Cognitive Psychology最新文献

{"title":"No position-specific interference from prior lists in cued recognition: A challenge for position coding (and other) theories of serial memory","authors":"Gordon D. Logan ,&nbsp;Gregory E. Cox ,&nbsp;Simon D. Lilburn ,&nbsp;Jana E. Ulrich","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Position-specific intrusions of items from prior lists are rare but important phenomena that distinguish broad classes of theory in serial memory. They are uniquely predicted by position coding theories, which assume items on all lists are associated with the same set of codes representing their positions. Activating a position code activates items associated with it in current and prior lists in proportion to their distance from the activated position. Thus, prior list intrusions are most likely to come from the coded position. Alternative “item dependent” theories based on associations between items and contexts built from items have difficulty accounting for the position specificity of prior list intrusions. We tested the position coding account with a position-cued recognition task designed to produce prior list interference. Cuing a position should activate a position code, which should activate items in nearby positions in the current and prior lists. We presented lures from the prior list to test for position-specific activation in response time and error rate; lures from nearby positions should interfere more. We found no evidence for such interference in 10 experiments, falsifying the position coding prediction. We ran two serial recall experiments with the same materials and found position-specific prior list intrusions. These results challenge all theories of serial memory: Position coding theories can explain the prior list intrusions in serial recall and but not the absence of prior list interference in cued recognition. Item dependent theories can explain the absence of prior list interference in cued recognition but cannot explain the occurrence of prior list intrusions in serial recall.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 101641"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028524000124/pdfft?md5=361705f3c0a5c3c3397cf4b41b1dd031&pid=1-s2.0-S0010028524000124-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139907421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anaphoric distance dependencies in visual narrative structure and processing","authors":"Neil Cohn ,&nbsp;Lincy van Middelaar ,&nbsp;Tom Foulsham ,&nbsp;Joost Schilperoord","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Linguistic syntax has often been claimed as uniquely complex due to features like anaphoric relations and distance dependencies. However, visual narratives of sequential images, like those in comics, have been argued to use sequencing mechanisms analogous to those in language. These narrative structures include “refiner” panels that “zoom in” on the contents of another panel. Similar to anaphora in language, refiners indexically connect inexplicit referential information in one unit (refiner, pronoun) to a more informative “antecedent” elsewhere in the discourse. Also like in language, refiners can follow their antecedents (anaphoric) or precede them (cataphoric), along with having either proximal or distant connections. We here explore the constraints on visual narrative refiners created by modulating these features of order and distance. Experiment 1 examined participants’ preferences for where refiners are placed in a sequence using a force-choice test, which revealed that refiners are preferred to follow their antecedents and have proximal distances from them. Experiment 2 then showed that distance dependencies lead to slower self-paced viewing times. Finally, measurements of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in Experiment 3 revealed that these patterns evoke similar brain responses as referential dependencies in language (i.e., N400, LAN, Nref). Across all three studies, the constraints and (neuro)cognitive responses to refiners parallel those shown to anaphora in language, suggesting domain-general constraints on the sequencing of referential dependencies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 101639"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028524000100/pdfft?md5=37108173ad11ab4758f7cba1e9ab8a72&pid=1-s2.0-S0010028524000100-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139662962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-process modeling of sequential decision making in the balloon analogue risk task","authors":"Ran Zhou ,&nbsp;Mark A. Pitt","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>People are often faced with repeated risky decisions that involve uncertainty. In sequential risk-taking tasks, like the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), the underlying decision process is not yet fully understood. Dual-process theory proposes that human cognition involves two main families of processes, often referred to as System 1 (fast and automatic) and System 2 (slow and conscious). We cross models of the BART with different architectures of the two systems to yield a pool of computational dual-process models that are evaluated on multiple performance measures (e.g., parameter </span>identifiability, model recovery, and predictive accuracy). Results show that the best-performing model configuration assumes the two systems are competitively connected, an evaluation process based on the Scaled Target Learning model of the BART, and an assessment rate that incorporates sensitivity to the trial number, pumping opportunity, and bias to engage in System 1. Findings also shed light on how modeling choices and response times in a dual-process framework can benefit our understanding of sequential risk-taking </span>behavior.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 101629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139419308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A unified account of simple and response-selective inhibition","authors":"Quentin F. Gronau ,&nbsp;Mark R. Hinder ,&nbsp;Sauro E. Salomoni ,&nbsp;Dora Matzke ,&nbsp;Andrew Heathcote","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Response inhibition is a key attribute of human executive control. Standard stop-signal tasks require countermanding a single response; the speed at which that response can be inhibited indexes the efficacy of the inhibitory control networks. However, more complex stopping tasks, where one or more components of a multi-component action are cancelled (i.e., response-selective stopping) cannot be explained by the independent-race model appropriate for the simple task (Logan and Cowan 1984). Healthy human participants (</span><span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>28</mn></mrow></math></span>; 10 male; 19–40 years) completed a response-selective stopping task where a ‘go’ stimulus required simultaneous (bimanual) button presses in response to left and right pointing green arrows. On a subset of trials (30%) one, or both, arrows turned red (constituting the stop signal) requiring that only the button-press(es) associated with red arrows be cancelled. Electromyographic recordings from both index fingers (first dorsal interosseous) permitted the assessment of both voluntary motor responses that resulted in overt button presses, and activity that was cancelled prior to an overt response (i.e., partial, or covert, responses). We propose a simultaneously inhibit and start (SIS) model that extends the independent race model and provides a highly accurate account of response-selective stopping data. Together with fine-grained EMG analysis, our model-based analysis offers converging evidence that the selective-stop signal simultaneously triggers a process that stops the bimanual response and triggers a new unimanual response corresponding to the green arrow. Our results require a reconceptualisation of response-selective stopping and offer a tractable framework for assessing such tasks in healthy and patient populations.