Alireza Jamali, Hassan Hashemi, Morad Amir Ahmad, Farshid Babapour Mofrad, Alireza Hashemi, Payam Nabovati, Mehdi Khabazkhoob
{"title":"Predicting Keratoconus Progression From a Single Visit: Is Machine Learning Successful?","authors":"Alireza Jamali, Hassan Hashemi, Morad Amir Ahmad, Farshid Babapour Mofrad, Alireza Hashemi, Payam Nabovati, Mehdi Khabazkhoob","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000001274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To develop and evaluate a machine learning (ML)-based model for predicting keratoconus (KCN) progression in an Iranian cohort.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 1,000 eyes of 529 patients with KCN (mean age: 31.1±8.0 years; 63.3% male) with two ocular examinations at least six months apart (mean interval: 71.1±41.7 months) and no prior corneal surgery. Progression was defined by a composite criterion: ≥1.00 D increase in KmaxF or anterior astigmatism, ≥25 μm corneal thinning, or ≥0.42 increase in Belin/Ambrosio D-index. Three XGBoost-based algorithms were developed: (1) using baseline data plus interexamination change rates, (2) using only baseline data for three-class prediction (progressive/stable/regressive), and (3) a refined binary model (progressive vs. nonprogressive).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 1,000 eyes, 32.3% were progressive, 59.4% stable, and 8.3% regressive. The type 1 algorithm achieved near-perfect performance (AUC=0.999, accuracy=99%). However, the single-visit type 2 model showed limited accuracy (65%) and low sensitivity for progression (46%). The optimized type 3 binary model improved sensitivity to 69.1% and AUC to 0.72. Feature importance analysis identified combination of anterior maximum curvature more than 48.0 D and thinnest pachymetry less than 470 μm is the most identifier parameter. The Clinical Risk Score enabled stratification into low, moderate, and high-risk groups for progression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While ML models excel when longitudinal data are available, predicting KCN progression from a single visit remains challenging. Integrating engineered features and a clinical risk score enhances performance, but current accuracy is insufficient for standalone clinical use. Prospective validation and population-specific thresholds are needed before real-world implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147788025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jennifer Swingle Fogt, Muriel Schornack, Ellen Shorter, Jennifer S Harthan, Amy Nau, Cherie Nau
{"title":"Fluid Reservoir Characteristics in Established Scleral Lens Wear, Part 1-Evaluation of Fluid Reservoir Depth and Midday Fogging.","authors":"Jennifer Swingle Fogt, Muriel Schornack, Ellen Shorter, Jennifer S Harthan, Amy Nau, Cherie Nau","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000001272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Fluid reservoir (FR) depth is an important parameter in the evaluation of scleral lens fitting, yet the range of depths compatible with successful wear, clinicians' ability to estimate depth, and implications of FR depth on midday fogging have yet to be fully elucidated. This study quantified FR depth of habitual scleral lens wearers, compared clinician estimates and image-based measurements of depth, and evaluated optical density of the FR to assess the effect of FR depth on midday fogging.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Habitual scleral lens wearers consented to participate at three sites. FR depth was estimated using slitlamp evaluation by experienced examiners. Measurements of the depth and optical density of the FR were collected using Scheimpflug images.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean estimated (265±97; range: 0-500 µm) and image-derived (264±111; range: 40-555 µm) FR depths were not statistically different (P=0.9). No correlation was found between optical density and depth of the FR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Successful scleral lens wear can occur with a wide range of FR depths. Experienced practitioners can accurately estimate FR depth using slitlamp examination. Midday fogging due to debris behind a scleral lens was not related to FR depth in this group of habitual wearers.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147693381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jennifer Swingle Fogt, Ellen Shorter, Jennifer S Harthan, Cherie Nau, Amy Nau, Muriel Schornack
