International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Health最新文献

{"title":"Autoimmune Disorders Unraveled: The Interplay Between Genetics and the Immune System.","authors":"Esra Hassan Abd Ali, Hussain Owaid Mohammed","doi":"10.55640/ijmsdh-10-03-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55640/ijmsdh-10-03-18","url":null,"abstract":"Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders that have an abnormal immune response against the owner’s tissues. Another key feature in the pathogenesis of these diseases is an interaction between genetics and environment. Although the emergence of a number of recent genomic technologies has simplified establishing many susceptibility genes and loci that determine an inherited predisposition to autoimmunity, The goal of this review article is to explore the element of complexity that stems from correlation between genetics and immunity when focusing autoimmune diseases. It provides major genetic differences that define immune cell activity, mechanisms related to the regulation of self-tolerance and inflammatory reactions. Also, the review describes epigenetic modifications that could modify gene expression and behavior of immune systems causing disease development or progression. In this chapter, using GWAS as well as other types of genetic studies we address how these recent advances in genetics have improved our understanding of disease mechanisms and enabled the development of novel strategies for personalizing therapeutic interventions. This paper further explores the opportunities such genetic findings present in creating predictive models for disease risk assessment and as a prescription to personalized medicine. The understanding and control of autoimmunity will greatly benefit from unraveling the genetic complexities involved in these conditions.","PeriodicalId":503011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Health","volume":"137 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140265568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASSESSING THYROID FUNCTION: A REVIEW OF BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS AND TESTING STRATEGIES","authors":"N. M. Jasem, Salma Hussain Kadhim, Mohammed M. Sharba","doi":"10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-17","url":null,"abstract":"The present work provides an in depth look at the biochemical markers and the testing strategies employed in appraising thyroid function. It involves the primary thyroid hormones such as TSH, T3, and T4 that are responsible for thyroid homeostasis and diagnosis of the dysfunction of the thyroid. The assessment also covers and evaluates the different testing methods and approaches to examine thyroid function which include immunoassays and mass spectrometry. The review offers the summary of advantages and disadvantages of different testing methods to increase the knowledge and to facilitate decision making regarding the diagnosis of thyroid function, and to improve the quality of care of thyroid-related conditions.","PeriodicalId":503011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Health","volume":"156 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140415284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ADVANCES IN CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CURRENT AND FUTURE APPROACHES IN THE TREATMENT OF SOLID AND HEMATOLOGIC TUMORS.","authors":"Gabriela Patricia Guijarro Reinoso, Nathaly Paola Castro Moscoso, Paula Doménica Astudillo Goyo, Bryan Steven Pasquel Rodríguez, Jefferson Vicente Urvina Muñoz","doi":"10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-16","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer immunotherapy uses the patient's immune system to fight cancerous cells with little to no side effects, making it a viable treatment option for solid and hematologic cancers. Reviewing current developments as well as potential directions for the field of cancer immunotherapy, this paper focuses on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell treatment, and cancer vaccines. A thorough analysis of the literature using publications from 2018 to 2023 was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The findings demonstrate the immune checkpoint inhibitors' outstanding effectiveness in treating a variety of cancers, especially when combined with anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, which result in improved survival rates and long-lasting effects. In hematologic malignancies, CAR T-cell therapy—particularly second-generation designs—has shown encouraging results, producing notable responses in patients with relapsed or resistant illness. Cancer vaccines that target tumor-specific antigens have shown promise in enhancing T-cell responses, despite obstacles such autoreactive immune responses and tumor heterogeneity. Notwithstanding these developments, there are still several drawbacks, such as immune-related adverse effects, inconsistent response rates, and logistical challenges. According to future views, in order to overcome these obstacles and improve treatment success, new combination treatments, biomarker-driven strategies, and creative delivery methods are necessary.","PeriodicalId":503011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Health","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140408385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Among Pregnant Women in Anbar Governorate.","authors":"Abdul Salam Abdul Sattar Abdul Azez, Hadeel Ahmed Kenoosh, Mahmoud Shehab Al-heety, Mohammed Nazhan Radaan Alqaisi","doi":"10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-14","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is recognized to be a prominent source of uropathogens in women worldwide. Urinary tract infection in pregnant women continues to cause clinical issues, which is a significant load on clinicians. Objective: The study aims to investigate the frequency of bacterial urinary tract infections among pregnant women and assess the susceptibility of these pathogens. Method: Urine samples 65 were collected from pregnant