Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Cognitive appraisal modulates Theta Burst Stimulation effects on stress-reactive rumination and affect.","authors":"Isabell Int-Veen, Stefanie De Smet, Matias M Pulopulos, Gert Vanhollebeke, Beatrix Barth, Sarah Pasche, Francesco Albasini, Chris Baeken, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, Christian Plewnia, Vanessa Nieratschker, Andreas Jochen Fallgatter, Ann-Christine Ehlis, David Rosenbaum, Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt","doi":"10.3758/s13415-025-01314-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-025-01314-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The DLPFC plays a central role in cognitive appraisal and stress regulation, as this process-particularly secondary appraisal, where individuals assess their ability to cope with a situation-significantly influences stress responses on both psychological and physiological levels. We conducted a study where we applied different types of Theta Burst Stimulation (intermittent (i)TBS vs. continuous (c)TBS vs. sham (s)TBS) to the left DLPFC to increase or decrease the cortical excitability of the prefrontal neural network. We then examined how participants responded psychologically and physiologically to a potent psychosocial stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), and aimed to investigate the influence of secondary cognitive appraisal on the effects of TBS on the stress response. Depending on the stimulation, we discovered that the cognitive appraisal significantly influenced rumination, positive and negative affect specifically in stress recovery. More precisely, as expected, individuals who perceived greater control experienced a faster recovery of stress-reactive ruminative thinking following sTBS and lower rumination following the stressor. We found lower increases and faster recovery of negative affect in all stimulation conditions and faster decreases in positive affect after the TSST following cTBS and iTBS, suggesting beneficial effects of both stimulation conditions. Concerning the assessed physiological variables, namely heart rate, heart rate variability, and salivary cortisol, we did not observe any impact of appraisal. These findings suggest that the effect of secondary appraisal on psychological variables depends on the type of stimulation, and while it may be linked to increased DLPFC activity, further research is needed to clarify the neurostimulation mechanisms involved.</p>","PeriodicalId":50672,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144477729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stress awareness and decision-making under uncertainty: Gender-specific effects of mild hypoxia in the Iowa Gambling Task.","authors":"S Pighin, A Fornasiero, M Testoni, A Bogani, N Bonini, B Pellegrini, F Schena, L Savadori","doi":"10.3758/s13415-025-01320-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-025-01320-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Decision-making under uncertainty is a key cognitive function that is sensitive to acute stress. While prior studies have documented gender-specific effects of stress (i.e., typically increased risk-taking in males and greater caution in females), such findings have primarily emerged in conditions where participants were aware of the ongoing stressor. The present study explored whether stress awareness modulates gender differences in risk-taking by manipulating participants' awareness of being under mild hypoxia (i.e., reduced oxygen availability), a systemic stressor that often goes unnoticed by individuals. Sixty-four participants completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) under normoxic (fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂) = 20.9%) and mildly hypoxic (FiO₂ = 14.1%) conditions, with participants either being informed or uninformed about the stressor. Results indicated that when participants were aware of the stressor, males exhibited an increased selection of disadvantageous decks (corresponding to greater risk-taking in the IGT) under mild hypoxia, whereas females demonstrated a trend toward more cautious and advantageous choices. In contrast, when unaware of the stressor, both genders showed similar, modest increases in disadvantageous choices under hypoxia. These findings suggest that gender-specific coping strategies in risky decision-making are triggered by the conscious appraisal of stress, rather than by its mere physiological presence, and support theoretical models emphasizing the role of cognitive appraisal and internalized gender norms in shaping decision-making under stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":50672,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144477731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the neural and behavioral correlates of the stress-rumination link in healthy humans by modulating the left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex using Theta Burst Stimulation.","authors":"Isabell Int-Veen, Ute Eßer, Sandra Ladegast, Leonhard Liermann, Ramona Täglich, Betti Schopp, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, Christian Plewnia, Agnes Kroczek, Stefanie De Smet, Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt, Andreas J Fallgatter, Ann-Christine Ehlis, Beatrix Barth, David Rosenbaum","doi":"10.3758/s13415-025-01305-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-025-01305-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS) offers a noninvasive way to modulate neural activation patterns, helping to explore the causal role of brain regions in psychiatric symptoms. Prefrontal hypoactivation is commonly observed in high ruminators and patients with depression during stress. However, the impact of modulating Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) activity via excitatory and inhibitory TBS during stress remains unexplored. We