Cognitive Psychology最新文献_第8页

Integrated diffusion models for distance effects in number memory 数字记忆中距离效应的综合扩散模型

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101516

Roger Ratcliff

{"title":"Integrated diffusion models for distance effects in number memory","authors":"Roger Ratcliff","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>I evaluated three models for the representation of numbers in memory. These were integrated with the diffusion decision model to explain accuracy and response time (RT) data from a recognition memory experiment in which the stimuli were two-digit numbers. The integrated models accounted for distance/confusability effects: when a test number was numerically close to a studied number, accuracy was lower and RTs were longer than when a test number was numerically far from a studied number. For two of the models, the representations of numbers are distributed over number (with Gaussian or exponential distributions) and the overlap between the distributions of a studied number and a test number provides the evidence (drift rate) on which a decision is made. For the third, the exponential gradient model, drift rate is an exponential function of the numerical distance between studied and test numbers. The exponential gradient model fit the data slightly better than the two overlap models. Monte Carlo simulations showed that the variability in the important parameter estimates from fitting data collected over 30–40 min is smaller than the variability among individuals, allowing differences among individuals to be studied. A second experiment compared number memory and number discrimination tasks and results showed different distance effects. Number memory had an exponential-like distance-effect and number discrimination had a linear function which shows radically different representations drive the two tasks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 101516"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10374944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The quest for simplicity in human learning: Identifying the constraints on attention 人类学习中对简单性的追求:识别注意力的限制

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101508

Matthew Galdo, Emily R. Weichart, Vladimir M. Sloutsky, Brandon M. Turner

引用次数: 1

MEM-EX: An exemplar memory model of decisions from experience meme - ex:经验决策的典型记忆模型

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101517

Jared M. Hotaling , Chris Donkin , Andreas Jarvstad , Ben R. Newell

{"title":"MEM-EX: An exemplar memory model of decisions from experience","authors":"Jared M. Hotaling , Chris Donkin , Andreas Jarvstad , Ben R. Newell","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Many real-world decisions must be made on basis of experienced outcomes. However, there is little consensus about the mechanisms by which people make these decisions from experience (DfE). Across five experiments, we identified several factors influencing DfE. We also introduce a novel computational modeling framework, the <em>memory for exemplars model</em><span> (MEM-EX), which posits that decision makers rely on memory for previously experienced outcomes to make choices. Using MEM-EX, we demonstrate how cognitive mechanisms provide intuitive and parsimonious explanations for the effects of value-ignorance, salience, outcome order, and sample size. We also conduct a cross-validation analysis of several models within the MEM-EX framework. We compare these to three alternative models; two baseline models built on the principle of expected value maximization, and another employing a suite of choice methods previously shown to perform well in prediction tournaments. We find that MEM-EX consistently outperforms these competitors, demonstrating its value as a tool for making quantitative predictions without overfitting. We discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of the interplay between attention, memory, and experience-based choice.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 101517"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40363062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Inductive biases in theory-based reinforcement learning 基于理论的强化学习中的归纳偏差

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101509

Thomas Pouncy , Samuel J. Gershman

{"title":"Inductive biases in theory-based reinforcement learning","authors":"Thomas Pouncy , Samuel J. Gershman","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Understanding the inductive biases that allow humans to learn in complex environments has been an important goal of cognitive science. Yet, while we have discovered much about human biases in specific learning domains, much of this research has focused on simple tasks that lack the complexity of the real world. In contrast, video games involving agents and objects embedded in richly structured systems provide an experimentally tractable proxy for real-world complexity. Recent work has suggested that key aspects of human learning in domains like video games can be captured by model-based reinforcement learning (RL) with object-oriented relational models—what we term </span><em>theory-based RL</em>. Restricting the model class in this way provides an inductive bias that dramatically increases learning efficiency, but in this paper we show that humans employ a stronger set of biases in addition to syntactic constraints on the structure of theories. In particular, we catalog a set of semantic biases that constrain the content of theories. Building these semantic biases into a theory-based RL system produces more human-like learning in video game environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 101509"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33479570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Algorithms of adaptation in inductive inference 归纳推理中的自适应算法

