Cognitive Psychology最新文献_第2页

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101672

Chenxu Hao , Richard L. Lewis

{"title":"Ethical choice reversals","authors":"Chenxu Hao , Richard L. Lewis","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101672","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101672","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding the systematic ways that human decision making departs from normative principles has been important in the development of cognitive theory across multiple decision domains. We focus here on whether such seemingly “irrational” decisions occur in <em>ethical</em> decisions that impose difficult tradeoffs between the welfare and interests of different individuals or groups. Across three sets of experiments and in multiple decision scenarios, we provide clear evidence that <em>contextual choice reversals</em> arise in multiples types of ethical choice settings, in just the way that they do in other domains ranging from economic gambles to perceptual judgments (Trueblood et al., 2013; Wedell, 1991). Specifically, we find within-participant evidence for <em>attraction effects</em> in which choices between two options systematically vary as a function of features of a third dominated and unchosen option—a <em>prima facie</em> violation of rational choice axioms that demand consistency. Unlike economic gambles and most domains in which such effects have been studied, many of our ethical scenarios involve features that are not presented numerically, and features for which there is no clear majority-endorsed ranking. We provide empirical evidence and a novel modeling analysis based on individual differences of feature rankings within attributes to show that such individual variations partly explains observed variation in the attraction effects. We conclude by discussing how recent computational analyses of attraction effects may provide a basis for understanding how the observed patterns of choices reflect boundedly rational decision processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 101672"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028524000434/pdfft?md5=926f8d9e7adc9dcf68b990858a416020&pid=1-s2.0-S0010028524000434-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141908213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Disentangling the roles of age and knowledge in early language acquisition: A fine-grained analysis of the vocabularies of infant and child language learners 厘清年龄和知识在早期语言习得中的作用：对婴儿和儿童语言学习者词汇的精细分析。

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101681

Joseph R. Coffey, Jesse Snedeker

{"title":"Disentangling the roles of age and knowledge in early language acquisition: A fine-grained analysis of the vocabularies of infant and child language learners","authors":"Joseph R. Coffey, Jesse Snedeker","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The words that children learn change over time in predictable ways. The first words that infants acquire are generally ones that are both frequent and highly imageable. Older infants also learn words that are more abstract and some that are less common. It is unclear whether this pattern is attributable to maturational factors (i.e., younger children lack sufficiently developed cognitive faculties needed to learn abstract words) or linguistic factors (i.e., younger children lack sufficient knowledge of their language to use grammatical or contextual cues needed to figure out the meaning of more abstract words). The present study explores this question by comparing vocabulary acquisition in 53 preschool-aged children (M = 51 months, range = 30–76 months) who were adopted from China and Eastern Europe after two and half years of age and 53 vocabulary-matched infant controls born and raised in English speaking families in North America (M = 24 months, range = 16–33 months). Vocabulary was assessed using the MB-CDI Words and Sentences form, word frequency was estimated from the CHILDES database, and imageability was measured using adult ratings of how easily words could be pictured mentally. Both groups were more likely to know words that were both highly frequent and imageable (resulting in an over-additive interaction). Knowledge of a word was also independently affected by the syntactic category that it belongs to. Adopted preschoolers’ vocabulary was slightly less affected by imageability. These findings were replicated in a comparison with a larger sample of vocabulary-matched controls drawn from the MB-CDI norming study (<em>M</em> = 22 months, range = 16–30 months; 33 girls). These results suggest that the patterns of acquisition in children’s early vocabulary are primarily driven by the accrual of linguistic knowledge, but that vocabulary may also be affected by differences in early life experiences or conceptual knowledge.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 101681"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How infants predict respect-based power 婴儿如何预测基于尊重的权力

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101671

Francesco Margoni , Lotte Thomsen

引用次数: 0

Recruitment of magnitude representations to understand graded words 利用量级表征来理解分级词。

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101673

Sashank Varma , Emily M. Sanford , Vijay Marupudi , Olivia Shaffer , R. Brooke Lea

{"title":"Recruitment of magnitude representations to understand graded words","authors":"Sashank Varma , Emily M. Sanford , Vijay Marupudi , Olivia Shaffer , R. Brooke Lea","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Language understanding and mathematics understanding are two fundamental forms of human thinking. Prior research has largely focused on the question of how language shapes mathematical thinking. The current study considers the converse question. Specifically, it investigates whether the magnitude representations that are thought to anchor understanding of number are also recruited to understand the meanings of graded words. These are words that come in scales (e.g., <em>Anger</em>) whose members can be ordered by the degree to which they possess the defining property (e.g., <em>calm</em>, <em>annoyed</em>, <em>angry</em>, <em>furious</em>). Experiment 1 uses the comparison paradigm to find evidence that the distance, ratio, and boundary effects that are taken as evidence of the recruitment of magnitude representations extend from numbers to words. Experiment 2 uses a similarity rating paradigm and multi-dimensional scaling to find converging evidence for these effects in graded word understanding. Experiment 3 evaluates an alternative hypothesis – that these effects for graded words simply reflect the statistical structure of the linguistic environment – by using machine learning models of distributional word semantics: LSA, word2vec, GloVe, counterfitted word vectors, BERT, RoBERTa, and GPT-2. These models fail to show the full pattern of effects observed of humans in Experiment 2, suggesting that more is needed than mere statistics. This research paves the way for further investigations of the role of magnitude representations in sentence and text comprehension, and of the question of whether language understanding and number understanding draw on shared or independent magnitude representations. It also informs the role of machine learning models in cognitive psychology research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 101673"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141879798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Task imprinting: Another mechanism of representational change? 任务印记：表象变化的另一种机制？

