Cognitive Psychology最新文献_第8页

Algorithms of adaptation in inductive inference 归纳推理中的自适应算法

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101506

Jan-Philipp Fränken , Nikos C. Theodoropoulos , Neil R. Bramley

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引用次数: 7

Swap errors in visual working memory are fully explained by cue-feature variability 视觉工作记忆中的交换错误完全可以用线索特征变异性来解释

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101493

Jessica M.V. McMaster, Ivan Tomić, Sebastian Schneegans, Paul M. Bays

{"title":"Swap errors in visual working memory are fully explained by cue-feature variability","authors":"Jessica M.V. McMaster, Ivan Tomić, Sebastian Schneegans, Paul M. Bays","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In cue-based recall from working memory, incorrectly reporting features of an uncued item may be referred to as a “swap” error. One account of these errors ascribes them to variability in memory for the cue features leading to erroneous selection of a non-target item, especially if it is similar to the target in the cue-feature dimension. However, alternative accounts of swap errors include cue-independent misbinding, and strategic guessing when the cued item is not in memory. Here we investigated the cause of swap errors by manipulating the variability with which either cue or report features (orientations in Exp 1; motion directions in Exp 2) were encoded. We found that swap errors increased with increasing variability in memory for the cue features, and their changing frequency could be quantitatively predicted based on recall variability when the same feature was used for report. These results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that swaps are a strategic response to forgotten items, and suggest that swap errors could be wholly accounted for by confusions due to cue-dimension variability. In a third experiment we examined whether spatial configuration of memory arrays in tasks with spatial cueing has an influence on swap error frequency. We observed a specific tendency to make swap errors to non-targets located precisely opposite to the cued location, suggesting that stimulus positions are partially encoded in a non-metric format.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 101493"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7613075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40575635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

An instance-based model account of the benefits of varied practice in visuomotor skill 一个基于实例的模型，说明各种视觉运动技能练习的好处

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101491

Thomas E. Gorman, Robert L. Goldstone

引用次数: 0

Visual foundations of Euclidean geometry 欧几里得几何的视觉基础

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101494

Véronique Izard , Pierre Pica , Elizabeth S. Spelke

{"title":"Visual foundations of Euclidean geometry","authors":"Véronique Izard , Pierre Pica , Elizabeth S. Spelke","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Geometry defines entities that can be physically realized in space, and our knowledge of abstract geometry may therefore stem from our representations of the physical world. Here, we focus on Euclidean geometry, the geometry historically regarded as “natural”. We examine whether humans possess representations describing visual forms in the same way as Euclidean geometry – i.e., in terms of their shape and size. One hundred and twelve participants from the U.S. (age 3–34 years), and 25 participants from the Amazon (age 5–67 years) were asked to locate geometric deviants in panels of 6 forms of variable orientation. Participants of all ages and from both cultures detected deviant forms defined in terms of shape or size, while only U.S. adults drew distinctions between mirror images (i.e. forms differing in “sense”). Moreover, irrelevant variations of sense did not disrupt the detection of a shape or size deviant, while irrelevant variations of shape or size did. At all ages and in both cultures, participants thus retained the same properties as Euclidean geometry in their analysis of visual forms, even in the absence of formal instruction in geometry. These findings show that representations of planar visual forms provide core intuitions on which humans’ knowledge in Euclidean geometry could possibly be grounded.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 101494"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028522000317/pdfft?md5=e64e420dd1700ec86782f915e035e507&pid=1-s2.0-S0010028522000317-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40398938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

What is theory of mind? A psychometric study of theory of mind and intelligence 什么是心智理论?心理和智力理论的心理测量学研究

