Cognitive Psychology最新文献

Decision making under extinction risk 灭绝风险下的决策

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101735

Maximilian Maier , Adam J.L. Harris , David Kellen , Henrik Singmann

{"title":"Decision making under extinction risk","authors":"Maximilian Maier , Adam J.L. Harris , David Kellen , Henrik Singmann","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In everyday life, people routinely make decisions that involve irredeemable risks such as death (e.g., while driving). Even though these decisions under extinction risk are common, practically important, and have different properties compared to the types of decisions typically studied by decision scientists, they have received little research attention. The present work advances the formal understanding of decision making under extinction risk by introducing a novel experimental paradigm, the Extinction Gambling Task (EGT). We derive optimal strategies for three different types of extinction and near-extinction events, and compare them to participants’ choices in three experiments. Leveraging computational modelling to describe strategies at the individual level, we document strengths and shortcomings in participants’ decisions under extinction risk. Specifically, we find that, while participants are relatively good in terms of the qualitative strategies they employ, their decisions are nevertheless affected by loss chasing, scope insensitivity, and opportunity cost neglect. We hope that by formalising decisions under extinction risk and providing a task to study them, this work will facilitate future research on an important topic that has been largely ignored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 101735"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lossy encoding of distributions in judgment under uncertainty 不确定判断中分布的有损编码

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101745

Tadeg Quillien , Neil Bramley , Christopher G. Lucas

引用次数: 0

Retrieving past experiences to inform novel decisions through a process of cascading episodic sampling 通过级联情景抽样的过程来检索过去的经验，为新的决策提供信息

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-06-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101744

Achiel Fenneman , Sarah T. Malamut , Alan G. Sanfey

{"title":"Retrieving past experiences to inform novel decisions through a process of cascading episodic sampling","authors":"Achiel Fenneman , Sarah T. Malamut , Alan G. Sanfey","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We can guide our decisions in novel situations by drawing on our past experiences (episodic memories). While at times we can retrieve relevant episodes via cued recall, other situations may require a process of memory search. But what mechanisms underlie this search? In this work we synthesize six key principles concerning the storage and retrieval of episodic memories, and build on these principles to propose a cognitive mechanism which allows for the retrieval of relevant past experiences through a process of cascading recall. In this process, observing a stimulus triggers the cued recall of a past event. If this memory does not provide sufficient information to warrant a decision, then it next reinstates all the memory’s constituent features. These features then form the inputs to sample an additional memory in a subsequent recall step, which in turn reinstates its own features and so forth. This process continues until a suitable past experience is retrieved. We provide empirical support for key predictions of this cascading process through three online experiments in which participants interacted with unfamiliar stimuli. The results indicate that participants rely on cued recall of similar past experiences (experiment 1), and on indirectly related experiences when cued recall is not informative (experiment 2). Additionally, participants were substantially more likely to retrieve a predicted memory, and did so faster, when relying on cued recall versus cascadizng memory search (experiment 3). We conclude by discussing how this cascading recall process bridges several influential models of memory-based decision-making, as well as offering promising directions for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 101744"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Delay preference in intertemporal choice: Sooner or later OR faster or slower? 跨期选择中的延迟偏好：早或晚，还是快或慢？

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101732

Marc Scholten , Adam Sanborn , Lisheng He , Daniel Read

{"title":"Delay preference in intertemporal choice: Sooner or later OR faster or slower?","authors":"Marc Scholten , Adam Sanborn , Lisheng He , Daniel Read","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101732","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101732","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intertemporal choices are conventionally conceived as decisions about whether to be better off sooner or later. As a reflection of this, most experimental research on the topic has been restricted to choices between single-dated outcomes: One sooner, the other later. Even these decisions, however, can be conceived in a different way: As choices between an option that accumulates faster to its total outcome, and an option that accumulates more slowly to its total outcome. To empirically distinguish between these two interpretations, the experimental design must include options with multiple-dated outcomes, that is, outcome sequences. We report an experiment that includes choices involving outcome sequences as well as choices between single-dated outcomes, where the outcomes are monetary losses, or payments. This design allows us to evaluate a sooner-or-later model and a faster-or-slower model on their ability to predict single-payment choices once calibrated on payment-sequence choices (model generalizability). Moreover, people differ considerably in their preferences for the timing of losses, which we turn to our advantage by evaluating the models on their ability to associate preferences for the timing of multiple payments, as inferred from payment-sequence choices, with preferences for the timing of a single payment, as observed in single-payment choices (parameter generalizability). For that purpose, we develop the classic criteria of convergent validity and discriminant validity in the assessment of construct validity as criteria in the assessment of model validity. The results of a fully Bayesian analysis strongly favored the faster-or-slower model over the sooner-or-later model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 101732"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143906856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Processing spatial cue conflict in navigation: Distance estimation 导航空间线索冲突的处理：距离估计