IF 3 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101670

Mirko Thalmann , Theo A.J. Schäfer , Stephanie Theves , Christian F. Doeller , Eric Schulz

{"title":"Task imprinting: Another mechanism of representational change?","authors":"Mirko Thalmann , Theo A.J. Schäfer , Stephanie Theves , Christian F. Doeller , Eric Schulz","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research from several areas suggests that mental representations adapt to the specific tasks we carry out in our environment. In this study, we propose a mechanism of adaptive representational change, <em>task imprinting</em>. Thereby, we introduce a computational model, which portrays task imprinting as an adaptation to specific task goals via selective storage of helpful representations in long-term memory. We test the main qualitative prediction of the model in four behavioral experiments using healthy young adults as participants. In each experiment, we assess participants’ baseline representations in the beginning of the experiment, then expose participants to one of two tasks intended to shape representations differently according to our model, and finally assess any potential change in representations. Crucially, the tasks used to measure representations differ in the amount that strategic, judgmental processes play a role. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 allow us to exclude the option that representations used in more perceptual tasks become biased categorically. The results of Experiment 4 make it likely that people strategically decide given the specific task context whether they use categorical information or not. One signature of representational change was however observed: category learning practice increased the perceptual sensitivity over and above mere exposure to the same stimuli.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 101670"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028524000410/pdfft?md5=af7b0524f6fb619e19c3f608734457b2&pid=1-s2.0-S0010028524000410-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141602082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The fusion point of temporal binding: Promises and perils of multisensory accounts 时间绑定的融合点：多感官账户的承诺与危险

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101662

Annika L. Klaffehn , Oliver Herbort , Roland Pfister

{"title":"The fusion point of temporal binding: Promises and perils of multisensory accounts","authors":"Annika L. Klaffehn , Oliver Herbort , Roland Pfister","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Performing an action to initiate a consequence in the environment triggers the perceptual illusion of temporal binding. This phenomenon entails that actions and following effects are perceived to occur closer in time than they do outside the action-effect relationship. Here we ask whether temporal binding can be explained in terms of multisensory integration, by assuming either multisensory fusion or partial integration of the two events. We gathered two datasets featuring a wide range of action-effect delays as a key factor influencing integration. We then tested the fit of a computational model for multisensory integration, the statistically optimal cue integration (SOCI) model. Indeed, qualitative aspects of the data on a group-level followed the principles of a multisensory account. By contrast, quantitative evidence from a comprehensive model evaluation indicated that temporal binding cannot be reduced to multisensory integration. Rather, multisensory integration should be seen as one of several component processes underlying temporal binding on an individual level.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 101662"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028524000331/pdfft?md5=618f770b916a33a013d847542c6483a0&pid=1-s2.0-S0010028524000331-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141072828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cognitive complexity explains processing asymmetry in judgments of similarity versus difference 认知复杂性解释了相似性与差异性判断中的加工不对称现象

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101661

Nicholas Ichien , Nyusha Lin , Keith J. Holyoak , Hongjing Lu

{"title":"Cognitive complexity explains processing asymmetry in judgments of similarity versus difference","authors":"Nicholas Ichien , Nyusha Lin , Keith J. Holyoak , Hongjing Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human judgments of similarity and difference are sometimes asymmetrical, with the former being more sensitive than the latter to relational overlap, but the theoretical basis for this asymmetry remains unclear. We test an explanation based on the type of information used to make these judgments (relations versus features) and the comparison process itself (similarity versus difference). We propose that asymmetries arise from two aspects of cognitive complexity that impact judgments of similarity and difference: processing relations between entities is more cognitively demanding than processing features of individual entities, and comparisons assessing difference are more cognitively complex than those assessing similarity. In Experiment 1 we tested this hypothesis for both verbal comparisons between word pairs, and visual comparisons between sets of geometric shapes. Participants were asked to select one of two options that was either more similar to or more different from a standard. On <em>unambiguous</em> trials, one option was unambiguously more similar to the standard; on <em>ambiguous</em> trials, one option was more featurally similar to the standard, whereas the other was more relationally similar. Given the higher cognitive complexity of processing relations and of assessing difference, we predicted that detecting <em>relational difference</em> would be particularly demanding. We found that participants (1) had more difficulty detecting relational difference than they did relational similarity on unambiguous trials, and (2) tended to emphasize relational information more when judging similarity than when judging difference on ambiguous trials. The latter finding was replicated using more complex story stimuli (Experiment 2). We showed that this pattern can be captured by a computational model of comparison that weights relational information more heavily for similarity than for difference judgments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 101661"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140643550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Repeated rock, paper, scissors play reveals limits in adaptive sequential behavior 重复玩 "石头、剪子、布 "游戏揭示了适应性顺序行为的局限性

