Cognitive Psychology最新文献_第8页

A language of thought for the mental representation of geometric shapes 几何图形:对几何形状进行心理表征的思维语言

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101527

Mathias Sablé-Meyer , Kevin Ellis , Josh Tenenbaum , Stanislas Dehaene

{"title":"A language of thought for the mental representation of geometric shapes","authors":"Mathias Sablé-Meyer , Kevin Ellis , Josh Tenenbaum , Stanislas Dehaene","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In various cultures and at all spatial scales, humans produce a rich complexity of geometric shapes such as lines, circles or spirals. Here, we propose that humans possess a language of thought for geometric shapes that can produce line drawings as recursive combinations of a minimal set of geometric primitives. We present a programming language, similar to Logo, that combines discrete numbers and continuous integration to form higher-level structures based on repetition, concatenation and embedding, and we show that the simplest programs in this language generate the fundamental geometric shapes observed in human cultures. On the perceptual side, we propose that shape perception in humans involves searching for the shortest program that correctly draws the image (program induction). A consequence of this framework is that the mental difficulty of remembering a shape should depend on its minimum description length (MDL) in the proposed language. In two experiments, we show that encoding and processing of geometric shapes is well predicted by MDL. Furthermore, our hypotheses predict additive laws for the psychological complexity of repeated, concatenated or embedded shapes, which we confirm experimentally.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 101527"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10615298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Developmental trajectories of delay discounting from childhood to young adulthood: longitudinal associations and test-retest reliability 儿童期到青年期延迟折扣的发展轨迹:纵向关联和重测信度

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101518

Samuel D. Klein, Paul F. Collins, Monica Luciana

{"title":"Developmental trajectories of delay discounting from childhood to young adulthood: longitudinal associations and test-retest reliability","authors":"Samuel D. Klein, Paul F. Collins, Monica Luciana","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Delay discounting (DD) indexes an individual’s preference for smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards, and is considered a form of cognitive impulsivity. Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that DD peaks in adolescence; longitudinal studies are needed to validate this putative developmental trend, and to determine whether DD assesses a temporary state, or reflects a more stable behavioral trait. In this study, 140 individuals aged 9–23 completed a delay discounting (DD) task and cognitive battery at baseline and every-two years thereafter, yielding five assessments over approximately 10 years. Models fit with the inverse effect of age best approximated the longitudinal trajectory of two DD measures, hyperbolic discounting (log[<em>k</em>]) and area under the indifference-point curve (AUC). Discounting of future rewards increased rapidly from childhood to adolescence and appeared to plateau in late adolescence for both models of DD. Participants with greater verbal intelligence and working memory displayed reduced DD across the duration of the study, suggesting a functional interrelationship between these domains and DD from early adolescence to adulthood. Furthermore, AUC demonstrated good to excellent reliability across assessment points that was superior to log(<em>k</em>), with both measures demonstrating acceptable stability once participants reached late adolescence. The developmental trajectories of DD we observed from childhood through young adulthood suggest that DD may index cognitive control more than reward sensitivity, and that despite modest developmental changes with maturation, AUC may be conceptualized as a trait variable related to cognitive control vs impulsivity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 101518"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10744581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

