Erde最新文献

{"title":"Changing territorialities in the Argentine Andes: lithium mining at Salar de Olaroz-Cauchari and Salinas Grandes","authors":"Felix Malte Dorn","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2021-515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2021-515","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of climate change, electro-mobility has become a symbol of hope to reduce the emissions of the growing transport sector. At the same time, it has also renewed interest in strategic resources utilized in battery production, such as lithium. In the areas of extraction, reactions to lithium mining range from hope for paid work and increased in-come to resistance and conflict. Based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork stays realized between February 2018 and August 2019, this article associates the opposed reactions to lithium mining in the communities of the drainage basins of Salar de Olaroz-Cauchari and Salinas Grandes-Guayatayoc with divergent territorialities. In doing so, historically different strategies – resistance and negotiation – of dealing with overlapping territorialities can be identified. Based on a reciprocal relationship, different strategies and divergent territorialities are mutually dependent. In the two case studies, the new territoriality related to the global market implies diverging socio-spatial consequences with different risks. Using the example of lithium mining, it can thus be shown that the sustainability transition continues to be based on social-ecological inequalities and global asymmetries of power.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76855182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brazils Highway BR-319: The road to the collapse of the Amazon and the violation of indigenous rights","authors":"L. Ferrante, M. B. Andrade, Luciana Leite, C. A. S. Júnior, Mendelson Lima, Marcondes Geraldo Coelho Junior, Eduardo Carvalho Silva Neto, D. Campolina, Katia Carolino, L. Diele-Viegas, E. Pereira, P. Fearnside","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2021-552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2021-552","url":null,"abstract":"One of the greatest threats to the Brazilian Amazon is the reconstruction and paving of the formerly abandoned Highway BR-319, which would link one of the most conserved blocks in the Amazon forest to the “arc of deforestation” on the southern edge of the region where most forest has already been destroyed. BR-319 and its planned side roads would allow the actors and processes from the arc of deforestation to move into vast areas of unprotected rainforest. In the specific case of this highway, a judicial decision that is not subject to further appeal established that environmental studies for the first section of the highway to be reconstructed (“Lot C”) must be carried out before paving. The federal highway department and the “Civil House” of President Bolsonaro’s presidential office ignored this decision and issued a call for bids for the construction work. Due to the current lack of governance in the BR-319 area and the history of deforestation whenever Amazonian highways are built, the decision on whether to suspend the contract for the “Lot C” is critical for the maintenance of both the ecosystem services of the Amazon forest and the way of life of indigenous and riverside people. This decision is expected to be made shortly by a single person.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86090151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of soil structure in Neuras, a Namibian desert-vineyard","authors":"M. Eden, O. Bens, S. Betz, J. Völkel","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2020-506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2020-506","url":null,"abstract":"Soil plays an important role in the context of vine growth and wine production; particularly soil structure which governs plant water uptake. Therefore, soil physical and hydrological properties were studied at Neuras vineyard, located near the Namib Desert. Water is scarce in this environment and wine production is limited to few vineyards in Namibia, overall. Managed plots and unmanaged nearby sites were investigated using field and laboratory methods. Viticultural techniques were noted and management related aspects were gathered in an interview. Datasets from two sampling trips in 2014 and 2016 were generated. In 2014, older vineyard soils displayed different properties than unmanaged soils or a younger vineyard, showing lower bulk densities and higher total porosities, with increased organic carbon and nitrogen contents. In 2016, the unmanaged reference plot differed from managed plots mainly in terms of lower electrical conductivity and higher cation exchange capacity. In managed soils contents of Smectites and Vermiculites were higher, while those of Chlorites and Illites were lower. Soil water retention properties were also altered, in line with structural changes indicated by bulk density and total porosity. These differences were more pronounced in vineyards of different ages than in those with even ages and indicate overall very different soil and soil structural conditions for the older versus the younger vineyards affecting vine growth.