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101654

Erik Brockbank , Edward Vul

{"title":"Repeated rock, paper, scissors play reveals limits in adaptive sequential behavior","authors":"Erik Brockbank , Edward Vul","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101654","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>How do people adapt to others in adversarial settings? Prior work has shown that people often violate rational models of adversarial decision-making in repeated interactions. In particular, in <em>mixed strategy equilibrium (MSE)</em> games, where optimal action selection entails choosing moves randomly, people often do not play randomly, but instead try to <em>outwit</em> their opponents. However, little is known about the adaptive reasoning that underlies these deviations from random behavior. Here, we examine strategic decision-making across repeated rounds of rock, paper, scissors, a well-known MSE game. In experiment 1, participants were paired with bot opponents that exhibited distinct stable move patterns, allowing us to identify the bounds of the complexity of opponent behavior that people can detect and adapt to. In experiment 2, bot opponents instead exploited stable patterns in the human participants’ moves, providing a symmetrical bound on the complexity of patterns people can revise in their own behavior. Across both experiments, people exhibited a robust and flexible attention to <em>transition patterns</em> from one move to the next, exploiting these patterns in opponents and modifying them strategically in their own moves. However, their adaptive reasoning showed strong limitations with respect to more sophisticated patterns. Together, results provide a precise and consistent account of the surprisingly limited scope of people’s adaptive decision-making in this setting.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 101654"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140641101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimizing competence in the service of collaboration 优化能力，促进合作

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101653

Yang Xiang , Natalia Vélez , Samuel J. Gershman

{"title":"Optimizing competence in the service of collaboration","authors":"Yang Xiang , Natalia Vélez , Samuel J. Gershman","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In order to efficiently divide labor with others, it is important to understand what our collaborators can do (i.e., their <em>competence</em>). However, competence is not static—people get better at particular jobs the more often they perform them. This plasticity of competence creates a challenge for collaboration: For example, is it better to assign tasks to whoever is most competent now, or to the person who can be trained most efficiently “on-the-job”? We conducted four experiments (<span><math><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>396</mn></mrow></math></span>) that examine how people make decisions about whom to train (Experiments 1 and 3) and whom to recruit (Experiments 2 and 4) to a collaborative task, based on the simulated collaborators’ starting expertise, the training opportunities available, and the goal of the task. We found that participants’ decisions were best captured by a <em>planning</em> model that attempts to maximize the returns from collaboration while minimizing the costs of hiring and training individual collaborators. This planning model outperformed alternative models that based these decisions on the agents’ current competence, or on how much agents stood to improve in a single training step, without considering whether this training would enable agents to succeed at the task in the long run. Our findings suggest that people do not recruit and train collaborators based solely on their current competence, nor solely on the opportunities for their collaborators to improve. Instead, people use an intuitive theory of competence to balance the costs of hiring and training others against the benefits to the collaboration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 101653"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140145334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The structure and development of explore-exploit decision making 探索-开发决策的结构与发展

IF 2.6 2区心理学

Cognitive Psychology Pub Date : 2024-03-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101650

Madeline B. Harms , Yuyan Xu , C. Shawn Green , Kristina Woodard , Robert Wilson , Seth D. Pollak

{"title":"The structure and development of explore-exploit decision making","authors":"Madeline B. Harms , Yuyan Xu , C. Shawn Green , Kristina Woodard , Robert Wilson , Seth D. Pollak","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A critical component of human learning reflects the balance people must achieve between focusing on the utility of what they know versus openness to what they have yet to experience. How individuals decide whether to explore new options versus exploit known options has garnered growing interest in recent years. Yet, the component processes underlying decisions to explore and whether these processes change across development remain poorly understood. By contrasting a variety of tasks that measure exploration in slightly different ways, we found that decisions about whether to explore reflect (a) random exploration that is not explicitly goal-directed and (b) directed exploration to purposefully reduce uncertainty. While these components similarly characterized the decision-making of both youth and adults, younger participants made decisions that were less strategic, but more exploratory and flexible, than those of adults. These findings are discussed in terms of how people adapt to and learn from changing environments over time.Data has been made available in the Open Science Foundation platform (<span>osf.io</span><svg><path></path></svg>).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 101650"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140069658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0