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101506

Jan-Philipp Fränken , Nikos C. Theodoropoulos , Neil R. Bramley

{"title":"Algorithms of adaptation in inductive inference","authors":"Jan-Philipp Fränken , Nikos C. Theodoropoulos , Neil R. Bramley","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We investigate the idea that human concept inference utilizes local adaptive search within a compositional mental theory space. To explore this, we study human judgments in a challenging task that involves actively gathering evidence about a symbolic rule governing the behavior of a simulated environment. Participants learn by performing mini-experiments before making generalizations and explicit guesses about a hidden rule. They then collect additional evidence themselves (Experiment 1) or observe evidence gathered by someone else (Experiment 2) before revising their own generalizations and guesses. In each case, we focus on the relationship between participants’ <em>initial</em> and <em>revised</em> guesses about the hidden rule concept. We find an order effect whereby revised guesses are anchored to idiosyncratic elements of the earlier guess. To explain this pattern, we develop a family of process accounts that combine program induction ideas with local (MCMC-like) adaptation mechanisms. A particularly local variant of this adaptive account captures participants’ hypothesis revisions better than a range of alternative explanations. We take this as suggestive that people deal with the inherent complexity of concept inference partly through use of local adaptive search in a latent compositional theory space.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 101506"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028522000421/pdfft?md5=0f1fd62e031ac8b7bcc738666a805983&pid=1-s2.0-S0010028522000421-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40548785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Swap errors in visual working memory are fully explained by cue-feature variability 视觉工作记忆中的交换错误完全可以用线索特征变异性来解释

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101493

Jessica M.V. McMaster, Ivan Tomić, Sebastian Schneegans, Paul M. Bays

{"title":"Swap errors in visual working memory are fully explained by cue-feature variability","authors":"Jessica M.V. McMaster, Ivan Tomić, Sebastian Schneegans, Paul M. Bays","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In cue-based recall from working memory, incorrectly reporting features of an uncued item may be referred to as a “swap” error. One account of these errors ascribes them to variability in memory for the cue features leading to erroneous selection of a non-target item, especially if it is similar to the target in the cue-feature dimension. However, alternative accounts of swap errors include cue-independent misbinding, and strategic guessing when the cued item is not in memory. Here we investigated the cause of swap errors by manipulating the variability with which either cue or report features (orientations in Exp 1; motion directions in Exp 2) were encoded. We found that swap errors increased with increasing variability in memory for the cue features, and their changing frequency could be quantitatively predicted based on recall variability when the same feature was used for report. These results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that swaps are a strategic response to forgotten items, and suggest that swap errors could be wholly accounted for by confusions due to cue-dimension variability. In a third experiment we examined whether spatial configuration of memory arrays in tasks with spatial cueing has an influence on swap error frequency. We observed a specific tendency to make swap errors to non-targets located precisely opposite to the cued location, suggesting that stimulus positions are partially encoded in a non-metric format.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 101493"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7613075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40575635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

An instance-based model account of the benefits of varied practice in visuomotor skill 一个基于实例的模型，说明各种视觉运动技能练习的好处

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101491

Thomas E. Gorman, Robert L. Goldstone

引用次数: 0

Visual foundations of Euclidean geometry 欧几里得几何的视觉基础

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101494

Véronique Izard , Pierre Pica , Elizabeth S. Spelke

{"title":"Visual foundations of Euclidean geometry","authors":"Véronique Izard , Pierre Pica , Elizabeth S. Spelke","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Geometry defines entities that can be physically realized in space, and our knowledge of abstract geometry may therefore stem from our representations of the physical world. Here, we focus on Euclidean geometry, the geometry historically regarded as “natural”. We examine whether humans possess representations describing visual forms in the same way as Euclidean geometry – i.e., in terms of their shape and size. One hundred and twelve participants from the U.S. (age 3–34 years), and 25 participants from the Amazon (age 5–67 years) were asked to locate geometric deviants in panels of 6 forms of variable orientation. Participants of all ages and from both cultures detected deviant forms defined in terms of shape or size, while only U.S. adults drew distinctions between mirror images (i.e. forms differing in “sense”). Moreover, irrelevant variations of sense did not disrupt the detection of a shape or size deviant, while irrelevant variations of shape or size did. At all ages and in both cultures, participants thus retained the same properties as Euclidean geometry in their analysis of visual forms, even in the absence of formal instruction in geometry. These findings show that representations of planar visual forms provide core intuitions on which humans’ knowledge in Euclidean geometry could possibly be grounded.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 101494"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028522000317/pdfft?md5=e64e420dd1700ec86782f915e035e507&pid=1-s2.0-S0010028522000317-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40398938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