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73257554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the implications of temperature extremes during the period 1959-2014 on the Inner Mongolia Plateau to sustainable development","authors":"Chunlan Li, Debin Du, W. Filho, Jun Wang, G. Bao, Ming-wu Ye, D. Ayal, Yin Shan, Y. Bao, Richa Hu","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2020-508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2020-508","url":null,"abstract":"The study sought to foster a better understanding of the nature of extreme temperature events and variations, and their implications to sustainable development, based on 16 indices of extreme temperature obtained from 43 meteorological stations on the Inner Mongolia Plateau (IMP). By using linear trend and Mann-Kendall abrupt change tests to investigate temporal variation trends, coupled with spatial distribution patterns and abrupt changes of extreme temperature events, the study revealed that the IMP has experienced extreme warming during 1959–2014 with warm extremes increasing significantly (p < 0.01) and cold extremes apparently decreasing (p < 0.01). The most significant increasing trends of warm extreme indices occurred in the desert steppe area (DSA) and sand desert area (SDA), suggesting that warming trends for night-time indices were larger than for daytime indices, while the most significant decreases in cold extreme indices were detected in forest area (FA) and forest steppe area (FSA). In addition, the significant cold day and cold night indices showed a decreasing trend, while warm day and warm night indices showed an increasing trend across the entire study area. Moreover, the study identified that topography has a large impact on the spatial distribution of extreme temperature indices, as does the type of grassland, and the ubiquity of the heat island effect in constructed urban regions. Finally, the study posits that to mitigate the effects of extreme temperatures, it is imperative to foster adaptive actions based on the principles of sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90357164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ideal city from the perspective of children through participatory planning – Duhok City in Kurdistan Region of Iraq","authors":"Jambally Mohammed, Diman Al-Doski","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2020-465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2020-465","url":null,"abstract":"As urban expansion proceeds rapidly world-wide, challenges to urban planning and public participation become more conspicuous. Urbanization, and particularly rapid urban expansion, has serious implications for children. While this age group is most vulnerable to the environmental hazards of cities, their needs are rarely given a special focus. Children are seldom involved in planning and decision-making on matters that touch their lives. The focus of local governments is rather on how to provide enough employment opportunities, transport, housing and other basic services to meet the growing needs. This article aims to capture the perceptions of children from two schools in Duhok city, Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) about the desired spatial environment in which they want to live. For this purpose, participatory mapping was used as a tool, whereby the children were able to express their needs and preferences through drawing/mapping their ideal cities. In preparation for the drawing exercise, the children had acquired a basic understanding of city planning and the basic elements that constitute the image of a city, based on Kevin Lynch’s (1960, 1977) theory of the elements of a city image. The contents of the children’s drawings were subsequently analyzed, based on Roger A. Hart’s (2011) classification of eight city models. The results show that the majority of the city maps drawn by the children have the characteristics of the safe and accessible city. This study does not only explore children’s perceptions of their existing and future urban environments, but also constitutes a unique initiative to encourage the involvement of school children of a Middle Eastern country in an informal city planning practice. Zusammenfassung Mit der weltweit raschen städtischen Expansion werden die Herausforderungen an die Stadtplanung und an die Beteiligung der Öffentlichkeit deutlich sichtbarer. Die Verstädterung und insbesondere die rasche städtische Expansion haben schwerwiegende Folgen für Kinder. Während diese Altersgruppe am stärksten von den Umweltrisiken der Städte betroffen ist, wird ihren Bedürfnissen nur selten ein besonderer Stellenwert eingeräumt. Kinder werden selten an der Planung und an Entscheidungen, die ihren Lebensbereich unmittelbar betreffen, beteiligt. Der Schwerpunkt der lokalen Gebietskörperschaften liegt vielmehr darauf, wie genügend Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten, Verkehrsmittel, Wohnraum und andere grundlegende Dienstleistungen bereitgestellt werden können, um den wachsenden Bedürfnissen gerecht zu werden. Dieser Artikel soll die