing that of 100-HCSCs, 300-HCSCs electrodes and conventional graphite electrodes (around 372 mAh cm^-3), and demonstrate remarkable high-rate cyclability, retaining 68.5 mAh cm^-3 after 3000 cycles at 50 C. The ultrahigh volumetric capacity mitigates the volumetric penalty typically imposed by hollow structures, offering a viable strategy to reconcile high capacity, fast-charging capability, and competitive volumetric performance in carbonaceous anodes.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><p>Ultra-small-cavity HCSC anodes with both high volumetric energy density and fast-charging capability </p><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 4","pages":"1955 - 1967"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crystallinity-controlled, kenaf fiber-derived activated carbons with high mesopore ratio for high-rate supercapacitors with aqueous and organic electrolytes","authors":"Keon-ho Kong,&nbsp;Juntae Kim,&nbsp;Kye-yeol Lee,&nbsp;Il Yeong Jeong,&nbsp;Sivaprakasam Radhakrishnan,&nbsp;Danyun Lei,&nbsp;Hye‑Min Lee,&nbsp;Byoung-Suhk Kim","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01091-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01091-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study reports the development of high-performance supercapacitor electrodes derived from biomass kenaf fibers (KFs) through hydrothermal pretreatment and steam activation. The hydrothermal treatment significantly enhances the crystallinity of cellulose, resulting in improved thermal and structural stability. This enhanced crystallinity effectively mitigates common issues, such as pore collapse and structural degradation during prolonged steam activation. Notably, hydrothermally treated KFs (HKFs) maintain structural integrity even after 3 h of steam activation at 900 °C. The resulting activated carbon (HKF-200-3) exhibits a high surface area of 1675.1 m² g^− 1 and a mesopore ratio of 47.2%. The HKF-200-3 based coin cell delivers a specific capacitance of 28.9 F g^− 1 (at 1 A g^− 1) in 6 M aqueous KOH electrolyte and 25.2 F g^− 1 (at 1 A g^− 1) 1 M DMPBF4/AN organic electrolyte, demonstrating excellent rate capability. The device achieves an energy density of 25.99 Wh kg^− 1 and a power density of 675 W kg^− 1, along with 82% capacitance retention after 100,000 cycles. This work presents a promising strategy for the preparation of crystallinity-controlled biomass-derived activated carbons for sustainable energy storage applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 4","pages":"1809 - 1823"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent progress of covalent organic frameworks as catalysts for green and renewable fuel production","authors":"Febio Dalanta,&nbsp;Susilo Sudarman,&nbsp;Muhammadin Hamid,&nbsp;Rahmadina Rahmadina,&nbsp;Ardiansyah Sembiring,&nbsp;Muhammad Iqbal Hidayat","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01099-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01099-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) have emerged as a preeminent class of crystalline porous materials, bridging the gap between molecular precision and heterogeneous photo-electrocatalysis. This review highlights recent breakthroughs in COF-based materials, emphasizing how their unique architectural features including long-range π-conjugation, permanent porosity, and modular tunability to enable superior photon harvesting and accelerated charge carrier dynamics for renewable fuel generations. Specifically, the synthesis methods, fundamental principles, linkage and block bond effects, and applicable design strategies of COFs are reviewed. We also summarize and criticize current literature related to the fundamental mechanisms driving key transformations of COFs in the targeted application such as hydrogen evolution, CO₂ reduction, nitrogen fixation, and H₂O₂ production, as the core study of this review. The strategic refinements in synthesis, architectural properties, and co-catalyst integration that have pushed performance of COFs toward industrial relevance are also discussed. Further challenges and potentials of COFs in energy generation sector are critically suggested. Ultimately, this review provides a critical perspective on the evolving role of COFs in green fuel production, serving as a strategic roadmap for the development of next-generation materials essential to achieving global net-zero emissions and sustainable future.