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101734

Xiaoli Chen , Yingyan Chen , Timothy P. McNamara

{"title":"Processing spatial cue conflict in navigation: Distance estimation","authors":"Xiaoli Chen , Yingyan Chen , Timothy P. McNamara","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spatial navigation involves the use of various cues. This study examined how cue conflict influences navigation by contrasting landmarks and optic flow. Participants estimated spatial distances under different levels of cue conflict: minimal conflict, large conflict, and large conflict with explicit awareness of landmark instability. Whereas increased cue conflict alone had little behavioral impact, adding explicit awareness reduced reliance on landmarks and impaired the precision of spatial localization based on them. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we tested two cognitive models: a Bayesian causal inference (BCI) model and a non-Bayesian sensory disparity model. The BCI model provided a better fit to the data, revealing two independent mechanisms for reduced landmark reliance: increased sensory noise for unstable landmarks and lower weighting of unstable landmarks when landmarks and optic flow were judged to originate from different causes. Surprisingly, increased cue conflict did not decrease the prior belief in a common cause, even when explicit awareness of landmark instability was imposed. Additionally, cue weighting in the same-cause judgment was determined by bottom-up sensory reliability, while in the different-cause judgment, it correlated with participants’ subjective evaluation of cue quality, suggesting a top-down metacognitive influence. The BCI model further identified key factors contributing to suboptimal cue combination in minimal cue conflicts, including the prior belief in a common cause and prior knowledge of the target location. Together, these findings provide critical insights into how navigators resolve conflicting spatial cues and highlight the utility of the BCI model in dissecting cue interaction mechanisms in navigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 101734"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Easy as ABC. Functional-pragmatic factors explain “binding-principle” constraints on pronoun interpretation: Evidence from nine pre-registered rating studies 非常简单。功能语用因素解释代词解释中的“绑定原则”约束：来自9个预注册评级研究的证据

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101733

Liam Blything , Anna Theakston , Silke Brandt , Ben Ambridge

{"title":"Easy as ABC. Functional-pragmatic factors explain “binding-principle” constraints on pronoun interpretation: Evidence from nine pre-registered rating studies","authors":"Liam Blything , Anna Theakston , Silke Brandt , Ben Ambridge","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>How do English-speakers interpret pronouns (e.g., <em>himself, him</em> and <em>he</em>) in sentences such as <em>Samuel told Oliver about himself</em>, <em>Samuel told Oliver about the picture of him</em>, and <em>He was driving home, when Yusuf started coughing</em>? Since the 1980s, patterns of (im)possible pronoun interpretation have been taken as some of the strongest evidence for highly abstract (and possibly innate) grammatical principles. The present set of nine preregistered studies tested an alternative possibility: that listeners’ interpretations are based instead on their functional-pragmatic understanding of what the speaker most likely intended to convey, given both the speaker’s choice of words and the listener’s knowledge about the world. Across all studies, participants’ judgments varied according to the relative real-world event-likelihood of the possible interpretations, to the speaker’s choice of the particular words used to refer to the characters given considerations of topicality (who is the “central character” in the unfolding narrative), and to whether or not other characters had been previously mentioned. Crucially, these factors did not merely nudge participants’ judgments a few percentage points in either direction. In all studies, these functional-pragmatic factors conspired to explain a range of judgments from around 85% SUBJECT (e.g., <em>himself</em>=<em>Samuel</em> for <em>Samuel told Oliver about himself</em>) to 85% OBJECT (e.g., <em>himself</em>= <em>Oliver for Samuel asked Oliver about himself</em>). Thus, while the present findings cannot disprove the existence of formal binding principles, they do suggest that, once discourse-pragmatic factors have been taken into consideration, there may be little remaining for other factors to explain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 101733"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Word order effects in sentence reading 语序对句子阅读的影响

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-02-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101715

Petar Atanasov , Simon P. Liversedge , Federica Degno

{"title":"Word order effects in sentence reading","authors":"Petar Atanasov , Simon P. Liversedge , Federica Degno","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The SEAM model (<span><span>Rabe et al., 2024</span></span>) and the OB1-Reader model (<span><span>Snell, van Leipsig, et al., 2018</span></span>) suggest that readers lexically process words in parallel, with the OB1 model further specifying that those words are formed into a sentence-level representation irrespective of their order of presentation. The serial model, E-Z Reader (<span><span>Reichle, 2011</span></span>), in contrast, stipulates that words are identified serially and sequentially. The current eye tracking experiment investigated whether, how frequently, and how rapidly readers detect sentential anomalies arising from word transpositions and ungrammatical sentence final words. We also assessed the consequences in the eye movement record of processing such transpositions and ungrammaticalities to evaluate theoretical claims extrapolated from different eye movement models. This was done via target word pair (transposed vs. non-transposed) and a final word grammaticality (grammatical vs. ungrammatical) experimental manipulations. Readers were better at judging the grammaticality of sentences containing both a word transposition and an ungrammatical final word than those with solely a word transposition. Critically, transposed words caused significant disruption to reading, but not prior to readers fixating the first word of the transposed word pair. Furthermore, an ungrammatical sentence-final word attracted readers’ fixations and caused increased re-reading in the absence of a word transposition compared to when it was preceded by a transposed word pair. Together the results show the importance of canonical word order for natural undisrupted reading and question claims for parallel lexical identification in relation to eye movement control during reading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 101715"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimal allocation of time in risky choices under opportunity costs 机会成本下风险选择中的时间最优分配。