What is theory of mind? A psychometric study of theory of mind and intelligence 什么是心智理论?心理和智力理论的心理测量学研究

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101495

Ester Navarro

{"title":"What is theory of mind? A psychometric study of theory of mind and intelligence","authors":"Ester Navarro","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Theory of mind (ToM) is an essential ability for social competence and communication, and it is necessary for understanding behaviors that differ from our own (<span>Premack & Woodruff, 1978</span>). Recent research suggests that tasks designed to measure ToM do not adequately capture a single ToM ability (<span>Warnell and Redcay, 2019</span>, <span>Quesque and Rossetti, 2020</span>) and, instead, might be related to tasks of general cognitive ability (<span>Coyle, Elpers, Gonzalez, Freeman, & Baggio, 2018</span>). This hinders the interpretation of experimental findings and puts into question the validity of the ToM construct. The current study is the first psychometric assessment of the structure of ToM to date. Comparing ToM to crystallized intelligence (Gc) and fluid intelligence (Gf), the study aims to (a) understand whether ToM should be considered a monolithic ability and (b) explore whether tasks of ToM adequately assess ToM, above and beyond general cognitive ability. For this, confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and exploratory network analysis (NMA) were conducted. The results of the models largely point to the same conclusion: while ToM tasks are not merely assessing cognitive ability, they are not purely assessing a single ToM construct either. Importantly, these findings align with recent theoretical accounts proposing that ToM should not be considered a monolithic construct (<span>Quesque and Rossetti, 2020</span>, <span>Schaafsma et al., 2015</span>, <span>Devaine et al., 2014</span>), and should instead be explored and measured as multiple domains.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 101495"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028522000329/pdfft?md5=836f0d5531c179da5f05b0ebf8d59522&pid=1-s2.0-S0010028522000329-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40398103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Strategy selection in decisions from givens: Deciding at a glance? 给定决策中的策略选择:一眼决定?

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101483

Thorsten Pachur

{"title":"Strategy selection in decisions from givens: Deciding at a glance?","authors":"Thorsten Pachur","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>People deciding between alternatives have at their disposal a toolbox containing both compensatory strategies, which take into account all available attributes of those alternatives, and noncompensatory strategies, which consider only some of the attributes. It is commonly assumed that noncompensatory strategies play only a minor role in </span><em>decisions from givens</em><span>, where attribute information is openly presented, because all attributes can be processed automatically “at a glance.” Based on a literature review, however, I establish that previous studies on strategy selection in decisions from givens have yielded highly heterogeneous findings, including evidence of widespread use of noncompensatory strategies. Drawing on insights from visual attention research on subitizing, I argue that this heterogeneity might be due to differences across studies in the number of attributes and in whether the same or different symbols are used to represent high/low attribute values across attributes. I tested the impact of these factors in two experiments with decisions from givens in which both the number of attributes shown for each alternative and the coding of attribute values was manipulated. An analysis of participants’ strategy use with a Bayesian multimethod approach (taking into account both decisions and response-time patterns) showed that a noncompensatory strategy was more frequently selected in conditions with a higher number of attributes; the type of attribute coding scheme did not affect strategy selection. Using a compensatory strategy in the conditions with eight (vs. four) attributes was associated with rather long response times and a high rate of strategy execution errors. The results suggest that decisions from givens can incur cognitive costs that prohibit reliance on automatic compensatory decision making and that can favor the adaptive selection of a noncompensatory strategy.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 101483"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44580859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3