</p><p><strong>Significance Statement</strong></p><p>Response inhibition is a key attribute of human executive control, frequently investigated using the stop-signal task. After initiating a motor response to a go signal, a stop signal occasionally appears at a delay, requiring cancellation of the response. This has been conceptualised as a ‘race’ between the go and stop processes, with the successful (or failed) cancellation determined by which process wins the race. Here we provide a novel computational model for a complex variation of the stop-signal task, where only one component of a multicomponent action needs to be cancelled. We provide compelling muscle activation data that support our model, providing a robust and plausible framework for studying these complex inhibition tasks in both healthy and pathological cohorts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 101628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139399489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrieving effectively from source memory: Evidence for differentiation and local matching processes","authors":"Sinem Aytaç ,&nbsp;Aslı Kılıç ,&nbsp;Amy H. Criss ,&nbsp;David Kellen","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ability to distinguish between different explanations of human memory abilities continues to be the subject of many ongoing theoretical debates. These debates attempt to account for a growing corpus of empirical phenomena in item-memory judgments, which include the <em>list strength effect</em>, the <em>strength-based mirror effect,</em> and <em>output interference</em>. One of the main theoretical contenders is the Retrieving Effectively from Memory (REM) model. We show that REM, in its current form, has difficulties in accounting for source-memory judgments – a situation that calls for its revision. We propose an extended REM model that assumes a local-matching process for source judgments alongside source differentiation. We report a first evaluation of this model’s predictions using three experiments in which we manipulated the relative source-memory strength of different lists of items. Analogous to item-memory judgments, we observed a null list strength effect and a strength-based mirror effect in the case of source memory. In a second evaluation, which relied on a novel experiment alongside two previously published datasets, we evaluated the model’s predictions regarding the manifestation of output interference in item and lack of it in source memory judgments. Our results showed output interference severely affecting the accuracy of item-memory judgments but having a null or negligible impact when it comes to source-memory judgments. Altogether, these results support REM’s core notion of differentiation (for both item and source information) as well as the concept of local matching proposed by the present extension.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 101617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139107703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling orthographic similarity effects in recognition memory reveals support for open bigram representations of letter coding","authors":"Lyulei Zhang,&nbsp;Adam.F. Osth","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A variety of letter string representations has been proposed in the reading literature to account for empirically established orthographic similarity effects from masked priming studies. However, these similarity effects have not been explored in episodic memory paradigms and very few memory models have employed orthographic representation of words. In the current work, through two recognition memory experiments employing word and pseudoword stimuli respectively, we empirically established a set of key orthographic similarity effects for the first time in recognition memory – namely the substitution effect, transposition effect and reverse effect in recognition memory of words and pseudowords, and a start-letter importance in recognition memory of words. Subsequently, we compared orthographic representations from the reading literature including slot coding, closed-bigram, open-bigram and the overlap model. Each of these representations was situated in a global matching model and fitted to recognition performance via Luce’s choice rule in a hierarchical Bayesian framework. Model selection results showed support for the open-bigram representation in both experiments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 101619"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028523000774/pdfft?md5=0fe4f961a30927dc76dfeb7db59b8c1f&pid=1-s2.0-S0010028523000774-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138479140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of cognitive resource constraints on goal prioritization","authors":"Manikya Alister ,&nbsp;Scott L. Herbert ,&nbsp;David K. Sewell ,&nbsp;Andrew Neal ,&nbsp;Timothy Ballard","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Many decisions we face daily entail deliberation about how to coordinate resources shared between multiple, competing goals. When time permits, people appear to approach these goal prioritization problems by analytically considering all goal-relevant information to arrive at a prioritization decision. However, it is not yet clear if this normative strategy extends to situations characterized by resource constraints such as when deliberation time is scarce or cognitive load is high. We evaluated the questions of how limited deliberation time and cognitive load affect goal prioritization decisions across a series of experiments using a gamified experimental task, which required participants to make a series of interdependent goal prioritization decisions. We fit several candidate models to experimental data to identify decision strategy adaptations at the individual subject-level. Results indicated that participants tended to opt for a simple heuristic strategy when cognitive resources were constrained rather than making a general tradeoff between speed and accuracy (e.g., the type of tradeoff that would be predicted by evidence accumulation models). The most common heuristic strategy involved disproportionately weighing information about goal deadlines compared to other goal-relevant information such as the goal’s difficulty and the goal’s subjective value.