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101716

Sebastian Olschewski , Timothy L. Mullett , Neil Stewart

{"title":"Optimal allocation of time in risky choices under opportunity costs","authors":"Sebastian Olschewski , Timothy L. Mullett , Neil Stewart","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In economic decision-making there is a trade-off between deliberation time to make a good decision and opportunity costs of other rewarding activities. Recent theories describe how the optimal strategy of evidence accumulation for this problem depends on the environment. If the utility difference between two options is known a priori, but not the identity of the better option, decision-makers should accumulate evidence according to a drift diffusion model with constant decision boundaries. If this difference is unknown beforehand, collapsing boundaries should be used. The exact position of the boundaries depends on the opportunity costs. In two experiments, we examined whether people can adaptively adjust their decision bounds. Participants rated and chose between risky lotteries, while we varied prior information about the utility difference. We also varied opportunity costs, by imposing time limits on task blocks. We found that participants used collapsing boundaries in all examined conditions, even in those where constant boundaries would have been optimal. This means they reduced their target strength of evidence during the choice process, even when they should not. In contrast, participants were sensitive to opportunity costs, deciding faster when choice time was more costly. In sum, people adapted to opportunity costs but not to prior information about utility differences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 101716"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143076340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Updating of information in working memory: Time course and consequences 工作记忆中的信息更新：时间过程和后果。

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101702

Chenyu Li, Gidon T. Frischkorn, Klaus Oberauer

{"title":"Updating of information in working memory: Time course and consequences","authors":"Chenyu Li, Gidon T. Frischkorn, Klaus Oberauer","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Working memory updating is the process that replaces outdated content in working memory by new content. This requires removing outdated information and encoding new information. It is still unclear whether removal and encoding run sequentially or simultaneously. We explored this question in two experiments investigating the time course of removal and encoding and their consequences for the functioning of working memory. The updating task we used involved three phases: the initial encoding, the processing, and the retrieval phase. Across four conditions, we manipulated whether the processing phase involved encoding, removal, neither, or both (i.e., updating). In Experiment 1, processing time was self-paced, and we measured processing times in each condition. In Experiment 2, we measured accuracy as a function of available processing time. After the processing, participants were asked to recall the final item for each position in the retrieval phase. In combination, the results of the two experiments show that the time required for updating was shorter than the sum of encoding and removal time. Moreover, it was nearly the same as the time taken for either the encoding or removal process, indicating that encoding and removal are concurrent processes during updating. Additionally, we analyzed the proportion of correct responses and of different error types with a memory measurement model to investigate the effects of encoding and removal for information held in working memory. The analysis revealed that removal involves unbinding the outdated information from its context. However, despite the weakened bindings of information to its initial context, the outdated information still remains activated in working memory. Other information held in working memory benefitted little from removal of outdated information.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 101702"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

In the United States, children are more likely than adults to condone discrimination 在美国，儿童比成年人更容易容忍歧视。

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101703

Vivian Liu, Andrei Cimpian

{"title":"In the United States, children are more likely than adults to condone discrimination","authors":"Vivian Liu, Andrei Cimpian","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Discriminatory acts (i.e., harmful acts motivated by the victim’s group membership) have outsized consequences for the victim and for society relative to similar harms committed for other reasons. Here, we investigated the development of children’s evaluations of discrimination. Specifically, we asked whether children in the U.S., like adults, perceive discriminatory acts as distinctly harmful—that is, more harmful than identical acts that are not motivated by the victim’s membership in a particular group. Across 4 studies, we examined children’s (<em>N</em> = 588; ages 4–9 years) and adults’ (<em>N</em> = 623) perceptions of discriminatory acts versus identical acts motivated by other, personal reasons (Studies 1 and 2). In contrast to adults, children—particularly younger ones—rated the discriminatory acts as <em>least</em> harmful. In addition, whereas adults rated discrimination motivated by the victim’s membership in an unfamiliar social category (similar to gender or race) as more harmful than discrimination motivated by membership in an unfamiliar task-based group (a sports team), children did not (Study 3). Finally, both adults and older (but not younger) children rated discrimination against a member of a lower-status (vs. equal-status) group as more harmful (Study 4). These findings advance theory on the development of sociomoral cognition and provide new insight into how children perceive instances of discrimination and bias in their everyday lives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 101703"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142808551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0