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 4","pages":"1503 - 1537"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Directly integrated hierarchical 3D porous graphene/silicon Schottky photodetectors for self-powered operation","authors":"Hong Gun Kim,&nbsp;Hee Ra Lee,&nbsp;Junyeong Kim,&nbsp;Tae-Wook Kim,&nbsp;Sukang Bae,&nbsp;Spyros N. Yannopoulos,&nbsp;Jong-Seong Bae,&nbsp;Seoung-Ki Lee","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01095-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01095-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Graphene/Si Schottky photodetectors have exhibited significant broadband photoresponse; however, the inherently low optical absorption of graphene remains a major obstacle to the development of high-performance, scalable devices. In this work, a self-powered broadband photodetector based on a three-dimensional porous graphene (3DPG)/Si Schottky junction was demonstrated, in which the 3DPG was directly integrated onto a silicon substrate via laser-induced layer-selective graphitization. This approach enables the transfer-free formation of a hierarchical porous graphene network while simultaneously establishing a structurally and electronically integrated heterointerface, thus overcoming the limitations associated with planar graphene structures. The porous graphene architecture enhances light absorption and effective surface area, while residual oxygen-containing functional groups induce p-type doping, which increases the Schottky barrier height and strengthens the built-in electric field. As a result, the device exhibited a photocurrent approximately 20 times higher than those of planar CVD-Gr/Si devices, along with a high on/off ratio of 1.91 × 10⁵, a maximum responsivity of 1.32 A/W, and a specific detectivity of 1.57 × 10¹³ Jones at 940 nm under zero-bias conditions. These results demonstrate that the direct integration of 3DPG, combined with its simple and scalable fabrication process, provides a promising platform for high-performance, broadband, self-powered Si-based photodetectors.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 4","pages":"1839 - 1851"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and electrochemical properties of ZIF-8/biomass-activated carbon hybrids for the anode of lithium-ion battery","authors":"Muhammad Bima Yudha SY,&nbsp;Metta Noviani Rahmat Halim,&nbsp;Abdulloh Rifai,&nbsp;Fajar Inggit Pambudi","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01102-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01102-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study reports the successful synthesis of a hybrid anode material by integrating zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) with biomass-derived activated carbon (AC) from coconut tree waste (ZIF-8-AC) and its calcined derivative (ZIF-8-AC-800). Structural and morphological analyses via XRD, SEM, and TEM confirm the preservation of ZIF-8 dodecahedral crystallinity and its uniform dispersion on the AC matrix. Post-calcination at 800 °C retains ZIF-8 framework-derived ZnO phase while enhancing graphitic ordering in the AC, as evidenced by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical characterization reveals that ZIF-8-AC-800 exhibits a low charge transfer resistance (41.9 Ω) compared to ZIF-8-AC (53.3 Ω), attributed to improved electrical conductivity from carbonization. As a Lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode, ZIF-8-AC-800 delivers a high reversible specific capacity of 491 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C, outperforming non-calcined ZIF-8-AC (223 mAh g⁻¹) due to synergistic effects between the conductive AC matrix and ZnO lithiation activity. The hybrid hierarchical porosity, facilitated by ZIF-8 microporosity and AC macropores, enhances Li⁺ diffusion kinetics and structural stability during cycling. This work underscores the potential of MOF-biomass carbon hybrids as eco-friendly anode materials and provides a simple laboratory-scale synthesis strategy that may be further optimized for future scale-up.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 4","pages":"1927 - 1942"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of rGO/NiO nanocomposite recovered from spent Ni-MH batteries for energy storage device applications","authors":"M. Mylarappa,&nbsp;S. Chandruvasan,&nbsp;V. Venkatalakshmi,&nbsp;G. Krishnamurthy","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01100-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01100-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The recycling of end-of-life nickel–metal hydride (Ni–MH) batteries offers an attractive pathway to recover valuable metals and convert them into functional materials for energy storage. In this work, nickel hydroxide was recovered from spent Ni–MH batteries through an acid-leaching and alkaline precipitation process, followed by thermal conversion to NiO. The recovered NiO was integrated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via a reflux-assisted method to obtain an rGO/NiO nanocomposite electrode. Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the formation of crystalline NiO uniformly anchored to conductive rGO sheets, yielding a high specific surface area of 289.6 m²g^-1. Electrochemical measurements performed in a three-electrode configuration revealed pronounced pseudocapacitive behavior associated with reversible Ni²⁺/Ni³⁺ redox reactions. The rGO/NiO electrode delivered a high specific capacitance of 2256.1 Fg^-1 at 1 Ag^-1 with a low charge-transfer resistance of 3.77 Ω. The device, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC), was fabricated with rGO/NiO as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode. The assembled rGO/NiO//AC device achieved a specific capacitance of 657 Fg^-1 and an energy density of 44.7 Whkg^-1 at a power density of 348 Wkg^-1, calculated based on the total mass of active materials in both electrodes. The device also exhibited excellent cycling stability, with 97.6% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. These results demonstrate that nickel recovered from spent batteries can serve as a promising precursor for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 4","pages":"1883 - 1910"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergetic solvent extraction and ionic liquid engineering for one-step carbonization of coal tar pitch toward sodium-ion anodes","authors":"Rong Wang,&nbsp;Zhenjie Dai,&nbsp;Ishioma Laurene Egun,&nbsp;Haiyang Yu,&nbsp;Guoliang Ling,&nbsp;Yichao Wang,&nbsp;Zhengfei Chen","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01101-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01101-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising complement to lithium-ion batteries due to the natural abundance and low cost of sodium resources. However, the large ionic radius and sluggish kinetics of Na⁺ lead to slow diffusion and inferior electrochemical performance of conventional anode materials. Herein, we report a facile and sustainable strategy for the upcycling of coal tar pitch (CTP) into functional carbon anodes. N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was first employed for solvent extraction of CTP, followed by incorporation of imidazolium-based ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIM]Br) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM]PF₆). A single-step carbonization process enabled in situ heteroatom doping and structural regulation of the derived carbons. Systematic structural characterization and electrochemical evaluation reveal that CTP-NMP-[BMIM]Br possesses the highest nitrogen content (4.36 at%), delivers an initial coulombic efficiency of 55.43%, and exhibits excellent cycling stability with a reversible capacity of 153.2 mAh g^− 1 after 500 cycles at 50 mA g^− 1. This better electrochemical performance is attributed to its larger interlayer spacing, better hierarchical pore structure, large pore volume and defect sites that promote better sodium ion storage and transport characteristics. This work presents a green and scalable approach for transforming coal tar pitch into high-value carbon materials and highlights the role of ionic liquids as effective modifiers for tailoring microstructure, heteroatom chemistry, and porosity, thereby enabling high-performance carbon anodes for SIBs.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 4","pages":"1911 - 1925"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mesopore development of the activated carbon from coconut husk via flow-through fractionation and superheated steam activation for dye and metal adsorption","authors":"Minh Duc Vu,&nbsp;Imam Hidayat Nurwahid,&nbsp;Minh Tuan Pham,&nbsp;Duc Loi Vu,&nbsp;Sarah Keiza Ismail,&nbsp;Viet Anh Hoang,&nbsp;Chang Soo Kim","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01096-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01096-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a sustainable biorefinery strategy for producing high-performance activated carbon from coconut husk by integrating flow-through fractionation with superheated steam (SHS) activation. Organosolv pretreatment with 50 vol% ethanol selectively removed lignin (68.2%) and hemicellulose, enabling hierarchical pore development. The resulting ethanol-fractionated, SHS-activated carbon (SCHF(EtOH)) exhibited a highly porous structure with a BET surface area of 698.9 m²/g and a total pore volume of 0.443 cm³/g, outperforming commercial activated carbon and water-pretreated samples. Batch adsorption tests showed that SCHF(EtOH) achieved superior uptake capacities for organic dyes (104.8 mg/g for methylene blue, 83.6 mg/g for rhodamine B, and 45.0 mg/g for new coccine) and heavy metal ions (7.4 mg/g for Ni(II) and 16.1 mg/g for Cu(II)). This performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of a well-developed mesoporous network that enhances molecular diffusion and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups that provide active binding sites. Beyond producing advanced activated carbon, the integrated process also recovers high-quality lignin and hemicellulose, reducing the direct volatilization into greenhouse gas byproducts during activation by up to 62.7%. Overall, this work demonstrates a viable pathway for converting agricultural residues into value-added materials for advanced water purification.