How “is” shapes “ought” for folk-biological concepts 形状在民间生物学概念中的“应该”是怎样的

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101507

Emily Foster-Hanson, Tania Lombrozo

{"title":"How “is” shapes “ought” for folk-biological concepts","authors":"Emily Foster-Hanson, Tania Lombrozo","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Knowing which features are frequent among a biological kind (e.g., that most zebras have stripes) shapes people’s representations of what category members are like (e.g., that typical zebras have stripes) and normative judgments about what they ought to be like (e.g., that zebras should have stripes). In the current work, we ask if people’s inclination to explain <em>why</em> features are frequent is a key mechanism through which what “is” shapes beliefs about what “ought” to be. Across four studies (<em>N</em> = 591), we find that frequent features are often explained by appeal to feature function (e.g., that stripes are for camouflage), that functional explanations in turn shape judgments of typicality, and that functional explanations and typicality both predict normative judgments that category members ought to have functional features. We also identify the causal assumptions that license inferences from feature frequency and function, as well as the nature of the normative inferences that are drawn: by specifying an instrumental goal (e.g., camouflage), functional explanations establish a basis for normative evaluation. These findings shed light on how and why our representations of how the natural world <em>is</em> shape our judgments of how it <em>ought</em> to be.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 101507"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10608023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integrated diffusion models for distance effects in number memory 数字记忆中距离效应的综合扩散模型

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101516

Roger Ratcliff

{"title":"Integrated diffusion models for distance effects in number memory","authors":"Roger Ratcliff","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>I evaluated three models for the representation of numbers in memory. These were integrated with the diffusion decision model to explain accuracy and response time (RT) data from a recognition memory experiment in which the stimuli were two-digit numbers. The integrated models accounted for distance/confusability effects: when a test number was numerically close to a studied number, accuracy was lower and RTs were longer than when a test number was numerically far from a studied number. For two of the models, the representations of numbers are distributed over number (with Gaussian or exponential distributions) and the overlap between the distributions of a studied number and a test number provides the evidence (drift rate) on which a decision is made. For the third, the exponential gradient model, drift rate is an exponential function of the numerical distance between studied and test numbers. The exponential gradient model fit the data slightly better than the two overlap models. Monte Carlo simulations showed that the variability in the important parameter estimates from fitting data collected over 30–40 min is smaller than the variability among individuals, allowing differences among individuals to be studied. A second experiment compared number memory and number discrimination tasks and results showed different distance effects. Number memory had an exponential-like distance-effect and number discrimination had a linear function which shows radically different representations drive the two tasks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 101516"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10374944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The quest for simplicity in human learning: Identifying the constraints on attention 人类学习中对简单性的追求:识别注意力的限制

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101508

Matthew Galdo, Emily R. Weichart, Vladimir M. Sloutsky, Brandon M. Turner

引用次数: 1

MEM-EX: An exemplar memory model of decisions from experience meme - ex:经验决策的典型记忆模型

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101517

Jared M. Hotaling , Chris Donkin , Andreas Jarvstad , Ben R. Newell

{"title":"MEM-EX: An exemplar memory model of decisions from experience","authors":"Jared M. Hotaling , Chris Donkin , Andreas Jarvstad , Ben R. Newell","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Many real-world decisions must be made on basis of experienced outcomes. However, there is little consensus about the mechanisms by which people make these decisions from experience (DfE). Across five experiments, we identified several factors influencing DfE. We also introduce a novel computational modeling framework, the <em>memory for exemplars model</em><span> (MEM-EX), which posits that decision makers rely on memory for previously experienced outcomes to make choices. Using MEM-EX, we demonstrate how cognitive mechanisms provide intuitive and parsimonious explanations for the effects of value-ignorance, salience, outcome order, and sample size. We also conduct a cross-validation analysis of several models within the MEM-EX framework. We compare these to three alternative models; two baseline models built on the principle of expected value maximization, and another employing a suite of choice methods previously shown to perform well in prediction tournaments. We find that MEM-EX consistently outperforms these competitors, demonstrating its value as a tool for making quantitative predictions without overfitting. We discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of the interplay between attention, memory, and experience-based choice.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 101517"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40363062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Inductive biases in theory-based reinforcement learning 基于理论的强化学习中的归纳偏差

