Cognitive Psychology最新文献

The psychophysics of compositionality: Relational scene perception occurs in a canonical order 组合性的心理物理学：关系场景感知以规范顺序发生

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101765

Zekun Sun , Chaz Firestone , Alon Hafri

{"title":"The psychophysics of compositionality: Relational scene perception occurs in a canonical order","authors":"Zekun Sun , Chaz Firestone , Alon Hafri","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We see not only objects and their features (e.g., glass vases or wooden tables) but also relations between them (e.g., a vase on a table). An emerging view accounts for such relational representations by positing that visual perception is compositional: Much like language, where words combine to form phrases and sentences, many visual representations contain discrete constituents that combine systematically. This perspective raises a fundamental question: What principles guide the composition of relational representations, and how are they built over time? Here, we tested the hypothesis that the mind constructs relational representations in a canonical order. Inspired by a distinction from cognitive linguistics, we predicted that ‘reference’ objects (typically large, stable, and able to physically control other objects; e.g., tables) take precedence over ‘figure’ objects (e.g., vases) during scene composition. In Experiment 1, participants who arranged items to match linguistic descriptions (e.g., “The vase is on the table”, “The table is supporting the vase”) consistently placed reference objects first (e.g., table, then vase). Experiments 2–5 extended these findings to visual recognition itself: participants were faster to verify scene descriptions when reference objects appeared before figure objects in a scene, rather than vice versa. This Reference-first advantage emerged rapidly (within 100 ms), persisted in a purely visual task, and reflected abstract principles (e.g., physical forces) beyond simple differences in size or shape. Our findings reveal psychophysical principles underlying compositionality in visual processing: the mind builds representations of object relations sequentially, guided by the objects’ roles in those relations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 101765"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Forest before trees? It depends on not only what you see, but also what you hear 森林先于树木？这不仅取决于你所看到的，也取决于你所听到的

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101764

Xiaoyu Tang , Haoming Liu , Heming Zhang , Yufeng He , Xinzhong Cui , Wanlong Liu , Yan Sun , Jiaying Sun , Jing Fu

{"title":"Forest before trees? It depends on not only what you see, but also what you hear","authors":"Xiaoyu Tang , Haoming Liu , Heming Zhang , Yufeng He , Xinzhong Cui , Wanlong Liu , Yan Sun , Jiaying Sun , Jing Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Prior researches on global–local processing have focused on hierarchical objects in the visual modality, while the real-world involves multisensory interactions. The present study investigated whether the simultaneous presentation of auditory stimuli influences the recognition of visually hierarchical objects. We added four types of auditory stimuli to the traditional visual hierarchical letters paradigm:no sound (visual-only), a pure tone, a spoken letter that was congruent with the required response (response-congruent), or a spoken letter that was incongruent with it (response-incongruent).The data were modeled using a hierarchical drift–diffusion model (HDDM). In Experiment 1, the participants were asked to discriminate the global or local visual letters accompanied by these sounds. Experiment 2 eliminated the global advantage effect by enlarging stimuli to isolate interference mechanisms. Results revealed that response-incongruent speech attenuated both the global advantage effect and robustly reduced the global interference effect across experiments. HDDM analysis demonstrated dual-stage modulation: 1) Perceptual delays during congruent local trials, indicating attentional capture; 2) Decision-stage disruption during local processing, reflecting impaired evidence accumulation for conflict resolution. Critically, only semantically incongruent speech altered decision dynamics, while pure tones affected only perceptual encoding. This study provides new insights into multisensory interactions, showing how auditory stimuli interfere with visual global local perception through attentional filtering mechanisms at different stages of processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 101764"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerosity adaptation resists filtering: Insights from an illusory contour paradigm 数量适应抵制过滤：来自虚幻轮廓范式的见解

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-08-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101757

Andrea Adriano , Michaël Vande Velde

{"title":"Numerosity adaptation resists filtering: Insights from an illusory contour paradigm","authors":"Andrea Adriano , Michaël Vande Velde","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanisms underlying numerosity perception remain debated, with some theories proposing a dedicated system for segmented items and others suggesting reliance on low-level features like spatial-frequency or texture-density. Numerosity adaptation—where exposure to one array alters the perceived numerosity of a subsequent one—has been interpreted as evidence for a numerosity-specific mechanism. However, recent accounts argue that this effect may result from filtering previously processed information. To clarify the underlying mechanisms, we employed a novel adaptation paradigm using Ehrenstein-based illusory-dots as adaptors and real dots as test stimuli. This design allowed us to dissociate numerosity adaptation from low-level features or filtering, as the number of illusory-dots is negatively correlated with spatial-frequency content and, crucially, adaptors and test stimuli contain completely different items. Contrary to predictions from filtering or texture-based accounts, we found a significant increase in the PSE after adaptation, indicating a genuine numerosity-driven effect. Crucially, the point of maximal RTs uncertainty shifted in the same direction, suggesting sensory rather than decisional effects.</div><div>To corroborate these findings, in a second experiment, participants estimated the numerosity of grids containing either real or Ehrenstein-based illusory dots, presented in connected or unconnected configurations, keeping constant low-level cues between connectedness conditions. Connected items were consistently underestimated—regardless of stimulus type—confirming that Ehrenstein-based illusory dots are perceived as discrete units.</div><div>Together, these results provide strong evidence that numerosity adaptation is not driven by low-level visual features or filtering mechanisms, but by the perceived number of discrete items, supporting the existence of a numerosity-selective system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 101757"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144860483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Conceptualizing cognitive flexibility: Singular versus modular view – Which one holds up? 概念化认知灵活性：单一观点与模块化观点——哪一个更站得住脚？