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 101618"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028523000762/pdfft?md5=61f1a0abaeb53c3aab7098d7367dc5c4&pid=1-s2.0-S0010028523000762-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138471172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactive structure building in sentence production","authors":"Kumiko Fukumura ,&nbsp;Fang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>How speakers sequence words and phrases remains a central question in cognitive psychology. Here we focused on understanding the representations and processes that underlie <em>structural priming</em>, the speaker’s tendency to repeat sentence structures encountered earlier. Verb repetition from the prime to the target led to a stronger tendency to produce locative variants of the <em>spray-load</em> alternation following locative primes (e.g., <em>load the boxes into the van</em>) than following <em>with</em> primes (e.g., <em>load the van with the boxes</em>). These structural variants had the same constituent structure, ruling out abstract syntactic structure as the source of the verb boost effect. Furthermore, using cleft constructions (e.g., <em>What the assistant loaded into the lift was the equipment</em>), we found that the thematic role order (thematic role-position mappings) of the prime can persist separately from its argument structure (thematic role-syntactic function mappings). Moreover, both priming effects were enhanced by verb repetition and interacted with each other when the construction of the prime was also repeated in the target. These findings are incompatible with the traditional staged model of grammatical encoding, which postulates the independence of abstract syntax from thematic role information. We propose the <em>interactive structure-building account</em>, according to which speakers build a sentence structure by choosing a thematic role order and argument structure interactively based on their prior co-occurrence together with other structurally relevant information such as verbs and constructions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 101616"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028523000749/pdfft?md5=454a616b43e6f433531e799c4a0573c1&pid=1-s2.0-S0010028523000749-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138452998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence accumulation is not essential for generating intertemporal preference: A comparison of dynamic cognitive models of matching tasks","authors":"Xuhui Zhang,&nbsp;Zhuoyi Fan,&nbsp;Yue Shen,&nbsp;Junyi Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Intertemporal preference has been investigated mainly with a choice paradigm. However, a matching paradigm might be more informative for a proper inference about intertemporal preference and a deep understanding of the underlying cognitive mechanisms. This research involved two empirical studies using the matching paradigm and compared various corresponding dynamic models. These models were developed under either the framework of decision field theory, an exemplar theory assuming evidence accumulation, or a non-evidence-accumulation framework built upon the well-established notions of random utility and discrimination threshold (i.e., the RUDT framework). Most of these models were alternative-based whereas the others were attribute-based ones. Participants in Study 1 were required to fill in the amount of an immediate stimulus to make it as attractive as a delayed stimulus, whereas those in Study 2 needed to accomplish a more general matching task in which either the payoff amount or delay length of one stimulus was missing. Consistent behavioral regularities regarding both matching values and response times were revealed in these studies. The results of model comparison favored in general the RUDT framework as well as an attribute-based perspective on intertemporal preference. In addition, the predicted matching values and response times of the best RUDT model were also highly correlated with the observed data and replicated most observed behavioral regularities. Together, this research and previous modeling work on intertemporal choice suggest that evidence accumulation is not essential for generating intertemporal preference. Future research should examine the validity of the new framework in other preferential decisions for a more stringent test of the framework.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 101615"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49693570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risky decisions are influenced by individual attributes as a function of risk preference","authors":"Douglas G. Lee ,&nbsp;Marco D'Alessandro ,&nbsp;Pierpaolo Iodice ,&nbsp;Cinzia Calluso ,&nbsp;Aldo Rustichini ,&nbsp;Giovanni Pezzulo","doi":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>It has long been assumed in economic theory that multi-attribute decisions involving several attributes or dimensions – such as probabilities and amounts of money to be earned during risky choices – are resolved by first combining the attributes of each option to form an overall expected value and then comparing the expected values of the alternative options, using a unique evidence accumulation process. A plausible alternative would be performing independent comparisons between the individual attributes and then integrating the results of the comparisons afterwards. Here, we devise a novel method to disambiguate between these types of models, by orthogonally manipulating the expected value of choice options and the relative salience of their attributes. Our results, based on behavioral measures and drift-diffusion models, provide evidence in favor of the framework where information about individual attributes independently impacts deliberation. This suggests that risky decisions are resolved by running in parallel multiple comparisons between the separate attributes – possibly alongside an additional comparison of expected value. This result stands in contrast with the assumption of standard economic theory that choices require a unique comparison of expected values and suggests that at the cognitive level, decision processes might be more distributed than commonly assumed. Beyond our planned analyses, we also discovered that attribute salience affects people of different risk preference type in different ways: risk-averse participants seem to focus more on probability, except when monetary amount is particularly high; risk-neutral/seeking participants, in contrast, seem to focus more on monetary amount, except when probability is particularly low.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50669,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Psychology","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 101614"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41219292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}