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101495

Ester Navarro

{"title":"What is theory of mind? A psychometric study of theory of mind and intelligence","authors":"Ester Navarro","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Theory of mind (ToM) is an essential ability for social competence and communication, and it is necessary for understanding behaviors that differ from our own (<span>Premack & Woodruff, 1978</span>). Recent research suggests that tasks designed to measure ToM do not adequately capture a single ToM ability (<span>Warnell and Redcay, 2019</span>, <span>Quesque and Rossetti, 2020</span>) and, instead, might be related to tasks of general cognitive ability (<span>Coyle, Elpers, Gonzalez, Freeman, & Baggio, 2018</span>). This hinders the interpretation of experimental findings and puts into question the validity of the ToM construct. The current study is the first psychometric assessment of the structure of ToM to date. Comparing ToM to crystallized intelligence (Gc) and fluid intelligence (Gf), the study aims to (a) understand whether ToM should be considered a monolithic ability and (b) explore whether tasks of ToM adequately assess ToM, above and beyond general cognitive ability. For this, confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and exploratory network analysis (NMA) were conducted. The results of the models largely point to the same conclusion: while ToM tasks are not merely assessing cognitive ability, they are not purely assessing a single ToM construct either. Importantly, these findings align with recent theoretical accounts proposing that ToM should not be considered a monolithic construct (<span>Quesque and Rossetti, 2020</span>, <span>Schaafsma et al., 2015</span>, <span>Devaine et al., 2014</span>), and should instead be explored and measured as multiple domains.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 101495"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028522000329/pdfft?md5=836f0d5531c179da5f05b0ebf8d59522&pid=1-s2.0-S0010028522000329-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40398103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Strategy selection in decisions from givens: Deciding at a glance? 给定决策中的策略选择:一眼决定?

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101483

Thorsten Pachur

{"title":"Strategy selection in decisions from givens: Deciding at a glance?","authors":"Thorsten Pachur","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>People deciding between alternatives have at their disposal a toolbox containing both compensatory strategies, which take into account all available attributes of those alternatives, and noncompensatory strategies, which consider only some of the attributes. It is commonly assumed that noncompensatory strategies play only a minor role in </span><em>decisions from givens</em><span>, where attribute information is openly presented, because all attributes can be processed automatically “at a glance.” Based on a literature review, however, I establish that previous studies on strategy selection in decisions from givens have yielded highly heterogeneous findings, including evidence of widespread use of noncompensatory strategies. Drawing on insights from visual attention research on subitizing, I argue that this heterogeneity might be due to differences across studies in the number of attributes and in whether the same or different symbols are used to represent high/low attribute values across attributes. I tested the impact of these factors in two experiments with decisions from givens in which both the number of attributes shown for each alternative and the coding of attribute values was manipulated. An analysis of participants’ strategy use with a Bayesian multimethod approach (taking into account both decisions and response-time patterns) showed that a noncompensatory strategy was more frequently selected in conditions with a higher number of attributes; the type of attribute coding scheme did not affect strategy selection. Using a compensatory strategy in the conditions with eight (vs. four) attributes was associated with rather long response times and a high rate of strategy execution errors. The results suggest that decisions from givens can incur cognitive costs that prohibit reliance on automatic compensatory decision making and that can favor the adaptive selection of a noncompensatory strategy.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 101483"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44580859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Motivation improves working memory by two processes: Prioritisation and retrieval thresholds 动机通过两个过程改善工作记忆:优先排序和检索阈值

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101472

John P. Grogan , Govind Randhawa , Minho Kim , Sanjay G. Manohar

{"title":"Motivation improves working memory by two processes: Prioritisation and retrieval thresholds","authors":"John P. Grogan , Govind Randhawa , Minho Kim , Sanjay G. Manohar","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Motivation can improve performance when the potential rewards outweigh the cost of effort expended. In working memory (WM), people can prioritise rewarded items at the expense of unrewarded items, suggesting a fixed memory capacity. But can capacity itself change with motivation? Across four experiments (N = 30–34) we demonstrate motivational improvements in WM even when <em>all</em> items were rewarded. However, this was not due to better memory precision, but rather better selection of the probed item within memory. Motivational improvements operated independently of encoding, maintenance, or attention shifts between items in memory. Moreover, motivation slowed responses. This contrasted with the benefits of rewarding items unequally, which allowed prioritisation of one item over another. We conclude that motivation can improve memory recall, not via precision or capacity, but via speed-accuracy trade-offs when selecting the item to retrieve.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 101472"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001002852200010X/pdfft?md5=c7bff394b0f9a3286f01fdad650d1cb4&pid=1-s2.0-S001002852200010X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41607918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

