Cognitive Psychology最新文献

Building compressed causal models of the world 建立世界的压缩因果模型

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101682

{"title":"Building compressed causal models of the world","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A given causal system can be represented in a variety of ways. How do agents determine which variables to include in their causal representations, and at what level of granularity? Using techniques from Bayesian networks, information theory, and decision theory, we develop a formal theory according to which causal representations reflect a trade-off between compression and informativeness, where the optimal trade-off depends on the decision-theoretic value of information for a given agent in a given context. This theory predicts that, all else being equal, agents prefer causal models that are as compressed as possible. When compression is associated with information loss, however, all else is not equal, and our theory predicts that agents will favor compressed models only when the information they sacrifice is not informative with respect to the agent’s anticipated decisions. We then show, across six studies reported here (<em>N</em>=2,364) and one study reported in the supplemental materials (N=182), that participants’ preferences over causal models are in keeping with the predictions of our theory. Our theory offers a unification of different dimensions of causal evaluation identified within the philosophy of science (proportionality and stability), and contributes to a more general picture of human cognition according to which the capacity to create compressed (causal) representations plays a central role.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142479847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Doing things efficiently: Testing an account of why simple explanations are satisfying 高效做事：测试简单解释令人满意的原因。

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101692

引用次数: 0

Perceptual inference corrects function word errors in reading: Errors that are not noticed do not disrupt eye movements 感知推理可纠正阅读中的功能词错误：未注意到的错误不会干扰眼球运动

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101691

{"title":"Perceptual inference corrects function word errors in reading: Errors that are not noticed do not disrupt eye movements","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101691","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101691","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Both everyday experience and laboratory research demonstrate that readers often fail to notice errors such as an omitted or repeated function word. This phenomenon challenges central tenets of reading and sentence processing models, according to which each word is lexically processed and incrementally integrated into a syntactic representation. One solution would propose that apparent failure to notice such errors reflects post-perceptual inference; the reader does initially perceive the error, but then unconsciously ’corrects’ the perceived string. Such a post-perceptual account predicts that when readers fail to explicitly notice an error, the error will nevertheless disrupt reading, at least fleetingly. We present a large-scale eyetracking experiment investigating whether disruption is detectable in the eye movement record when readers fail to notice an omitted or repeated two-letter function word in naturalistic sentences. Readers failed to notice both omission and repetition errors over 36% of the time. In an analysis that included all trials, both omission and repetition resulted in pronounced eye movement disruption, compared to reading of grammatical control sentences. But in an analysis including only trials on which readers failed to notice the errors, neither type of error disrupted eye movements on any measure. Indeed, there was evidence in some measures that reading was relatively fast on the trials on which errors were missed. It does not appear that when an error is not consciously noticed, it is initially perceived, and then later corrected; rather, linguistic knowledge influences what the reader perceives.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142230119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Direct lexical control of eye movements in Chinese reading: Evidence from the co-registration of EEG and eye tracking 中文阅读中眼球运动的直接词汇控制：来自脑电图和眼动跟踪共同注册的证据

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101683

{"title":"Direct lexical control of eye movements in Chinese reading: Evidence from the co-registration of EEG and eye tracking","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101683","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101683","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The <em>direct-lexical-control hypothesis</em> stipulates that some aspect of a word’s processing determines the duration of the fixation on that word and/or the next. Although the direct lexical control is incorporated into most current models of eye-movement control in reading, the precise implementation varies and the assumptions of the hypothesis may not be feasible given that lexical processing must occur rapidly enough to influence fixation durations. Conclusive empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis is therefore lacking. In this article, we report the results of an eye-tracking experiment using the boundary paradigm in which native speakers of Chinese read sentences in which target words were either high- or low-frequency and preceded by a valid or invalid preview. Eye movements were co-registered with electroencephalography, allowing standard analyses of eye-movement measures, divergence point analyses of fixation-duration distributions, and fixated-related potentials on the target words. These analyses collectively provide strong behavioral and neural evidence of early lexical processing and thus strong support for the direct-lexical-control hypothesis. We discuss the implications of the findings for our understanding of how the hypothesis might be implemented, the neural systems that support skilled reading, and the nature of eye-movement control in the reading of Chinese versus alphabetic scripts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142095702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ethical choice reversals 伦理选择逆转。