{"title":"Fluid Reservoir Characteristics in Established Scleral Lens Wear, Part II: Evaluation of Tear Exchange and Midday Fogging.","authors":"Jennifer Swingle Fogt, Ellen Shorter, Jennifer S Harthan, Cherie Nau, Amy Nau, Muriel Schornack","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000001271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Tear exchange is less robust with scleral lenses compared to other modalities. This study evaluates tear exchange with scleral lens wear and examines relationships between tear exchange and optical density of the fluid reservoir and patient-reported midday fogging in established scleral lens wearers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants reported if they experienced midday fogging. Tear exchange was evaluated by observing sodium fluorescein uptake into the post-lens fluid reservoir after 10 seconds, and 1, 2.5, and 5 minutes. Optical density of the fluid reservoir was measured using Scheimpflug imaging. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive value (NPV and PPV) of tear exchange as a predictor for fogging were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Tear exchange occurred within 5 minutes in 64% of eyes. The difference in fluid reservoir optical density for eyes with and without tear exchange was greatest when tear exchange occurred within 10 seconds. Tear exchange between 1-5 minutes was not predictive for fogging. Tear exchange occurring within 10 seconds showed low sensitivity and NPV, but high specificity (87%) and PPV (71%) for predicting fogging.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Tear exchange occurred in a majority of eyes in this study. Scleral lens wearers with a rapid tear exchange rate were more likely to report midday fogging.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147693410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Epithelial Keratitis Secondary to Presumed Ocular Tuberculosis: A Report of Two Cases.","authors":"Fábio Mendonça Xavier Andrade","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001258","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>This report presents two rare cases of presumed epithelial keratitis secondary to ocular tuberculosis (TB), highlighting an unusual clinical presentation that may be underrecognized. Two male patients from a TB-endemic region presented with unilateral, chronic epithelial keratitis in a semicircular pattern, with mild anterior stromal infiltration and reduced corneal sensitivity. Both were unresponsive to standard topical and systemic treatments including antivirals and corticosteroids. Diagnostic evaluation included Mantoux testing and systemic screening. Mantoux tests were positive in both patients, and one exhibited radiological evidence of latent pulmonary TB. Initiation of systemic antituberculosis therapy led to complete epithelial healing within 30 to 60 days in both cases. Each patient developed localized stromal scarring without neovascularization, and no recurrence was observed during follow-up periods of 6 months and 4 years, respectively. The absence of neovascularization, despite the chronicity of keratitis, may be a distinguishing clinical feature from herpetic keratitis. These cases illustrate a potentially underdiagnosed manifestation of ocular TB and suggest that tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of refractory epithelial keratitis, especially in endemic regions or in patients with epidemiological risk factors. A Mantoux test with induration of 10 mm or greater, even in BCG-vaccinated individuals, may support the diagnosis in the appropriate clinical context. Antituberculosis therapy may be both therapeutic and diagnostic in such cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":"174-176"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145953431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yin Guo, Xiaojun Sun, Xinchao Wang, Chunlei Guan, Mengchen Tian, Min Cui, Xin Liu, Jiahong Yuan, Qi Zhang, Lijuan Yan, Xuetao Ren, Xiuting Yu, Bin Meng, Ang Ji
{"title":"Change in Corneo-Scleral Thickness of Myopic Children Wearing Overnight Orthokeratology: 6 Months Follow-Up Study.","authors":"Yin Guo, Xiaojun Sun, Xinchao Wang, Chunlei Guan, Mengchen Tian, Min Cui, Xin Liu, Jiahong Yuan, Qi Zhang, Lijuan Yan, Xuetao Ren, Xiuting Yu, Bin Meng, Ang Ji","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001259","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To explore changes in corneoscleral thickness among myopic children undergoing overnight orthokeratology (Ortho-k) and assess potential associations with axial elongation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective study included myopic children receiving Ortho-k lens treatment with regular follow-ups in 6 months. Corneo-scleral cross-sectional images were obtained using a SPECTRALIS optical coherence tomography device. Measurements of anterior scleral thickness were taken at nasal (SS-N), temporal scleral spur (SS-T), and 1 mm away from these locations (SS-N1 and SS-T1).