Wahrnehmung von Kindern aus zwei Schulen in der Stadt Duhok, in der Region Kurdistan im Irak (KRI), über die gewünschte räumliche Umgebung, in der sie leben wollen, erfassen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde das Mapping von den Kindern als Werkzeug verwendet, um ihre Bedürfnisse und Vorlieben durch Zeichnung/Mapping ihrer idealen Städte Vol. 151, No. 4 · Research article","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88420303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-temporal variations and impacting factors of vegetation NPP in the Junggar Basin, China","authors":"Aierken Tuersun, Y. Rusuli, Miriayi Maitudi, Kadiayi Alimu","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2020-498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2020-498","url":null,"abstract":"The Junggar Basin investigated in this study has seen significant land cover and climate change. However, the spatiotemporal relationship between net primary productivity (NPP) and environmental factors remain unclear. Thus, we applied trend analysis and correlation methods to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of NPP and its relationship with driving factors using remotely sensed data and measured climate data from 2000 to 2015. During the study period, high values of NPP mainly occurred in the forests of the mid-elevation mountain areas. The NPP values showed an increasing trend in the different vegetation types, most likely due to climate change in combination with other factors. The annual trend of NPP in the study area varied in the range from –12.4 to 11.3 g C m–2 a–2. The desert area exhibited no significant trends, but most of the mountain areas showed a significantly increasing trend. NPP was significantly correlated with temperature and precipitation. The dominant factor affecting NPP was temperature, mainly in the Ili river watershed and the Tien Shan mountain range. However, human activity and land cover changes were also important factors affecting the fluctuations in NPP. The results of this study highlight the need for appropriate land-use strategies for managing vegetation resources in arid land ecosystems. Zusammenfassung Im Junggar-Becken (China), das im vorliegenden Beitrag behandelt wird, ist eine signifikante Veränderung in Bezug auf Landbedeckung und Klima festzustellen. Allerdings ist die raumzeitliche Beziehung zwischen Nettoprimärproduktion (NPP) und Umweltfaktoren bislang ungeklärt. In dieser Studie wurden Trendanalysen und Korrelationsmethoden angewendet, um die raumzeitlichen Charakteristika der NPP sowie das Verhältnis zwischen NPP und den sie beeinflussenden Umweltfaktoren zu analysieren, indem Fernerkundungsdaten sowie Klimamessdaten von 2000 bis 2015 herangezogen wurden. Im untersuchten Zeitraum wurden hohe NPP-Werte hauptsächlich in den Wäldern mittlerer Höhenlagen beobachtet. Steigende NPP-Werte zeigten sich bei verschiedenen Vegetationstypen aufgrund von Klimaveränderungen und anderer Faktoren. Die Variation der NPP im Untersuchungsgebiet lag zwischen –12,4 und 11,3 g C m–2 a–2, wobei sich im Wüstengebiet keine signifikante Veränderung, aber in den meisten der Gebirgsregionen ein signifikanter Anstieg zeigte. Die NPP korrelierte deutlich mit Temperatur und Niederschlag. Der dominante Faktor, der die NPP beeinflusste, war dabei Temperatur, hauptsächlich entlang des Ili-Flusslaufs und im Tienshan-Gebirge. Allerdings waren auch anthropogene Vol. 151, No. 4 · Research article","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88429553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Military forces and COVID-19 as smokescreens for Amazon destruction and violation of indigenous rights","authors":"L. Ferrante, P. Fearnside","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2020-542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2020-542","url":null,"abstract":"The President of Brazil has adopted an anti-environmental stance since taking office in January 2019, weakening the rights of indigenous peoples and environmental legislation and militarizing the environmental and indigenous agencies. The president’s stance on the COVID-19 pandemic gives priority to economic development rather than to saving lives. The administration’s environment minister even suggested taking advantage of the media’s attention being focussed on the pandemic as an ‘opportunity’ to weaken environmental legislation. Here we argue that both the pandemic and the militarization of Brazil’s environmental protection have served as smokescreens to weaken environmental protections, and have also put Brazil’s indigenous peoples at risk and violated their rights.