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101672

{"title":"Ethical choice reversals","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101672","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101672","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding the systematic ways that human decision making departs from normative principles has been important in the development of cognitive theory across multiple decision domains. We focus here on whether such seemingly “irrational” decisions occur in <em>ethical</em> decisions that impose difficult tradeoffs between the welfare and interests of different individuals or groups. Across three sets of experiments and in multiple decision scenarios, we provide clear evidence that <em>contextual choice reversals</em> arise in multiples types of ethical choice settings, in just the way that they do in other domains ranging from economic gambles to perceptual judgments (Trueblood et al., 2013; Wedell, 1991). Specifically, we find within-participant evidence for <em>attraction effects</em> in which choices between two options systematically vary as a function of features of a third dominated and unchosen option—a <em>prima facie</em> violation of rational choice axioms that demand consistency. Unlike economic gambles and most domains in which such effects have been studied, many of our ethical scenarios involve features that are not presented numerically, and features for which there is no clear majority-endorsed ranking. We provide empirical evidence and a novel modeling analysis based on individual differences of feature rankings within attributes to show that such individual variations partly explains observed variation in the attraction effects. We conclude by discussing how recent computational analyses of attraction effects may provide a basis for understanding how the observed patterns of choices reflect boundedly rational decision processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028524000434/pdfft?md5=926f8d9e7adc9dcf68b990858a416020&pid=1-s2.0-S0010028524000434-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141908213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Disentangling the roles of age and knowledge in early language acquisition: A fine-grained analysis of the vocabularies of infant and child language learners 厘清年龄和知识在早期语言习得中的作用：对婴儿和儿童语言学习者词汇的精细分析。

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101681

{"title":"Disentangling the roles of age and knowledge in early language acquisition: A fine-grained analysis of the vocabularies of infant and child language learners","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The words that children learn change over time in predictable ways. The first words that infants acquire are generally ones that are both frequent and highly imageable. Older infants also learn words that are more abstract and some that are less common. It is unclear whether this pattern is attributable to maturational factors (i.e., younger children lack sufficiently developed cognitive faculties needed to learn abstract words) or linguistic factors (i.e., younger children lack sufficient knowledge of their language to use grammatical or contextual cues needed to figure out the meaning of more abstract words). The present study explores this question by comparing vocabulary acquisition in 53 preschool-aged children (M = 51 months, range = 30–76 months) who were adopted from China and Eastern Europe after two and half years of age and 53 vocabulary-matched infant controls born and raised in English speaking families in North America (M = 24 months, range = 16–33 months). Vocabulary was assessed using the MB-CDI Words and Sentences form, word frequency was estimated from the CHILDES database, and imageability was measured using adult ratings of how easily words could be pictured mentally. Both groups were more likely to know words that were both highly frequent and imageable (resulting in an over-additive interaction). Knowledge of a word was also independently affected by the syntactic category that it belongs to. Adopted preschoolers’ vocabulary was slightly less affected by imageability. These findings were replicated in a comparison with a larger sample of vocabulary-matched controls drawn from the MB-CDI norming study (<em>M</em> = 22 months, range = 16–30 months; 33 girls). These results suggest that the patterns of acquisition in children’s early vocabulary are primarily driven by the accrual of linguistic knowledge, but that vocabulary may also be affected by differences in early life experiences or conceptual knowledge.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How infants predict respect-based power 婴儿如何预测基于尊重的权力

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101671

引用次数: 0

Recruitment of magnitude representations to understand graded words 利用量级表征来理解分级词。