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101509

Thomas Pouncy , Samuel J. Gershman

{"title":"Inductive biases in theory-based reinforcement learning","authors":"Thomas Pouncy , Samuel J. Gershman","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Understanding the inductive biases that allow humans to learn in complex environments has been an important goal of cognitive science. Yet, while we have discovered much about human biases in specific learning domains, much of this research has focused on simple tasks that lack the complexity of the real world. In contrast, video games involving agents and objects embedded in richly structured systems provide an experimentally tractable proxy for real-world complexity. Recent work has suggested that key aspects of human learning in domains like video games can be captured by model-based reinforcement learning (RL) with object-oriented relational models—what we term </span><em>theory-based RL</em>. Restricting the model class in this way provides an inductive bias that dramatically increases learning efficiency, but in this paper we show that humans employ a stronger set of biases in addition to syntactic constraints on the structure of theories. In particular, we catalog a set of semantic biases that constrain the content of theories. Building these semantic biases into a theory-based RL system produces more human-like learning in video game environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 101509"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33479570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Algorithms of adaptation in inductive inference 归纳推理中的自适应算法

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101506

Jan-Philipp Fränken , Nikos C. Theodoropoulos , Neil R. Bramley

{"title":"Algorithms of adaptation in inductive inference","authors":"Jan-Philipp Fränken , Nikos C. Theodoropoulos , Neil R. Bramley","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We investigate the idea that human concept inference utilizes local adaptive search within a compositional mental theory space. To explore this, we study human judgments in a challenging task that involves actively gathering evidence about a symbolic rule governing the behavior of a simulated environment. Participants learn by performing mini-experiments before making generalizations and explicit guesses about a hidden rule. They then collect additional evidence themselves (Experiment 1) or observe evidence gathered by someone else (Experiment 2) before revising their own generalizations and guesses. In each case, we focus on the relationship between participants’ <em>initial</em> and <em>revised</em> guesses about the hidden rule concept. We find an order effect whereby revised guesses are anchored to idiosyncratic elements of the earlier guess. To explain this pattern, we develop a family of process accounts that combine program induction ideas with local (MCMC-like) adaptation mechanisms. A particularly local variant of this adaptive account captures participants’ hypothesis revisions better than a range of alternative explanations. We take this as suggestive that people deal with the inherent complexity of concept inference partly through use of local adaptive search in a latent compositional theory space.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 101506"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028522000421/pdfft?md5=0f1fd62e031ac8b7bcc738666a805983&pid=1-s2.0-S0010028522000421-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40548785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Swap errors in visual working memory are fully explained by cue-feature variability 视觉工作记忆中的交换错误完全可以用线索特征变异性来解释

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101493

Jessica M.V. McMaster, Ivan Tomić, Sebastian Schneegans, Paul M. Bays

{"title":"Swap errors in visual working memory are fully explained by cue-feature variability","authors":"Jessica M.V. McMaster, Ivan Tomić, Sebastian Schneegans, Paul M. Bays","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In cue-based recall from working memory, incorrectly reporting features of an uncued item may be referred to as a “swap” error. One account of these errors ascribes them to variability in memory for the cue features leading to erroneous selection of a non-target item, especially if it is similar to the target in the cue-feature dimension. However, alternative accounts of swap errors include cue-independent misbinding, and strategic guessing when the cued item is not in memory. Here we investigated the cause of swap errors by manipulating the variability with which either cue or report features (orientations in Exp 1; motion directions in Exp 2) were encoded. We found that swap errors increased with increasing variability in memory for the cue features, and their changing frequency could be quantitatively predicted based on recall variability when the same feature was used for report. These results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that swaps are a strategic response to forgotten items, and suggest that swap errors could be wholly accounted for by confusions due to cue-dimension variability. In a third experiment we examined whether spatial configuration of memory arrays in tasks with spatial cueing has an influence on swap error frequency. We observed a specific tendency to make swap errors to non-targets located precisely opposite to the cued location, suggesting that stimulus positions are partially encoded in a non-metric format.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 101493"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7613075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40575635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

An instance-based model account of the benefits of varied practice in visuomotor skill 一个基于实例的模型，说明各种视觉运动技能练习的好处

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101491

Thomas E. Gorman, Robert L. Goldstone

引用次数: 0