studied 88 healthy participants (44 low, 44 high ruminators), each attending two appointments that included stress induction using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and cortical oxygenation assessment with functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). Participants received either intermittent TBS (iTBS) or continuous TBS (cTBS) applied to the left DLPFC, with sessions randomized between active and sham stimulation. While TBS had no impact on positive affect, TSST performance, or heart rate, we observed effects on stress, state rumination, negative affect, and cortical oxygenation. We observed higher stress and higher negative affect during and after the TSST in high ruminators receiving iTBS compared with sham TBS (sTBS). Low ruminators showed reduced state rumination increases after iTBS compared with sTBS at their second appointment. fNIRS data revealed cortical oxygenation differences during the TSST, although only without multiple comparison corrections. Descriptively, we observed higher activation in the left Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex (VLPFC) following cTBS compared with sTBS in high ruminators but lower cortical oxygenation following cTBS compared with sTBS in low ruminators but only when participants received active stimulation first. This suggests stimulation sequence affects repeated-measures TMS studies in stress contexts. Findings highlight expectancy effects and suggest a potential reduction in TBS impact due to strong hemodynamic responses during stress. HIGHLIGHTS: • High ruminators showed increased stress and negative affect after iTBS during the TSST. • Neural data showed increased cortical oxygenation in the left Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex (VLPFC) following cTBS to the left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) in high ruminators. • In low ruminators, cTBS led to decreased activation, but only when active stimulation was administered first, highlighting the role of stimulation order in TBS outcomes. • Expectancy effects and habituation are important aspects to be considered in repeated measures designs involving TBS and stress-reactive rumination.</p>","PeriodicalId":50672,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144477730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural reactivity to infant faces and trait mindfulness as prospective predictors of postpartum depressive symptoms.","authors":"Sarah E Woronko, Emilia F Cárdenas, Christian A L Bean, Resh S Gupta, Kathryn L Humphreys, Autumn Kujawa","doi":"10.3758/s13415-025-01319-8","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13415-025-01319-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postpartum depression (PPD) impacts the health of both mothers and their offspring, underscoring the importance of early identification of risk factors for PPD. While both low-trait mindfulness and blunted neural processing to emotional stimuli (indexed by the late positive potential; LPP) have been separately associated with depression, previous work has highlighted an inverse relationship between trait mindfulness and neural emotional processing. Thus, it remains unclear how facets of trait mindfulness and neural emotional processing interact as risk factors for PPD. During the second trimester, pregnant women (n = 117) completed the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS), and an infant face matching task while continuous electroencephalography was recorded. At 9 weeks postpartum, participants' PPD symptoms were reassessed with the IDAS. A series of hierarchical linear regression models revealed that acting with awareness, a trait mindfulness facet, and LPP to happy infant faces interacted to predict PPD symptoms (β = .217, p = .014, 95% CI [.045, .390]) after adjusting for depression levels in mid-pregnancy, such that low acting with awareness was associated with greater PPD symptoms when LPP to happy infant faces was 1 standard deviation below (β = -.548, SE = .150 , p < .001) and at the mean (β = -.309, SE = .106, p = .004). Findings suggest that an enhanced LPP to positively valenced stimuli may be protective against postpartum depression for those with low-trait mindfulness.</p>","PeriodicalId":50672,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144337192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Behavioural and neurobiological assessment of effort-based decision-making in cannabis use disorder: An initial/preliminary investigation.","authors":"Sarah L Brassard, Jadyn Dosanjh, Jessica Cooper, Jochen Weber, David Zald, James MacKillop, Iris M Balodis","doi":"10.3758/s13415-025-01308-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-025-01308-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Low motivation for noncannabis rewards is a common clinical feature of cannabis use disorder (CUD), yet its underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study applied a sequential effort-based decision-making task during functional magnetic resonance imaging to quantify motivation and test for potential neurofunctional differences during prospective effort/reward encoding (Cue1), integration of effort and reward cues (Cue2), and choice behaviour in individuals with CUD (n = 21) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 20). Behavioural in-scanner results demonstrated that participants in both groups made significantly fewer high-effort choices as effort levels increased on the task, yet they selected significantly more high-reward choices as reward magnitude increased. At the neural level, the CUD group showed decreased ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity, as well as reduced activity in the culmen, posterior cingulate, and superior temporal gyrus during the encoding of prospective effort and reward cues (Cue1) respectively, compared with controls. Conversely, the CUD group showed increased parietal lobule, superior temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and claustrum activity during the integration phase of the task (Cue2) relative to controls. Exploratory correlations revealed that bilateral ventral striatum activity during prospective effort cues was associated with the proportion of accepted high-effort and high-reward trials, predominantly driven by the CUD group. Altogether, these findings indicate fronto-striatal but also posterior cortical processing alterations during prospective signaling and during effort-reward information integration. By temporally disconnecting effort expenditure from reward magnitude, the current findings shed light on how these constructs independently and simultaneously influence dysregulated effortful goal-directed choice behaviour in CUD.