Evelyn Lima de Souza, Flávio Rebustini, Ilana Eshriqui, Francisco Timbó de Paiva Neto, Eliana Tiemi Masuda, Ricardo Macedo Lima, Daiana Bonfim
{"title":"Escala de Vulnerabilidade Familiar: evidências de validade na atenção primária à saúde","authors":"Evelyn Lima de Souza, Flávio Rebustini, Ilana Eshriqui, Francisco Timbó de Paiva Neto, Eliana Tiemi Masuda, Ricardo Macedo Lima, Daiana Bonfim","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057005329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057005329","url":null,"abstract":"OBJETIVO: Investigar evidências de validade da Escala de Vulnerabilidade Familiar (EVFAM-BR) como instrumento de apoio à gestão de base populacional na atenção primária à saúde (APS) no escopo da Planificação da Atenção à Saúde (PAS). MÉTODOS: Estudo de natureza psicométrica de evidências adicionais da estrutura interna da EVFAM-BR por meio da análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC) e análise de redes (network analysis, NA). Versão preliminar da escala com 38 itens foi submetida a usuários de unidades de APS que executam a metodologia da PAS, distribuídas nas cinco regiões brasileiras. Para os dados primários da AFC utilizou-se as cargas fatoriais e o poder preditivo do item (R2). Foram adotados sete índices de ajustamento do modelo e a confiabilidade foi aferida por 3 indicadores, por meio de estimação bayesiana. RESULTADOS: A versão preliminar da escala foi aplicada a 1.255 usuários. Pela AFC, as cargas fatoriais variaram de 0,66 a 0,90 e R2 de 0,44 a 0,81. Tanto os indicadores primários como os índices de adequação do modelo estabeleceram-se em níveis satisfatórios e consistentes. A NA apontou que os itens se associaram de forma adequada com seus pares respeitando as dimensões estabelecidas, o que indica, novamente, a sustentabilidade e estabilidade do modelo proposto. CONCLUSÕES: As evidências de validade apresentadas pela EVFAM-BR enunciam, de forma inédita no Brasil, um instrumento conciso capaz de mensurar assertivamente a vulnerabilidade familiar, potencialmente apoiando a gestão de base populacional.","PeriodicalId":503270,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Saúde Pública","volume":"280 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139193038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexandre Dias Porto Chiavegato Filho, Fernando Passos Cupertino de Barros
{"title":"O potencial do uso de estratégias de planificação e análise de dados para transformar a atenção primária à saúde","authors":"Alexandre Dias Porto Chiavegato Filho, Fernando Passos Cupertino de Barros","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057supl3ed","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057supl3ed","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":503270,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Saúde Pública","volume":"9 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139189304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. B. Shimocomaqui, Eliana Tiemi Masuda, Victoria Gouveia de Souza, Ana Karina de Sousa Gadelha, Ilana Eshriqui
{"title":"Atenção ambulatorial especializada à saúde materno-infantil em regiões do PlanificaSUS","authors":"G. B. Shimocomaqui, Eliana Tiemi Masuda, Victoria Gouveia de Souza, Ana Karina de Sousa Gadelha, Ilana Eshriqui","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057005336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057005336","url":null,"abstract":"OBJETIVO: Descrever a organização de ambulatórios especializados conforme o modelo Ponto de Atenção Secundária Ambulatorial (PASA), por meio da metodologia da Planificação de Atenção à Saúde. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal que utilizou de dados secundários do projeto PlanificaSUS. O estudo foi realizado em 16 ambulatórios especializados na linha de cuidado materno infantil, distribuídos nas cinco regiões geográficas brasileiras. Um questionário estruturado foi utilizado para autoavaliação sobre a implantação de 12 parâmetros em dois momentos, 2019 e em 2020. Esses parâmetros são relacionados às funções assistencial, educacional e de supervisão previstas no modelo PASA. RESULTADOS: E m 2019, apenas 37,5% (6) dos ambulatórios apresentaram pelo menos um parâmetro concluído, sendo o de maior frequência o de equipe multiprofissional com atuação interdisciplinar (concluído em 18,8% dos ambulatórios), relacionado à função assistencial. Nenhum parâmetro das funções educacional e de supervisão estavam concluídos nesse primeiro momento. Já em 2020, os parâmetros relacionados à função assistencial também apresentaram maior frequência, destacando-se a utilização do mesmo critério pelas equipes da atenção primária e dos ambulatórios para estratificação de risco (concluídos em 68,8% dos ambulatórios). Nas funções educacional e supervisional, os parâmetros de encontro entre as equipes da atenção primária e dos ambulatórios para o desenvolvimento da gestão de caso, promoção de capacitação integrada e o vínculo estreito de comunicação entre esses profissionais também aumentaram, identificando-se conclusão destes três parâmetros em 25%, 25% e 37,5% dos ambulatórios, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A metodologia da Planificação proporcionou reflexão e discussão acerca da (re) reorganização do processo de trabalho e contribuiu para a mudanças de práticas de cuidado à saúde materno-infantil na Atenção Ambulatorial Especializada, de forma integrada com a atenção primária à saúde, na perspectiva das Redes de Atenção. Acredita-se que tais avanços potencializam o acesso e cuidado equitativo de gestantes e crianças de alto risco nas diferentes regiões geográficas brasileiras.","PeriodicalId":503270,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Saúde Pública","volume":"110 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139194347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alicia Matijasevich, Alexandre Faisal-Cury, Isabel Giacomini, Julia de Souza Rodrigues, Marcia C. Castro, M. A. Cardoso
