Shizuka Koh, Ryota Inoue, Renato Ambrósio, Dan Z Reinstein, Timothy J Archer, Kohji Nishida
{"title":"Heterogeneous Longitudinal Changes in Corneal Epithelial and Stromal Thicknesses in Patients With Very Asymmetric Ectasia: A Case Series.","authors":"Shizuka Koh, Ryota Inoue, Renato Ambrósio, Dan Z Reinstein, Timothy J Archer, Kohji Nishida","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001288","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal changes in corneal epithelial and stromal thicknesses in eyes with very asymmetric ectasia that appeared clinically and topographically normal at baseline. Fourteen eyes from 14 patients underwent serial evaluation using corneal topography, corneal tomography, and corneal biomechanical assessment. Based on baseline tomographic and biomechanical parameters, eyes were classified into two groups. Over a mean follow-up of 54 months, eyes with normal baseline parameters showed minimal changes in stromal thickness, whereas a subset of eyes with abnormal baseline indices demonstrated measurable stromal thinning exceeding physiological variability. By contrast, epithelial thickness changes were small and inconsistent across all patients. These findings indicate that eyes with very asymmetric ectasia represent a heterogeneous population and that the longitudinal assessment of corneal layer-specific changes may provide additional insights beyond that derived from cross-sectional evaluation alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":"440-444"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148220583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Variation in Extended Depth-Of-Focus Design on Myopia Control and Visual Function in Japanese Children.","authors":"Sayuri Ninomiya, Shizuka Koh, Sachiyo Ueshima, Kohji Nishida","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001294","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the efficacy of extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) soft contact lenses with different optical profiles in controlling myopia progression and their effect on visual function in Japanese children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this 12-month multicenter, double-masked, randomized controlled trial, 60 Japanese children aged 6 to 12 years were assigned to wear two types of EDOF soft contact lenses with different depths of focus (Mid-EDOF [+1.50 D] or Low-EDOF [+0.75 D]) or single-vision daily disposable contact lenses (control). Axial length and cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) were measured at 6 and 12 months. Visual function, including contrast sensitivity, higher-order aberrations (HOAs), and subjective visual quality, was assessed at baseline and follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mid-EDOF lenses significantly suppressed axial elongation and SE progression by 49% and 59%, respectively, compared with single-vision lenses ( P <0.01). Low-EDOF lenses exerted no significant effect on axial elongation or SE progression. Visual function assessments revealed reduced contrast sensitivity and increased HOAs in the Mid-EDOF group; subjective visual quality remained comparable across groups. No serious adverse events were reported.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Mid-EDOF lenses significantly suppress myopia progression, with tolerable visual function changes, potentially providing effective myopia control. Low-EDOF lenses showed no significant benefit over single-vision lenses. EDOF lenses' optical profile critically affects treatment efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":"403-409"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600350/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148309990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olalla Rica-Molinero, Juan Carlos Nieto, Daniel Monsálvez-Romín, David P Piñero
{"title":"Clinical Outcomes of a Novel Customized Multifocal Corneo-Scleral Contact Lens With Spherical Aberration Control.","authors":"Olalla Rica-Molinero, Juan Carlos Nieto, Daniel Monsálvez-Romín, David P Piñero","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001305","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the objective and subjective clinical outcomes of a customized multifocal corneo-scleral contact lens (CLs) with spherical aberration (SA) control in presbyopic patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A pilot observational clinical study was conducted in 27 presbyopic subjects (54 eyes). All participants were fitted with a customized multifocal corneo-scleral rigid gas-permeable (RGP) CLs designed to induce controlled SA. Binocular visual acuity (VA) was assessed under photopic conditions for distance, intermediate (67 cm), and near (40 cm) vision after a minimum wear period of 2 months and binocular defocus profile was constructed by plotting mean visual acuity (logMAR) as a function of induced defocus from +2.00 to -2.50 D. Ocular aberrations with the lens in situ were measured using a Hartmann-Shack aberrometer. Subjective visual quality and comfort were evaluated using the Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire and the eight-item Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire (eCLDEQ-8). Spearman correlation analyses