</p>","PeriodicalId":50672,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144318604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower reward sensitivity in frontostriatal stroke: Influence of depression and resting-state functional connectivity.","authors":"Ana Sánchez-Kuhn, Pilar Fernández-Martín, Rocío Rodríguez-Herrera, José García-Pinteño, José Juan León, Miguel Soto-Ontoso, Laura Amaya-Pascasio, María Alonso de Leciñana, Patricia Martínez-Sánchez, Pilar Flores","doi":"10.3758/s13415-025-01318-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-025-01318-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stroke patients have shown low reward sensitivity, which is a transdiagnostic dimension that defines the extent to which a person actively pursues rewarding stimuli. Low reward sensitivity has been related to depression and dysregulation of the frontostriatal network. To date, studies have addressed this dimension in heterogenic stroke lesions and the underlying mechanisms of frontostriatal stroke patients are still unknown. This study included 54 participants (32 chronic frontostriatal stroke patients and 22 healthy controls). Reward sensitivity was assessed using the probabilistic reversal learning task. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Adult Self-Report, and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) was examined using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in prefrontal, motor, and parietal cortices. Group differences and predictors of reward sensitivity were analyzed using Bayesian ANCOVA and multiple regression models. Stroke patients displayed lower reward sensitivity, higher depressive problems, and lower resting-state functional connectivity between the right orbitrofrontal cortex and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the right orbitrofrontal cortex and the right dorsolateral prefrontal, and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right premotor cortex and supplementary motor area. In stroke patients, lower reward sensitivity was predicted by higher depressive problems and lower resting-state functional connectivity between the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the right premotor cortex and the right supplementary motor area. This work showed the relevance of reward sensitivity in frontostriatal post-stroke patients and its relationship with depression, and supports the resting-state functional connectivity measurement for characterizing abnormalities in connectivity in stroke patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":50672,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144250673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The reward positivity is insensitive to reinforcer devaluation.","authors":"Lindsay S Shaffer, Holly D Crowder, Peter A Kakalec, Lam T Duong, Craig G McDonald, James C Thompson","doi":"10.3758/s13415-025-01306-z","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13415-025-01306-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Successful behavioral adaptation requires an ongoing assessment of rewarding outcomes based on one's current state. A frontocentral ERP associated with reward feedback, the reward positivity (RewP), has been linked to reflect information about reward value and motivational states. It is, however, unclear if changes in the RewP are influenced by changes in reward value as a function of motivational state. To examine this, hungry participants (n = 31) completed two rounds of a modified Doors Task incorporating Pavlovian conditioning during EEG recordings and obtained feedback associated with sweet and savory food reinforcers equally matched in pleasantness and desirability. Participants underwent reinforcer devaluation, a paradigm designed to isolate inference-based behavior based on decreasing reward value, in between rounds by eating one of the foods to satiety. Prior to devaluation, participants were hungry and rated both food reinforcers equally pleasant. After devaluation, participants were sated and rated the devalued food, but not the non-devalued food, significantly less pleasant, suggesting a sensory-specific change in reward value. Logistic regression of win-stay/lose-switch behavior during the Doors Task shows participants made sensory-specific adjustments in food preferences during postdevaluation. Nonparametric permutation tests based on the tmax statistic performed revealed no significant differences in RewP amplitudes, suggesting the RewP is insensitive to reinforcer devaluation. This could not be explained by differences in perceived pleasantness or desirability. These findings suggest that affective and motivational factors such as tracking inferences based on decreases in reward value did not modulate the RewP.