{"title":"Maternal depression and offspring mental health at age 5: MINA-Brazil cohort study","authors":"Alicia Matijasevich, Alexandre Faisal-Cury, Isabel Giacomini, Julia de Souza Rodrigues, Marcia C. Castro, M. A. Cardoso","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057005560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057005560","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To identify longitudinal patterns of maternal depression between three months and five years after child’s birth, to examine predictor variables for these trajectories, and to evaluate whether distinct depression trajectories predict offspring mental health problems at age 5 years. METHODS: We used data from the Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Acre (MINA-Brazil) study, a population-based birth cohort in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 3 and 6–8 months, and 1 and 2 years after delivery. Mental health problems in 5-year-old children were evaluated with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) reported by parents. Trajectories of maternal depression were calculated using a group-based modelling approach. RESULTS: We identified four trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms: “low” (67.1%), “increasing” (11.5%), “decreasing” (17.4%), and “high-chronic” (4.0%). Women in the “high/ chronic” trajectory were the poorest, least educated, and oldest compared with women in the other trajectory groups. Also, they were more frequently multiparous and reported smoking and having attended fewer prenatal consultations during pregnancy. In the adjusted analyses, the odds ratio of any SDQ disorder was 3.23 (95%CI: 2.00–5.22) and 2.87 (95%CI: 1.09–7.57) times higher among children of mothers belonging to the “increasing” and “high-chronic” trajectory groups, respectively, compared with those of mothers in the “low” depressive symptoms group. These differences were not explained by maternal and child characteristics included in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: We identified poorer mental health outcomes for children of mothers assigned to the “chronic/severe” and “increasing” depressive symptoms trajectories. Prevention and treatment initiatives to avoid the adverse short, medium, and long-term effects of maternal depression on offspring development should focus on women belonging to these groups.","PeriodicalId":503270,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Saúde Pública","volume":"33 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139196638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. A. Cardoso, B. H. Lourenço, Alicia Matijasevich, Marcia C. Castro, Marcelo U. Ferreira
{"title":"Prevalence and correlates of childhood anemia in the MINA-Brazil birth cohort study","authors":"M. A. Cardoso, B. H. Lourenço, Alicia Matijasevich, Marcia C. Castro, Marcelo U. Ferreira","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057005637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057005637","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":503270,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Saúde Pública","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139201427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. H. Lourenço, C. Rodrigues, Ana Alice de Araújo Damasceno, M. A. Cardoso, Marcia C. Castro
{"title":"Birth-to-childhood tracking of linear growth and weight gain in the MINA-Brazil Study","authors":"B. H. Lourenço, C. Rodrigues, Ana Alice de Araújo Damasceno, M. A. Cardoso, Marcia C. Castro","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057005628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057005628","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To investigate birth-to-childhood tracking of linear growth and weight gain across the distribution of length/height and weight for age z-scores and according to household wealth. METHODS: Data from 614 children from the MINA-Brazil Study with repeated anthropometric measurements at birth and up to age five years were used. Z-scores were calculated for length/height (HAZ) and weight (WAZ) according to international standards. Birth-to-childhood tracking was separately estimated using quantile regression models for HAZ and WAZ, extracting coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) at the 25th, 50th, and 75th quantiles. In a subgroup analysis, we estimated tracking between birth and age two years, and between ages two and five years. To investigate disparities in tracking, interaction terms between household wealth indexes (at birth and age five years) and newborn size z-scores were included in the models. RESULTS: Tracking coefficients were significant and had similar magnitude across the distribution of anthropometric indices at age five years (HAZ, 50th quantile: 0.23, 95%CI: 0.11 to 0.35; WAZ, 50th quantile: 0.31, 95%CI: 0.19 –0.43). Greater tracking was observed between ages two and five years, with coefficients above 0.82. Significantly