were performed to explore relationships between visual outcomes and optical parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean binocular VA was 0.03±0.06 for distance vision, 0.10±0.12 for intermediate vision, and 0.32±0.17 for near vision. The binocular defocus profile showed preserved visual performance from distance to intermediate defocus levels, with a marked reduction at-2.50 D. A weak but statistically significant positive correlation was found between the sign of induced SA and distance VA (ρ=0.303, P =0.026), indicating poorer distance vision with positive SA induction. Near VA was weakly and positively correlated with mean pupil diameter (ρ=0.301, P =0.027). No significant associations were observed between VA and total higher-order aberration (HOAs) magnitude. Subjective symptoms were generally mild, with difficulty focusing being the most frequently reported complaint.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The customized multifocal corneo-scleral CLs with SA control evaluated can provide good distance and intermediate visual performance in presbyopic patients, but limited near visual performance and symptom tolerance. The sign of induced SA and pupil size seem to influence visual outcomes, supporting the value of individualized optical design. Further controlled studies with larger samples and extended follow-up are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":"425-431"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148819921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
İbrahim Talyurt, Mehmet O Kiristioglu, Mehmet Baykara
{"title":"Functional Improvement with Red-Tinted Contact Lens in Pediatric Achromatopsia: A Case Report.","authors":"İbrahim Talyurt, Mehmet O Kiristioglu, Mehmet Baykara","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001310","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Achromatopsia is a rare inherited cone dysfunction characterized by reduced visual acuity, photophobia, nystagmus, impaired color discrimination, and decreased contrast sensitivity (CS). This case report describes the clinical and patient-reported outcomes of red-tinted contact lens use in a child with achromatopsia. Baseline and postlens assessments included cycloplegic refraction, visual acuity, CS, and vision-related quality of life using a Turkish questionnaire adapted from the 25-Item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire for low vision and photophobia. After lens fitting, the patient reported reduced glare, improved comfort in bright environments, and better performance in daily visual activities. Questionnaire findings also suggested improvement in distance-related tasks, outdoor functioning, reading/writing comfort, and overall visual comfort. However, CS testing showed deterioration after lens use. These findings suggest that red-tinted contact lenses may provide meaningful symptomatic and functional benefit in pediatric achromatopsia, particularly by alleviating photophobia, even when objective CS does not improve.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":"436-439"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148992204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Billy R Hammond, John R Buch, Patricia Martin, Jie Xu, Lisa M Renzi-Hammond
{"title":"Effects of HEV-Filtering in a Soft Contact Lens on Contrast Sensitivity With and Without Veiling Glare.","authors":"Billy R Hammond, John R Buch, Patricia Martin, Jie Xu, Lisa M Renzi-Hammond","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001296","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The contrast sensitivity function (CSF) can be used to assess even subtle changes in visual function. These changes are likely amplified in the presence of a stressor such as glare. In this study, we tested mesopic and photopic CSF in the absence/presence of an ecologically valid glare source. CSF was tested within subjects, comparing a high energy visible (HEV)-filtering contact lens against a clear comparator lens of similar material and design.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a randomized, controlled, and double-masked study. Forty participants (19-65 years) provided photopic (n=20) or mesopic (n=20) CSF (1.6, 3.2, 8, 16, and 24 cpd) both with and without veiling glare. CSF was measured using a customized optical system. Two separate light channels were combined with a beam splitter that allowed contrast modulation using sine-wave gratings on glass. Glare was interposed between the grating and the subject's eye using an ancillary xenon-based optics channel.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean area under the CSF curve derived for both photopic and mesopic CSF (with and without glare) was significantly improved by use of the HEV-absorbing lens compared with the control. With a glare source, the least-squares mean differences (95% confidence interval) were 0.3 (0.24-0.36) and 0.14 (0.10-0.18) under photopic and mesopic conditions, respectively. In the absence of a glare source, the least-squares mean differences (95% confidence interval) were 0.26 (0.21-0.31) and 0.28 (0.20-0.37) for photopic and mesopic conditions, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The HEV-absorbing lens significantly improved CSF when tested under mesopic and photopic conditions and both with and without veiling glare.