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 4","pages":"1853 - 1867"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When is graphite better than graphene? a device-level comparison of batteries and water treatment","authors":"Mohd Hazarel Zairy Mohd Harun,&nbsp;Wan Aisyah Fadilah Wae AbdulKadir,&nbsp;Mohd Asyadi Azam,&nbsp;Imran Riaz","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01094-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01094-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review critically compares graphite and graphene as electrode materials for batteries and electrochemical water and wastewater treatment, with emphasis on when graphite offers the more practical choice despite graphene’s superior intrinsic properties. Graphene-based materials, including pristine/few-layer graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO (rGO) and related composites, provide high electrical conductivity, large theoretical surface area, abundant active sites, and strong potential for defect engineering, although these properties vary strongly with derivative type, defect density, functionalization, and synthesis route [1]. However, the literature shows that these advantages are often limited by restacking, structural fragility, interfacial instability, scale-up difficulty, and high production cost. In contrast, graphite remains highly competitive because it combines adequate conductivity, mechanical robustness, corrosion resistance, manufacturing maturity, and lower cost. In battery applications, graphite continues to dominate commercial anodes owing to its reliable intercalation chemistry, favorable first-cycle efficiency, electrode density, process compatibility, and emerging recyclability, whereas graphene is more effective as a conductive scaffold or composite enhancer than as a direct replacement. In electrochemical water treatment, graphite-based electrodes and graphite felt frequently outperform graphene when long-term durability, self-supporting structure, regenerability, and operation under realistic flow conditions are required. Conversely, graphene remains difficult to replace in flexible, wearable, transparent, and conformal electrode architectures, where its atomically thin and mechanically adaptable structure enables device formats that graphite cannot easily provide [2]. Overall, the evidence indicates that graphite is often the better device-level solution when durability, scalability, and economic viability matter more than maximum nanoscale performance alone.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 4","pages":"1447 - 1474"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of mesophase domain orientation on graphite crystallinity under constant mesophase content","authors":"Hye In Son,&nbsp;Ki Bong Lee,&nbsp;Ha Eun Yu,&nbsp;Sang Wan Seo,&nbsp;Soo Hong Lee,&nbsp;Ji Sun Im","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01097-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01097-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Petroleum graphite derived from petroleum residue is typically produced through the heat treatment of primary products such as coke or pitch. The mesophase structure formed at this stage governs crystal growth during graphitization and strongly influences the electrochemical behavior of graphite. However, the mesophase content and orientation do not necessarily evolve proportionally, making it difficult to isolate the intrinsic effect of domain orientation on graphite crystallinity and electrochemical performance. In this study, we report the effects of mesophase domain orientation on graphite crystallinity and the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries while maintaining a constant mesophase content. The mesophase content is maintained at 94 wt% to isolate the effect of mesophase domain morphology. The synthesis conditions of the primary product were determined based on a first-order reaction-kinetic model and the Arrhenius relationship, enabling consistent mesophase content across different synthesis temperatures. The mesophase orientation parameter varies from 8.22 to 45.37 depending on the synthesis temperature, as confirmed by histogram analysis. Samples with controlled domain alignment retained their mesophase-derived structural characteristics even after graphitization. Notably, the mesophase orientation induced an inverse relationship between d₀₀₂ spacing and crystallinity, indicating that the structural characteristics of graphite after graphitization can be tuned by controlling the mesophase domain orientation. More importantly, the capacity retention at 5 C, relative to that at 0.2 C, increases from 66.9% to 88.6% by controlling the mesophase domain orientation. These results highlight that decoupling the mesophase orientation from mesophase content provides a practical strategy for tailoring the graphite structure and producing graphite materials favorable for high-rate charge–discharge applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 4","pages":"1869 - 1882"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}