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 24 children (38 eyes) with a mean age of 10.3±2.2 years were included. The mean thickness was 643±48.0 μm at SS-T, 611±50.7 μm at SS-N, 515±44.6 μm at SS-T1, and 506±37.5 μm at SS-N1. Boys exhibited significantly greater scleral thickness at SS-N1 and SS-T1 compared with girls ( P =0.01). After 6 months of Ortho-k use, significant thinning was observed at SS-T (from 643±48.0 μm to 616±44.0 μm; P =0.001) and SS-N (from 611±50.7 μm to 593±54.8 μm; P =0.015) compared with baseline values. However, the scleral thickness at 1 mm from the SS remained stable. No significant correlation was found between axial elongation and scleral thickness. A subgroup of monocular Ortho-k wearers found that SS-T and SS-N values decreased in eyes with monocular lens-wearing but remained stable in the untreated eyes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A significant reduction in corneo-scleral thickness was observed after six months of Ortho-k lens wear. These changes warrant further investigation to confirm their implications and underlying mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":"151-155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145991614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Franco A Manzanelli, Ariel G Garro, Claudia B R Aimaretto, Luciana P Campagno, Sol R Martinez, Roxana V Alasino, Santiago D Palma, Mariana G Vallejo, Soledad Ravetti
{"title":"Antimicrobial Efficacy of Tea Tree Oil Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Contact Lenses.","authors":"Franco A Manzanelli, Ariel G Garro, Claudia B R Aimaretto, Luciana P Campagno, Sol R Martinez, Roxana V Alasino, Santiago D Palma, Mariana G Vallejo, Soledad Ravetti","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001260","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of tea tree oil (TTO) against a multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate, used as a representative model of the primary pathogen associated with contact lens-related keratitis.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>TTO was tested for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and time-kill kinetics against P. aeruginosa . Biofilm (BF) formation and eradication assays were conducted using crystal violet (CV) and MTT viability tests on biofilms grown on CL surfaces. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro using murine cone photoreceptor cells (661W).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TTO showed strong antibacterial activity against MDR P. aeruginosa , with MIC and MBC values of 3.5 and 7 mg/mL, respectively. It inhibited biofilm formation and eradicated mature biofilms on silicone hydrogel contact lenses, outperforming commercial multipurpose solutions ( P <0.05). Cytotoxicity assays in 661W cells revealed a narrow therapeutic window, as effective concentrations were close to cytotoxic levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>TTO shows strong antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against MDR P. aeruginosa , outperforming commercial solutions in biofilm reduction. Although the narrow margin between effective and cytotoxic concentrations limits direct ocular use, its incorporation into contact lens care solutions appears promising for safe and effective prevention of microbial keratitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":"156-166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146054653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Machine Learning-Based Classification and Dynamic Analysis of Tear Film Lipid Layer Using Smartphone-Based Interferometry: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Yoshiro Okazaki, Hiromichi Okazaki, Mamoru Iwabuchi, Norihiko Yokoi","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001264","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001264","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To develop and validate a machine learning (ML) model for classifying tear film lipid layer (TFLL) patterns from self-acquired smartphone-based interferometer (SBI) images and evaluate its applicability to dynamic TFLL monitoring outside clinical settings.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A healthy female participant captured TFLL videos using SBI on four days (days 0, 1, 2, and 5). RGB images were extracted and annotated into four classes: Colorful, Grayish, Transparent, and Nonregion of interest. A total of 89,033 patches were used to train ML model with Lab color and gray level co-occurrence matrix texture features. All-days fold cross-validation and Last-day fold validation schemes were used. The dynamic behavior of TFLL postblink was assessed by comparing time-series changes in TFLL area detected manually and by the ML model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Accuracy and macro-F1 were 0.853 and 0.755 in all-days fold, and 0.829 and 0.587 in last-day fold. Machine learning-based TFLL-area estimates correlated strongly with manual measurements (r=0.969, P <0.001), capturing consistent postblink expansion.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The proposed ML model can classify TFLL patterns from self-acquired SBI images with good accuracy and replicate typical TFLL spreading dynamics. These findings support its potential application to dynamic monitoring in personalized eye care and home-based dry eye management.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":"167-173"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147357446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael W Belin, Jennifer S Harthan, S Barry Eiden, Andrew S Morgenstern, William Tullo, John D Gelles, Sandra S Block, Steven Greenstein, Peter S Hersh