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88917053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book review: Migration, Materialität und Identität. Verortungen zwischen Hier und Dort. :","authors":"Zine-Eddine Hathat","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2020-539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2020-539","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82517193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Struggling against the consequences of bioethanol production. Narratives of a local environmental justice movement in Córdoba, Argentina","authors":"Anne Tittor, Virginia Toledo López","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2020-480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2020-480","url":null,"abstract":"Die Produktion von Bioenergie und besonders von Agrotreibstoffen ist sowohl auf lokaler als auch auf globaler Ebene stark umkampft. Wahrend ein Grosteil der Forschung hierzu landliche Raume und Nachhaltigkeitsfragen fokussiert, analysiert unsere Fallstudie einen Konflikt um Bioethanolproduktion im stadtischen Raum: der Stadt Cordoba in Argentinien. Durch die Analyse der Entstehung der lokalen Protestbewegung im Viertel neben der Bioethanolfabrik sowie ihrer Narrative mochte der Artikel zur Debatte um die Folgen der Bioenergieproduktion aus einer Umweltgerechtigkeitsperspektive beitragen. \u0000Der Beitrag zeigt, wie aus Sorge um die Unsicherheiten hinsichtlich Gesundheitsfolgen und Explosionsgefahr einer Ethanolfabrik eine lokale Umweltgerechtigkeitsbewegung entstanden ist. Die Aktivist*innen der Bewegung verstanden sich anfangs nicht als Umweltschutzer*innen oder Oko-Bewegte. Sie haben das Thema Umweltverschmutzung nicht gewahlt, sondern aus der Notwendigkeit heraus aufgegriffen, ihre Korper, ihr eigenes Leben und ihr Viertel zu verteidigen. \u0000Da die lokalen Autoritaten die Forderungen der Anwohnerschaft ignorierten, sich den Problemen anzunehmen, sah sich die Protestbewegung selbst mit zahlreichen sozio-technischen Kontroversen konfrontiert, kummerte sich um kritische epidemiologische Studien und suchte die Zusammenarbeit mit medizinischem und chemischen Expert*innen. Im Laufe des Konfliktes stellte die Bewegung die Erzahlung des Bioethanol-Unternehmens in Frage, dass letzteres „grune“ und „nachhaltige“ Energie produziere. Die Bewegung entwickelte ein eigenes Umweltgerechtigkeitsnarrativ, in Resonanz zu anderen Umwelt- und Menschenrechtsbewegungen Argentiniens.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88753827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Justice as relationality: socio-ecological justice in the context of anti-hydropower movements in Turkey","authors":"Özge Yaka","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2020-481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2020-481","url":null,"abstract":"By introducing a notion of socio-ecological justice, this article aims to deepen the relationship between environment and justice, which has already been firmly established by environmental justice movements and scholarship. Based on extensive fieldwork on local community struggles against small-scale run-of-river hydropower plants in Turkey, it expands the justice frame of environmental justice scholarship by going beyond the established conceptions of environmental justice as distribution – of environmental hazards and benefits, recognition and representation. Drawing on ethnographical fieldwork conducted in the East Black Sea region of Turkey, the article introduces the notion of socioecological justice to translate the relationality of the social and the ecological, of human life and non-human world, to the vocabulary of justice. It aims to extend the strictly humanist borders of social justice by maintaining that our intrinsic and intimate relations with the non-human world are an essential part of our well-being, and central to our needs to pursue a fair, decent life. It also seeks to contribute to the broader debate to facilitate a ‘progressive composition’ of a common, more-than-human world. Zusammenfassung Durch die Einführung des Begriffs der sozio-ökologischen Gerechtigkeit will dieser Artikel die Beziehung zwischen Umwelt und Gerechtigkeit vertiefen, die von der Bewegung sowie seitens der Wissenschaft für die ‚Umweltgerechtigkeit‘ bereits fest etabliert wurde. Auf der Grundlage umfangreicher Feldforschungen zu den Kämpfen lokaler Gemeinschaften gegen kleine Laufwasserkraftwerke in der Türkei erweitert er den Gerechtigkeitsrahmen der Umweltgerechtigkeitsforschung, indem er über die etablierten Vorstellungen von Umweltgerechtigkeit als Verteilung – von Umweltgefahren und -nutzen, Anerkennung und Repräsentation – hinausgeht. Ausgehend von ethnographischen Feldforschungen, die in der Ost-Schwarzmeer-Region der Türkei durchgeführt wurden, führt der Artikel den Begriff der sozio-ökologischen Gerechtigkeit ein, um die Relationalität des Sozialen und des Ökologischen, des menschlichen Lebens und der nicht-menschlichen Welt in das Vokabular der Gerechtigkeit zu übersetzen. Er zielt darauf ab, die streng humanistischen Grenzen der sozialen Gerechtigkeit zu erweitern, indem er behauptet, dass unsere intrinsischen und intimen Beziehungen mit der nichtmenschlichen Welt ein wesentlicher Bestandteil unseres Wohlergehens und von zentraler Bedeutung für unsere Bedürfnisse nach einem fairen, menschenwürdigen Leben sind. Er versucht auch, einen Beitrag zur breiteren Debatte zu leisten, um eine ‚progressive Zusammensetzung‘ einer gemeinsamen, mehr als menschlichen Welt zu erleichtern. Vol. 151, No. 2-3 · Research article","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83148680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}