higher tracking of linear growth was observed among children from wealthier households, both at birth, at the lower bounds of HAZ distribution (25th quantile: 0.30, 95%CI: 0.13 – 0.56), a nd during childhood, in the entire HAZ distribution at five years. For weight gain, stronger tracking was observed at the upper bounds of WAZ distribution at age five years among children from wealthier households at birth (75th quantile: 0.59, 95%CI: 0.35–o 0.83) and during childhood (75th quantile: 0.54, 95%CI: 0.15 –0.93). CONCLUSION: There was significant tracking of HAZ and WAZ since birth, with indication of substantial stability of nutritional status between ages two and five years. Differential tracking according to household wealth should be considered for planning early interventions for preventing malnutrition.","PeriodicalId":503270,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Saúde Pública","volume":"179 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139206608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isabel Giacomini, M. R. O. Martins, Alicia Matijasevich, M. A. Cardoso
{"title":"Internal consistency of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in Amazonian children","authors":"Isabel Giacomini, M. R. O. Martins, Alicia Matijasevich, M. A. Cardoso","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057005562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057005562","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency of behavioral problems and the internal consistency of the parent version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-P) in Amazonian preschool children during the covid-19 pandemic. METHODS: Data from the Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Acre (MINA-Brazil) study, a population-based birth cohort in the Western Brazilian Amazon, were used. The SDQ-P was applied in 2021 at the five-year follow-up visit to parents or caregivers of 695 children (49.4% of which were girls). This instrument is a short behavioral screening questionnaire composed of 25 items reorganized into five subscales: emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems, and prosocial behavior. Cases of behavioral problems were defined according to the original SDQ cut-offs based on United Kingdom norms. Moreover, cut off points were estimated based on the SDQ-P percentile results of our study sample. Internal consistency was assessed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and McDonald’s omega for each scale. RESULTS: According to the cut-offs based on our studied population distribution, 10% of all children had high or very high total difficulty scores, whereas it was almost twice when the original SDQ cut-offs based on United Kingdom norms, were applied (18%). Differences were also observed in the other scales. Compared to girls, boys showed higher means of externalizing problem and lower means of prosocial behavior. The five-factor model showed a moderate internal consistency of the items for all scales (0.60 ≤ α ≤ 0.40), except for total difficulty scores, which it considered substantial (α > 0.61). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the usefulness of SDQ in our study population and reinforce the need for strategies and policy development for mental health care in early life in the Amazon.","PeriodicalId":503270,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Saúde Pública","volume":"13 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139199969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. S. Mosquera, B. H. Lourenço, Alicia Matijasevich, Marcia C. Castro, M. A. Cardoso
{"title":"Prevalence and predictors of breastfeeding in the MINA-Brazil cohort","authors":"P. S. Mosquera, B. H. Lourenço, Alicia Matijasevich, Marcia C. Castro, M. A. Cardoso","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057005563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057005563","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and factors associated with exclusive (EBF) and continued breastfeeding (BF) practices among Amazonian children. METHODS: Data from 1,143 mother-child pairs recorded on the Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Acre (MINA-Brazil) birth cohort were used. Information on EBF and BF was collected after childbirth (July 2015–June 2016) and during the follow-up visits at 1 and 6 months postpartum, 1, 2, and 5 years of age. For longitudinal analysis, the outcomes were EBF and BF duration. Probability of breastfeeding practices were estimated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Associations between baseline predictors variables and outcomes among children born at term were assessed by extended Cox regression models. RESULTS: EBF frequencies (95% confidence interval [95%CI]) at 3 and 6 months of age were 33% (95%CI: 30.2–36.0) and 10.8% (95%CI: 8.9–12.9), respectively. Adjusted hazard ratio for predictors of early EBF cessation were: being a first-time mother = 1.47 (95%CI: 1.19–1.80), feeding newborns with prelacteals = 1.70 (95%CI: 1.23–2.36), pacifier use in the first week of life = 1.79 (95%CI: 1.44–2.23) or diarrhea in the first two weeks of life = 1.70 (95%CI: 1.15–2.52). Continued BF frequency was 67.9% (95%CI: 64.9–70.8), 29.3% (95%CI: 26.4–32.4), and 1.7% (95%CI: 0.9–2.8) at 1, 2 and 5 years of age, respectively. Adjusted hazard ratio for predictors of early BF cessation were: male sex = 1.23 (95%CI: 1.01–1.49), pacifier use in the first week of life = 4.66 (95%CI: 2.99–7.26), and EBF less than 3 months = 2.76 (95%CI: 1.64–4.66). CONCLUSIONS: EBF and continued BF duration among Amazonian children is considerably shorter than recommendations from the World Health Organization. Significant predictors of breastfeeding practices should be considered for evaluating local strategies to achieve optimal breastfeeding practices.","PeriodicalId":503270,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Saúde Pública","volume":"47 78","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139203952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Denise Eliziana de Souza, C. D. do Carmo, James R. Welch