women in Anbar Governorate, were identified utilizing colony characteristics the organisms' gram stain response, biochemical assays Susceptibility testing aligns to the standard techniques defined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guideline. Results: In this study, 95% (60 out of 65) of urinary tract infections (UTIs) were culture-positive. Among the identified bacteria, six distinct types were observed. The most prevalent Gram-negative isolate was Escherichia coli, accounting for 88.3% of cases, followed by Proteus mirabilis at 1.6%. Gram-positive bacteria were also identified, with Staphylococcus aureus representing 6.6% and Streptococcus at 3.3% of cases. E. coli showed resistance to ciprofloxacin (50%), norfloxacin (19%), ceftriaxone (90%), ampicillin (89%), meropenem (10%), and nitrofurantoin (60%). Staphylococcus aureus exhibited resistance to ciprofloxacin (73%), norfloxacin (35%), ceftriaxone (50%), ampicillin (71%), meropenem (8%), and nitrofurantoin (45%). Proteus mirabilis displayed resistance to ciprofloxacin (46%), norfloxacin (16%), ceftriaxone (62%), ampicillin (90%), meropenem (25%), and nitrofurantoin (33%). Streptococcus showed resistance to ciprofloxacin (43%), norfloxacin (54%), ceftriaxone (37%), ampicillin (88%), meropenem (30%), and nitrofurantoin (87%). Conclusion: Majority UTIs were caused by Gram-negative bacteria, especially E. coli. Resistance to ampicillin, nitrofurantoin, and ciprofloxacin was common, while norfloxacin and meropenem showed sensitivity. Regular urine culture during pregnancy is vital to lower UTI risk and antibiotic resistance.","PeriodicalId":503011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Health","volume":"8 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139957606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Cytokines as Biomarkers for Disease Severity in Bacterial and Viral Infections.","authors":"H. A. Jamil, Hamza Jabbar Jabour, N. chachain","doi":"10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-15","url":null,"abstract":"Cytokines highly contribute into the process of Mediated immune responses and its role is evident with the discovery of cytokines as key biomarkers in healthcare field. It examines the current cytokine assay conditions, which are critical for the process of diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring. The review must include the problems in cytokine standardization, variability, and clinical implementation., but will demonstrate the probability of personalized medicine, biomarkers and therapeutic gains as well. Future directions in cytokine studies are expected to capitalize on the recently emerged technological applications, network-based determinations, and precision medicine-oriented approaches that will be employed to aid patients and enhance the current treatment of the diseases.","PeriodicalId":503011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Health","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140438752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of tonsillectomy on ASO titre.","authors":"Dr. Mosin Babu, Maibam Puspakishore Singh, Puyam Sobita Devi, H. P. Devi, V. Mariyapragasam M, AS Thanu","doi":"10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-13","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tonsillitis is one of the common clinical problems in Otolaryngology practice. Tonsillectomy is the preferable treatment for patients not responding to medical treatment. Many patients have increased Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titres which is caused by Group A Beta Haemolytic Streptococci (GABHS). Objectives: To determine the effect of tonsillectomy on ASO titre. Materials and Methods: A prospective study conducted in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India for a period of 2 years from October 2014 to September 2016. 50 patients diagnosed as recurrent tonsillitis with raised ASO titre above 200 IU/ml and undergoing tonsillectomy were enrolled for the study. Results: Most of the patients were in the age group of 11-15 years with male to female ratio of 1: 1.63. One month after tonsillectomy 11 (22%) patients were negative for ASO titre. After 3 months, 6 months and 1 year follow up, patients whose ASO titre became negative were 34 (68%), 44 (88%) and 45 (90%) respectively. 72% patients had no episodes of sore throat after tonsillectomy. Conclusion: Tonsillectomy has a significant role in preventing or reducing recurrent streptococcal throat infections.","PeriodicalId":503011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Health","volume":"59 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139960517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Microbiological Landscape of Diabetic Foot Infections: Implications for Treatment and Prevention","authors":"Reem A. Mansour, Doaa A. Abdulwaha","doi":"10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-12","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) represent one of the most serious and frequent complications resulting from diabetes mellitus, causing substantial morbidity as well as enhanced risk for amputation. The microbiological world of DIFs is typically multifaceted and usually includes a polymicrobial community with both aerobic bacteria this anaerobe the purpose of this review is to decompose the current knowledge about microbial diversity in DFIs, their resistance patterns and biofilms contribution for resilience towards infection persistence and therapy. Development of molecular techniques has allowed increased insight into the DFI microbiome, not only uncovering prevalent pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but also lesser frequently isolated organisms. The employment of multidrug-resistant organisms and the intricate relationship between microbial species within biofilms present serious management challenges. The review focuses on the relevance of early and accurate diagnosis using culture-based methodologies as well molecular methods that, in turn, would enable more specific antimicrobial therapy. Moreover, the opportunity