</p>","PeriodicalId":50672,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144227475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Goal-directedness deficit in Huntington's disease.","authors":"Lee-Anne Morris, Sanjay Manohar, Kyla-Louise Horne, Laura Paermentier, Christina M Buchanan, Michael J MacAskill, Daniel J Myall, Masud Husain, Richard Roxburgh, Tim J Anderson, Campbell J Le Heron","doi":"10.3758/s13415-025-01313-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-025-01313-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Apathy and impulsive behaviour co-occur in Huntington's disease (HD), but these debilitating behavioural syndromes are multidimensional constructs, raising the question of which specific dimensions drive this relationship and the stability of the co-occurring dimensions across time. People with HD and controls completed multidimensional apathy and impulsive behaviour scales at baseline and 1-year follow-up. A principal component analysis was performed on pooled data (n = 109) to identify components and factor loadings of subscales. Linear mixed models were used to examine differences in components between groups and timepoints. Three meaningful components emerged. Component 1 comprised positive loading for dimensions of apathy and impulsive behaviour pertaining to goal-directedness, namely attention, planning, initiation, and perseverance. In contrast, other dimensions of apathy and impulsive behaviour loaded onto components two and three in opposite directions. People with HD only scored worse than controls on the goal-directedness component. All components remained stable over time and closely resembled factors from the five-factor personality model. Component 1 mapped onto the factor conscientiousness, component 2 to extraversion, and component 3 to neuroticism. The clinical overlap between apathy and impulsive behaviour in HD relates to goal-directedness, whilst other dimensions of these constructs did not overlap.</p>","PeriodicalId":50672,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144210018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining working and episodic memory in young adults with anhedonia.","authors":"Sofia Uribe, Holly J Bowen, Alicia E Meuret","doi":"10.3758/s13415-025-01315-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-025-01315-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Depression is associated with impairments in memory processes. Evidence suggests that poorer recognition of positive information and quicker disengagement with positive information from working memory in depressed versus nondepressed individuals. The working memory deficits are speculated to be downstream effects of a taxed working memory due to rumination processes that impair reward learning leading to anhedonia symptoms. Downstream effects are also hypothesized for episodic memory with impairments particularly for positive information due to dopamine dysregulation from anhedonia affecting memory formation processes. To examine the association of memory impairments in individuals with mild-to-severe anhedonia and depressive symptoms, 108 young adults completed a working memory task where they had to remember an abstract shape while presented with two consecutive positive, neutral, or negative images. This task was followed by a surprise episodic memory recognition test for the images the next day. The Drift Diffusion Model index drift rate was used to examine whether anhedonia severity predicted evidence accumulation rates during working and episodic memory retrieval. Contrary to expectations, based on multivariate models, anhedonia severity did not predict evidence accumulation rate for any specific valence in either task. These results suggest that anhedonia symptoms may not be uniquely associated with memory differences for emotionally valenced compared with neutral stimuli. Further studies should investigate the role of specific facets of anhedonia, including anticipatory reward and use different paradigms and neurophysiological measures, to examine the proposed hypotheses.</p>","PeriodicalId":50672,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144210117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The latent structure of working memory: A large sample factor model of working memory capacity.","authors":"Han Hao, John C Williams, Philip N Tubiolo, Kacie Bauer, Eilon Silver-Frankel, Sam R Luceno, Avery J Chan, Zu Jie Zheng, Kelly R Bobchin, Roman Kotov, Greg Perlman, Andrew R A Conway, Jared X Van Snellenberg","doi":"10.3758/s13415-025-01310-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-025-01310-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Working memory (WM) is an essential system of cognitive processes for a wide range of cognitive activities and is associated with diverse real-world outcomes. Despite extensive research in cognitive psychology, the complex multifaceted nature of WM is often overlooked in applied settings, such as clinical and neuroimaging research. This study investigated the latent structure of WM by examining a comprehensive set of WM tasks commonly used in both theoretical and applied research in cognitive psychology and psychiatric neuroimaging. A large sample of healthy, young adults (N = 608) completed a battery of WM tasks and other cognitive measures. Factor analyses and structural equation models revealed a three-factor structure: Storage, Executive Attention, and Updating. These factors were moderately correlated but contributed uniquely to explaining variance in intelligence measures. Furthermore, when the three factors were considered in a single model, only the Updating and Executive Attention factors had unique shared variance with intelligence. The findings support that WM is a multifaceted construct, with complex span and n-back tasks capturing important and distinct components related to real-world cognitive performance. This highlights the need for precise selection of measurement tools for WM in both theoretical and applied research contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":50672,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144210144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}