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":"417-424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600355/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148279805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Relationship Between Accommodative Function and Myopia Progression in Children Wearing Orthokeratology Lenses.","authors":"Xin Ai, Ruoxin Wang, Yanhong Li, Xuehui Zhang","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000001313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Orthokeratology (OK) lenses are used to control myopia progression in children. Few studies have explored the association between accommodative function and myopia progression in children wearing OK lenses.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the association between monocular and binocular accommodative function and myopia progression in children fitted with OK lenses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 98 eyes from 49 children with 2-year continuous OK lens wear were enrolled in this retrospective study. Participants were stratified into slow and fast axial growth groups according to the 2-year axial length elongation. Temporal changes and time-group interaction effects on accommodative parameters were assessed using linear mixed models, with adjustments for age, sex, and baseline refractive status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant time × axial growth group interactions for monocular accommodative amplitude (AMP) and accommodative facility (AF) were observed (both P<0.01). Baseline AMP and AF were identified as independent predictors of axial elongation, and lower baseline values were associated with greater axial elongation. For binocular accommodative function, significant main effects of time were detected only for negative relative accommodation and positive relative accommodation (both P<0.001), whereas no significant temporal or group effects were observed for binocular cross-cylinder and accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Baseline AMP and AF may be used as reference indicators for assessing the risk of myopia progression. Baseline binocular accommodative parameters demonstrated no significant association with subsequent axial elongation rate.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149076602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Incidence of Ulcerative Keratitis in the United States With and Without Predisposing Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Silanur Inanoglu, Wuqaas M Munir","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001293","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess the incidence of ulcerative keratitis (UK) in the United States between 2017 and 2024 and determine the risk of ulcerative keratitis development in patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The TriNetX analysis platform was used to retrospectively analyze data from US health care organizations and run analyses to calculate incidence rates of UK. Subsequently, patients with and without DM were identified to determine risk of UK development after propensity score matching for baseline demographic characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The incidence rate of ulcerative keratitis fluctuated between 2017 to 2024, increasing to 30.06 cases per 100,000 person-years in 2024. Patients with DM exhibited increased risk of UK compared with those with no DM within one year of follow-up (RR, 1.601; 95% CI, 1.239-2.069). Among patients diagnosed with DM, those who had recorded hemoglobin A1c values greater than 8% exhibited increased risk of UK development compared with patients with hemoglobin A1c levels below 8% (RR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.058-1.228).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>UK incidence was found to increase to a high of 30.06 cases per 100,000 person-years in 2024. Increased risk of UK was also found with DM, particularly at hemoglobin A1c levels above 8%, underscoring how pathophysiological mechanisms underlying DM can negatively affect corneal health.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":"354-361"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148260554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Austin C Stewart, Mary Grace Hamlin, Richard Phan, Milan Patel, Bo DeVries, Pranav Gunturu, Thomas L Steinemann
{"title":"Topical Anesthetics for Corneal Abrasions: Investigating Emergency Department Readmission Rates and Associated Risks.","authors":"Austin C Stewart, Mary Grace Hamlin, Richard Phan, Milan Patel, Bo DeVries, Pranav Gunturu, Thomas L Steinemann","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001291","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate whether prescribing topical ophthalmic anesthetics (TOAs) for corneal abrasions in the emergency department (ED) is associated with increased ED readmission and whether ophthalmology follow-up (OFU) modifies this risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective cohort study in the TriNetX US Collaborative Network (February 2023-February 2026). Adults with an ED diagnosis of corneal abrasion and a TOA prescription were compared with matched