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101755

Yuval Himai , Eyal Heled

{"title":"Conceptualizing cognitive flexibility: Singular versus modular view – Which one holds up?","authors":"Yuval Himai , Eyal Heled","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cognitive flexibility (CF) refers to the ability to adapt thinking and behavior to new or changing demands. However, conceptions of CF disagree on its structure, whether it is a uniform or a modular ability composed of different subtypes. Within the modular view, it has also been suggested that subtypes are organized in a hierarchical structure, although perspectives regarding this organization are inconsistent. The present study aimed to explore these structural and hierarchical views by comparing a one-factor model to a three-factor model that divides CF into task switching, switching sets, and stimulus–response mapping. Additionally, the study sought to test whether these subtypes are distinct and hierarchically organized, whereby task switching is initially assumed to be the most demanding, and stimulus–response mapping the least challenging. 235 participants (126 women) took part in the study, and performed nine different CF tasks, divided equally among the 3 subtypes. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the one-factor model fit was not adequate in contrast to the three-factor model. The three subtypes were distinct and displayed a hierarchical organization, with switching sets being the most demanding, followed by task switching, which did not differ significantly from stimulus–response mapping. These findings support the modular view of CF, suggesting that it comprises three distinct subtypes. However, the organization of these subtypes should be understood as dynamic, rather than fixed in terms of cognitive demand. This study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of CF as a multidimensional ability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 101755"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144813794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Natural counting and measuring: The role of linguistic and referential cues in determining which quantity is “More” 自然计数和测量：语言和参考线索在确定哪个数量是“更多”中的作用

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-08-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101756

Grace A. Coram , Lance J. Rips

{"title":"Natural counting and measuring: The role of linguistic and referential cues in determining which quantity is “More”","authors":"Grace A. Coram , Lance J. Rips","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When we decide “Which is more?” for groups of physical objects or substances, we compare the groups along a quantitative dimension like numerosity or size. The nature of these comparisons is sometimes unclear, however, because the choice of dimension may be uncertain. To clarify this choice, people can rely on linguistic and referential indicators. One type of clue to the right dimension is a classifier or “quantizer” like “ounces” that appears with “more,” as in “Which has more in ounces?” The studies in this paper look at these quantizer-based comparisons, for the first time in an experimental context, and the extent to which they depend on the comparisons’ referents. Participants answered questions like these for pictures of simple objects that differed independently in their size and number. As expected, response times for their answers show robust effects of the quantizers in directing attention to number or measure. However, the quantizers did not always fully dictate this choice. First, some quantizers (e.g., “more in boxfuls/spoonfuls”) are ambiguous between a reading that emphasizes the number of containers (boxes or spoons) and a reading that emphasizes the measure of their contents. Second, the reading of even unambiguous quantifiers (e.g., “more in cubes”) can be swayed by the referents of the comparison (e.g., “more salt in cubes”). These results suggest that people may begin with a generalized sense of “more” that they narrow in response to the quantizer and the referent, considered in tandem. We offer a mathematical model of how this interpretation takes place.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 101756"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144810276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Decision making under extinction risk 灭绝风险下的决策

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101735

Maximilian Maier , Adam J.L. Harris , David Kellen , Henrik Singmann

{"title":"Decision making under extinction risk","authors":"Maximilian Maier , Adam J.L. Harris , David Kellen , Henrik Singmann","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In everyday life, people routinely make decisions that involve irredeemable risks such as death (e.g., while driving). Even though these decisions under extinction risk are common, practically important, and have different properties compared to the types of decisions typically studied by decision scientists, they have received little research attention. The present work advances the formal understanding of decision making under extinction risk by introducing a novel experimental paradigm, the Extinction Gambling Task (EGT). We derive optimal strategies for three different types of extinction and near-extinction events, and compare them to participants’ choices in three experiments. Leveraging computational modelling to describe strategies at the individual level, we document strengths and shortcomings in participants’ decisions under extinction risk. Specifically, we find that, while participants are relatively good in terms of the qualitative strategies they employ, their decisions are nevertheless affected by loss chasing, scope insensitivity, and opportunity cost neglect. We hope that by formalising decisions under extinction risk and providing a task to study them, this work will facilitate future research on an important topic that has been largely ignored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 101735"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lossy encoding of distributions in judgment under uncertainty 不确定判断中分布的有损编码