{"title":"Temporal analysis and contextual factors associated with HIV/AIDS in Brazil from 2000 to 2019","authors":"Denise Eliziana de Souza, C. D. do Carmo, James R. Welch","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057005508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057005508","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Brazil and its Federation Units by gender, identify its associated contextual factors, and track changes in its epidemiological pattern from 2000 to 2019. METHODS: This is an ecological study with epidemiological data from DATASUS and population data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Time-series analyses of incidence rates by gender and trends were performed by joinpoint regressions, obtaining the average annual percent change (AAPC). Then, all genders were analyzed regarding the association between AAPC and the following contextual indicators: Municipal Human Development Index (HDI-M), Gini Index, Social Vulnerability Index, illiteracy rates, proportion of late diagnosis, and proportion of test distribution. RESULTS: Incidence rates in men showed a linear decreasing trend (AAPC = −0.6; 95%CI −1.1 to 0.0). Rates in women increased from 2000 to 2009 and decreased from 2010 to 2019, tending upward throughout the period (AAPC = 1.4; 95%CI 0.8 to 1.9). Analyses by gender ratio showed a downward trend (AAPC = −1.8; 95%CI −2.3 to −1.3), indicating a reduction in the rates in men when compared to women. Indicators and the AAPC showed an inverse association for all genders, in which the HDI-M was the variable with the most pronounced association, showing that higher human development indices are associated with lower variations in HIV/AIDS rates. CONCLUSION: Case distribution differ across genders, with an upward incidence trend in women and a possible association with gender-related vulnerabilities. It is important to think about public policies that consider these dimensions.","PeriodicalId":503270,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Saúde Pública","volume":"354 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139263551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Maldonado, S. Farias, Kelly Veloso da Cruz, Bruna Pereira dos Santos, L. Castro, Inês Rugani Ribeiro de Castro
{"title":"Marketing communication strategies on labels of food products consumed by children","authors":"L. Maldonado, S. Farias, Kelly Veloso da Cruz, Bruna Pereira dos Santos, L. Castro, Inês Rugani Ribeiro de Castro","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057004614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057004614","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: Analyze marketing communication strategies (MCS) of labels of food products consumed by children under 5 years of age from the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) in the city of Rio de Janeiro. METHODS: In total, 390 labels of ultra-processed foods and industrialized baby foods were analyzed. The products were organized by similarity into 24 groups. Photographs of labels from each group were analyzed to identify the MCS, which were categorized into “presence of characters and/or celebrities,” “emotional appeal,” “freebies offering,” “health appeal,” “sensory stimulation,” “brand or slogan use,” “promotional price,” “advertisement under advertisement,” and “sustainability appeal.” The percentage frequency of labels according to the number of MCS per label; the total and average frequency of MCS according to the food group; the frequency of MCS type according to the food group; and communication resources by type of MCS were computed. RESULTS: 1 to 19 strategies were found per label and an average of 7.2 MCS per label, totaling 2,792 occurrences. The MCS “sensory stimulation,” “health appeal,” “brand or slogan use,” and “advertisement under advertising” were observed in all food groups. “Freebies offering” and “promotional price” were observed in eight and six food groups, respectively. In food groups of bread; dairy products; and sweets, candies, and goodies, all nine types of MCS included in the study were identified. The groups that presented fewer types of MCS (n=5) were: peanuts, instant noodles, and margarines. Of the total MCS identified on the labels, the most frequent were “sensory stimulation” (29.4%) and “health appeal” (18.2%); and the least frequent were “freebies offering” (0.8%) and “promotional price” (0.4%). The “emotional appeal” strategy presented the highest diversity of communication resources. CONCLUSION: Rigorous regulatory measures are required to protect consumers from massive exposure to MCS on food labels.","PeriodicalId":503270,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Saúde Pública","volume":"19 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139264132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}