{"title":"Revised Calculation of the Prevalence of Keratoconus Based on Updated Scheimpflug Corneal Tomography Metrics in a Pediatric Population From a Chicago-Based School Age Vision Clinic.","authors":"Michael W Belin, Jennifer S Harthan, S Barry Eiden, Andrew S Morgenstern, William Tullo, John D Gelles, Sandra S Block, Steven Greenstein, Peter S Hersh","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001250","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001250","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":"103-104"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12911492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145901595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improvement of Postoperative Visual Outcomes in Children With Primary Congenital Glaucoma.","authors":"Jinyun Jiang, Yin Hu, Yingting Zhu, Xing Liu, Shuoshuo Chen, Mengting Yu, Chuqi Xiang, Weiyin Chen, Yimin Zhong, Xiao Yang","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001254","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the vision improvement of corneal rigid gas permeable contact lenses (RGPCLs) in children with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), compared with spectacles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional analysis used baseline data from a randomized trial (CLEVR-PCG Study) investigating RGPCLs' impact on postoperative vision rehabilitation in children with PCG with controlled intraocular pressure from April 2022 to August 2023. The study included 51 eyes from 29 children aged 7.41±2.51 years. Refractive errors were corrected first with spectacles, then RGPCLs. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) and best RGPCL-corrected visual acuity (BCLVA) and contrast sensitivity function (CSF) were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BCLVA was better than BSCVA, and CSF with RGPCLs was better than with spectacles: BCLVA 0.30 (0.15, 0.52) LogMAR vs. BSCVA 0.40 (0.30, 0.70) LogMAR; area under the logarithm of the CSF (AULCSF) 0.68±0.38 vs. 0.51±0.33; CSF acuity 0.94±0.29 vs. 0.83±0.29 (all P <0.001). Multivariate linear regression showed greater myopic spherical equivalent (SER) associated with greater BCVA improvement (β=0.01, 95% CI: 0.004-0.02; P <0.001) and CSF acuity improvement (β=-0.01, 95% CI: -0.01 to -0.0005; P =0.036). Greater myopic SER (β=-0.01, 95% CI -0.02 to -0.004) and better BSCVA (β=-0.18, 95% CI: -0.32 to -0.04) associated with greater AULCSF improvement ( P =0.007).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>RGPCLs immediately improved vision in children with PCG. These findings suggest that RGPCLs are potentially useful for visual rehabilitation in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":"128-134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145859126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pablo Chiaradía, Leonardo D'Alessandro, María Alejandra Navas López, Francisco Lucero Saá
{"title":"Therapeutic Scleral Lens, Sclerokeratoplasty, and Immunosuppression for Severe Corneal Melt.","authors":"Pablo Chiaradía, Leonardo D'Alessandro, María Alejandra Navas López, Francisco Lucero Saá","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001234","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000001234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>A 59-year-old male contact lens wearer was admitted to the intensive care unit for COVID-19 pneumonia. As contact lenses were not removed during admission, the patient developed bilateral corneal abscesses, leading to evisceration of the left eye. Complete corneal melting was observed in the right eye, which was preserved with a therapeutic scleral lens filled with moxifloxacin until donor tissue was available for a sclerokeratoplasty combined with amniotic membrane transplantation. In the second procedure consisting of phacoemulsification, capsular bag implantation of the intraocular lens was not possible, and flanged intrascleral fixation was performed. Long-term graft survival has been achieved with systemic and topical immunosuppression.</p>","PeriodicalId":50457,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":"142-144"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145394867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}