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101745

Tadeg Quillien , Neil Bramley , Christopher G. Lucas

引用次数: 0

Retrieving past experiences to inform novel decisions through a process of cascading episodic sampling 通过级联情景抽样的过程来检索过去的经验，为新的决策提供信息

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-06-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101744

Achiel Fenneman , Sarah T. Malamut , Alan G. Sanfey

{"title":"Retrieving past experiences to inform novel decisions through a process of cascading episodic sampling","authors":"Achiel Fenneman , Sarah T. Malamut , Alan G. Sanfey","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We can guide our decisions in novel situations by drawing on our past experiences (episodic memories). While at times we can retrieve relevant episodes via cued recall, other situations may require a process of memory search. But what mechanisms underlie this search? In this work we synthesize six key principles concerning the storage and retrieval of episodic memories, and build on these principles to propose a cognitive mechanism which allows for the retrieval of relevant past experiences through a process of cascading recall. In this process, observing a stimulus triggers the cued recall of a past event. If this memory does not provide sufficient information to warrant a decision, then it next reinstates all the memory’s constituent features. These features then form the inputs to sample an additional memory in a subsequent recall step, which in turn reinstates its own features and so forth. This process continues until a suitable past experience is retrieved. We provide empirical support for key predictions of this cascading process through three online experiments in which participants interacted with unfamiliar stimuli. The results indicate that participants rely on cued recall of similar past experiences (experiment 1), and on indirectly related experiences when cued recall is not informative (experiment 2). Additionally, participants were substantially more likely to retrieve a predicted memory, and did so faster, when relying on cued recall versus cascadizng memory search (experiment 3). We conclude by discussing how this cascading recall process bridges several influential models of memory-based decision-making, as well as offering promising directions for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 101744"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Delay preference in intertemporal choice: Sooner or later OR faster or slower? 跨期选择中的延迟偏好：早或晚，还是快或慢？

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101732

Marc Scholten , Adam Sanborn , Lisheng He , Daniel Read

{"title":"Delay preference in intertemporal choice: Sooner or later OR faster or slower?","authors":"Marc Scholten , Adam Sanborn , Lisheng He , Daniel Read","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101732","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101732","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intertemporal choices are conventionally conceived as decisions about whether to be better off sooner or later. As a reflection of this, most experimental research on the topic has been restricted to choices between single-dated outcomes: One sooner, the other later. Even these decisions, however, can be conceived in a different way: As choices between an option that accumulates faster to its total outcome, and an option that accumulates more slowly to its total outcome. To empirically distinguish between these two interpretations, the experimental design must include options with multiple-dated outcomes, that is, outcome sequences. We report an experiment that includes choices involving outcome sequences as well as choices between single-dated outcomes, where the outcomes are monetary losses, or payments. This design allows us to evaluate a sooner-or-later model and a faster-or-slower model on their ability to predict single-payment choices once calibrated on payment-sequence choices (model generalizability). Moreover, people differ considerably in their preferences for the timing of losses, which we turn to our advantage by evaluating the models on their ability to associate preferences for the timing of multiple payments, as inferred from payment-sequence choices, with preferences for the timing of a single payment, as observed in single-payment choices (parameter generalizability). For that purpose, we develop the classic criteria of convergent validity and discriminant validity in the assessment of construct validity as criteria in the assessment of model validity. The results of a fully Bayesian analysis strongly favored the faster-or-slower model over the sooner-or-later model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 101732"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143906856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Processing spatial cue conflict in navigation: Distance estimation 导航空间线索冲突的处理：距离估计

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101734

Xiaoli Chen , Yingyan Chen , Timothy P. McNamara

{"title":"Processing spatial cue conflict in navigation: Distance estimation","authors":"Xiaoli Chen , Yingyan Chen , Timothy P. McNamara","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2025.101734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spatial navigation involves the use of various cues. This study examined how cue conflict influences navigation by contrasting landmarks and optic flow. Participants estimated spatial distances under different levels of cue conflict: minimal conflict, large conflict, and large conflict with explicit awareness of landmark instability. Whereas increased cue conflict alone had little behavioral impact, adding explicit awareness reduced reliance on landmarks and impaired the precision of spatial localization based on them. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we tested two cognitive models: a Bayesian causal inference (BCI) model and a non-Bayesian sensory disparity model. The BCI model provided a better fit to the data, revealing two independent mechanisms for reduced landmark reliance: increased sensory noise for unstable landmarks and lower weighting of unstable landmarks when landmarks and optic flow were judged to originate from different causes. Surprisingly, increased cue conflict did not decrease the prior belief in a common cause, even when explicit awareness of landmark instability was imposed. Additionally, cue weighting in the same-cause judgment was determined by bottom-up sensory reliability, while in the different-cause judgment, it correlated with participants’ subjective evaluation of cue quality, suggesting a top-down metacognitive influence. The BCI model further identified key factors contributing to suboptimal cue combination in minimal cue conflicts, including the prior belief in a common cause and prior knowledge of the target location. Together, these findings provide critical insights into how navigators resolve conflicting spatial cues and highlight the utility of the BCI model in dissecting cue interaction mechanisms in navigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 101734"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0