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101673

{"title":"Recruitment of magnitude representations to understand graded words","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Language understanding and mathematics understanding are two fundamental forms of human thinking. Prior research has largely focused on the question of how language shapes mathematical thinking. The current study considers the converse question. Specifically, it investigates whether the magnitude representations that are thought to anchor understanding of number are also recruited to understand the meanings of graded words. These are words that come in scales (e.g., <em>Anger</em>) whose members can be ordered by the degree to which they possess the defining property (e.g., <em>calm</em>, <em>annoyed</em>, <em>angry</em>, <em>furious</em>). Experiment 1 uses the comparison paradigm to find evidence that the distance, ratio, and boundary effects that are taken as evidence of the recruitment of magnitude representations extend from numbers to words. Experiment 2 uses a similarity rating paradigm and multi-dimensional scaling to find converging evidence for these effects in graded word understanding. Experiment 3 evaluates an alternative hypothesis – that these effects for graded words simply reflect the statistical structure of the linguistic environment – by using machine learning models of distributional word semantics: LSA, word2vec, GloVe, counterfitted word vectors, BERT, RoBERTa, and GPT-2. These models fail to show the full pattern of effects observed of humans in Experiment 2, suggesting that more is needed than mere statistics. This research paves the way for further investigations of the role of magnitude representations in sentence and text comprehension, and of the question of whether language understanding and number understanding draw on shared or independent magnitude representations. It also informs the role of machine learning models in cognitive psychology research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141879798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Task imprinting: Another mechanism of representational change? 任务印记：表象变化的另一种机制？

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101670

Mirko Thalmann , Theo A.J. Schäfer , Stephanie Theves , Christian F. Doeller , Eric Schulz

{"title":"Task imprinting: Another mechanism of representational change?","authors":"Mirko Thalmann , Theo A.J. Schäfer , Stephanie Theves , Christian F. Doeller , Eric Schulz","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research from several areas suggests that mental representations adapt to the specific tasks we carry out in our environment. In this study, we propose a mechanism of adaptive representational change, <em>task imprinting</em>. Thereby, we introduce a computational model, which portrays task imprinting as an adaptation to specific task goals via selective storage of helpful representations in long-term memory. We test the main qualitative prediction of the model in four behavioral experiments using healthy young adults as participants. In each experiment, we assess participants’ baseline representations in the beginning of the experiment, then expose participants to one of two tasks intended to shape representations differently according to our model, and finally assess any potential change in representations. Crucially, the tasks used to measure representations differ in the amount that strategic, judgmental processes play a role. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 allow us to exclude the option that representations used in more perceptual tasks become biased categorically. The results of Experiment 4 make it likely that people strategically decide given the specific task context whether they use categorical information or not. One signature of representational change was however observed: category learning practice increased the perceptual sensitivity over and above mere exposure to the same stimuli.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028524000410/pdfft?md5=af7b0524f6fb619e19c3f608734457b2&pid=1-s2.0-S0010028524000410-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141602082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The fusion point of temporal binding: Promises and perils of multisensory accounts 时间绑定的融合点：多感官账户的承诺与危险

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101662

Annika L. Klaffehn , Oliver Herbort , Roland Pfister

{"title":"The fusion point of temporal binding: Promises and perils of multisensory accounts","authors":"Annika L. Klaffehn , Oliver Herbort , Roland Pfister","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Performing an action to initiate a consequence in the environment triggers the perceptual illusion of temporal binding. This phenomenon entails that actions and following effects are perceived to occur closer in time than they do outside the action-effect relationship. Here we ask whether temporal binding can be explained in terms of multisensory integration, by assuming either multisensory fusion or partial integration of the two events. We gathered two datasets featuring a wide range of action-effect delays as a key factor influencing integration. We then tested the fit of a computational model for multisensory integration, the statistically optimal cue integration (SOCI) model. Indeed, qualitative aspects of the data on a group-level followed the principles of a multisensory account. By contrast, quantitative evidence from a comprehensive model evaluation indicated that temporal binding cannot be reduced to multisensory integration. Rather, multisensory integration should be seen as one of several component processes underlying temporal binding on an individual level.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028524000331/pdfft?md5=618f770b916a33a013d847542c6483a0&pid=1-s2.0-S0010028524000331-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141072828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0