The development of reasoning by exclusion in infancy 排斥:在婴儿期通过排斥来发展推理能力

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101473

Roman Feiman , Shilpa Mody , Susan Carey

引用次数: 11

Distinct but correlated latent factors support the regulation of learned conflict-control and task-switching 不同但相关的潜在因素支持习得性冲突控制和任务转换的调节

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101474

Christina Bejjani , Rick H. Hoyle , Tobias Egner

{"title":"Distinct but correlated latent factors support the regulation of learned conflict-control and task-switching","authors":"Christina Bejjani , Rick H. Hoyle , Tobias Egner","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Cognitive control</em> is guided by learning, as people adjust control to meet changing task demands. The two best-studied instances of “control-learning” are the enhancement of attentional task focus in response to increased frequencies of incongruent distracter stimuli, reflected in the list-wide proportion congruent (LWPC) effect, and the enhancement of switch-readiness in response to increased frequencies of task switches, reflected in the list-wide proportion switch (LWPS) effect. However, the latent architecture underpinning these adaptations in cognitive stability and flexibility – specifically, whether there is a single, domain-general, or multiple, domain-specific learners – is currently not known. To reveal the underlying structure of control-learning, we had a large sample of participants (<em>N</em><span> = 950) perform LWPC and LWPS paradigms, and afterwards assessed their explicit awareness of the task manipulations, as well as general cognitive ability and motivation. Structural equation modeling<span> was used to evaluate several preregistered models representing different plausible hypotheses concerning the latent structure of control-learning. Task performance replicated standard LWPC and LWPS effects. Crucially, the model that best fit the data had correlated domain- and context-specific latent factors. Thus, people’s ability to adapt their on-task focus and between-task switch-readiness to changing levels of demand was mediated by distinct (though correlated) underlying factors. Model fit remained good when accounting for speed-accuracy trade-offs, variance in individual cognitive ability and self-reported motivation, as well as self-reported explicit awareness of manipulations and the order in which different levels of demand were experienced. Implications of these results for the cognitive architecture of dynamic cognitive control are discussed.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 101474"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9554451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Patterns in CAOSS: Distributed representations predict variation in relational interpretations for familiar and novel compound words CAOSS中的模式:分布式表示预测了熟悉和新复合词关系解释的变化

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101471

Fritz Günther , Marco Marelli

{"title":"Patterns in CAOSS: Distributed representations predict variation in relational interpretations for familiar and novel compound words","authors":"Fritz Günther , Marco Marelli","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>While distributional semantic models that represent word meanings as high-dimensional vectors induced from large text corpora have been shown to successfully predict human behavior across a wide range of tasks, they have also received criticism from different directions. These include concerns over their interpretability (how can numbers specifying abstract, latent dimensions represent meaning?) and their ability to capture variation in meaning (how can a single vector representation capture multiple different interpretations for the same expression?). Here, we demonstrate that semantic vectors can indeed rise up to these challenges, by training a mapping system (a simple linear regression) that predicts inter-individual variation in relational interpretations for compounds such as </span><em>wood brush</em> (for example <em>brush FOR wood</em>, or <em>brush MADE OF wood</em>) from (compositional) semantic vectors representing the meanings of these compounds. These predictions consistently beat different random baselines, both for familiar compounds (<em>moon light</em>, Experiment 1) as well as novel compounds (<em>wood brush</em>, Experiment 2), demonstrating that distributional semantic vectors encode variations in qualitative interpretations that can be decoded using techniques as simple as linear regression.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 101471"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44699475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3