controls without TOA prescription. Patients with prior history of corneal disease were excluded. Propensity score matching controlled for demographics and socioeconomic status. Emergency department readmission at 3, 7, 14, and 30 days was the primary outcome; the association of OFU with 30-day readmission was secondary. Risk ratios (RRs) and risk differences (RDs) were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 23,152 eligible patients, 11,576 received TOAs. One-month ED readmission was higher with TOAs than controls (6.7% vs. 3.7%; RR 1.81; RD 2.99%). Ophthalmology follow-up within 30 days was associated with fewer readmissions in both groups (RR 0.82; RD -1.08%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Prescribing TOAs for corneal abrasions is associated with increased ED readmission, whereas timely OFU appears protective. These findings support ophthalmologists' concerns about TOA safety and highlight the need for joint emergency medicine-ophthalmology guidelines to optimize patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":"349-353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148260512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matilde Buzzi, Pietro Sponga, Andrea Angheben, Alberto Carnicci, Fabrizio Giansanti, Rita Mencucci
{"title":"Ivermectin in the Management of Demodex -associated Blepharitis: A Comprehensive Literature Review.","authors":"Matilde Buzzi, Pietro Sponga, Andrea Angheben, Alberto Carnicci, Fabrizio Giansanti, Rita Mencucci","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001299","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To review the role of Demodex infestation in blepharitis and summarize available evidence on the efficacy and safety of topical and oral ivermectin.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This narrative review was conducted through collaboration between expert ophthalmologists and infectious diseases specialists with clinical experience in the use of ivermectin. A literature search was performed in PubMed and Embase from inception to November 2025.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evidence from clinical trials, observational studies, and case series was reviewed and synthesized. Ivermectin, administered orally or topically, has been investigated as a potential treatment option for Demodex -associated blepharitis, either as monotherapy or in combination with other therapies. Across different treatment protocols and patient populations, ivermectin use was generally associated with reductions in Demodex mite density, improvement in cylindrical dandruff, ocular surface parameters, and patient-reported symptoms. Reported adverse events were infrequent and predominantly mild.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Current evidence suggests that ivermectin may represent an effective and overall safe therapeutic option for Demodex -associated blepharitis. Further studies are needed to establish standardized treatment regimens and to assess long-term outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":"375-381"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13623070/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148363788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Moraxella nonliquefaciens Keratitis Due to Ocular Surface Disease in a Patient Treated with Zanubrutinib for Mantle Cell Lymphoma.","authors":"Ori Stern, Haggay Avizemer","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001303","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Zanubrutinib, a second-generation Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in B-cell malignancies, has a favorable systemic safety profile, whereas its ocular surface effects remain insufficiently defined. We report a 73-year-old woman receiving zanubrutinib for mantle cell lymphoma who presented with acute pain and decreased vision in the right eye. Slitlamp examination revealed a corneal epithelial defect with an associated stromal infiltrate in the right eye and bilateral epithelial surface abnormalities. The patient reported three months of bilateral ocular irritation and conjunctival hyperemia before this acute presentation. Corneal cultures grew Moraxella nonliquefaciens . Topical antimicrobial therapy resulted in resolution of the infiltrate. However, ongoing bilateral epithelial instability with microcystic changes required adjunctive topical corticosteroids, leading to substantial clinical improvement. The prolonged bilateral prodrome preceding the acute infectious episode, together with the absence of prior ocular disease, raises concern for zanubrutinib-associated ocular surface dysfunction predisposing to secondary infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report suggesting an association between zanubrutinib therapy and corneal surface disease. This case raises a potential ocular side effect of zanubrutinib, emphasizing the need for further investigation. As immunotherapy use expands, ophthalmologists should remain vigilant for emerging ocular toxicities and collaborate with oncology specialists for optimal patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":"390-393"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148708477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}