of new antibacterial agents will be available; other local delivery systems and adjunctive therapies like negative pressure wound therapy would also be addressed. Strategies of prevention that involve patient education, regular foot checks and proper glycemic control form part of essential measures in reducing incidences of DFIs. An interdisciplinary approach to care is highlighted in the review, influencing diabetology specialists, infectious disease physicians and microbiologists as well as podiatrists be able to improve treatment outcomes. This review aims to provide the most recent synthesis on microbiological aspects of DFIs and their clinical implications, with an intent of informing development of more effective strategies for management thus improving patient’s quality life as well reducing pressure from health care systems.","PeriodicalId":503011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Health","volume":"108 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139776717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of minor thalassemia on the liver function and lipid profile compared with major thalassemia.","authors":"Zahraa Qasim Mohammed, J. Jouda, Huraa Qasim Mohammed","doi":"10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-11","url":null,"abstract":"It is thought that only patients with major thalassemia need to be under healthy control compared to minor. Thus, the aim of this work is to investigate the minor thalassemia complications in the liver status and compare them with the major thalassemia. So, 84 patients with thalassemia were randomly selected; 56 with major and 28 with minor. The Blood Samples were collected and used to determine the levels of ferritin, liver enzymes and lipid profiles. The results were showed that while there were no significantly differences in the ALP levels, ALT and AST levels were significantly higher in the major thalassemia compared to minor. All the patients with major and minor had abnormal higher ALP, 45% of major had abnormal higher AST and 30% of the major had abnormal ALT than normal range. Bild, BilT, cholesterol and trig levels were significantly higher while LDH and UHDL levels were significantly lower in the major compared to minor. The Bild levels in 90% of the major compared to 40% of the minor were abnormal higher than normal range. As conclusion, there were abnormality in the ALP and some lipid profile of minor thalassemia. So, the patients with minor thalassemia could be under risk of liver disorder so they need to be under control and to find the exact reason of this disorder need more researches.","PeriodicalId":503011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Health","volume":"693 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139835396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Microbiological Landscape of Diabetic Foot Infections: Implications for Treatment and Prevention","authors":"Reem A. Mansour, Doaa A. Abdulwaha","doi":"10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-12","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) represent one of the most serious and frequent complications resulting from diabetes mellitus, causing substantial morbidity as well as enhanced risk for amputation. The microbiological world of DIFs is typically multifaceted and usually includes a polymicrobial community with both aerobic bacteria this anaerobe the purpose of this review is to decompose the current knowledge about microbial diversity in DFIs, their resistance patterns and biofilms contribution for resilience towards infection persistence and therapy. Development of molecular techniques has allowed increased insight into the DFI microbiome, not only uncovering prevalent pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but also lesser frequently isolated organisms. The employment of multidrug-resistant organisms and the intricate relationship between microbial species within biofilms present serious management challenges. The review focuses on the relevance of early and accurate diagnosis using culture-based methodologies as well molecular methods that, in turn, would enable more specific antimicrobial therapy. Moreover, the opportunity of new antibacterial agents will be available; other local delivery systems and adjunctive therapies like negative pressure wound therapy would also be addressed. Strategies of prevention that involve patient education, regular foot checks and proper glycemic control form part of essential measures in reducing incidences of DFIs. An interdisciplinary approach to care is highlighted in the review, influencing diabetology specialists, infectious disease physicians and microbiologists as well as podiatrists be able to improve treatment outcomes. This review aims to provide the most recent synthesis on microbiological aspects of DFIs and their clinical implications, with an intent of informing development of more effective strategies for management thus improving patient’s quality life as well reducing pressure from health care systems.","PeriodicalId":503011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Health","volume":"81 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139836346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of minor thalassemia on the liver function and lipid profile compared with major thalassemia.","authors":"Zahraa Qasim Mohammed, J. Jouda, Huraa Qasim Mohammed","doi":"10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55640/ijmsdh-10-02-11","url":null,"abstract":"It is thought that only patients with major thalassemia need to be under healthy control compared to minor. Thus, the aim of this work is to investigate the minor thalassemia complications in the liver status and compare them with the major thalassemia. So, 84 patients with thalassemia were randomly selected; 56 with major and 28 with minor. The Blood Samples were collected and used to determine the levels of ferritin, liver enzymes and lipid profiles. The results were showed that while there were no significantly differences in the ALP levels, ALT and AST levels were significantly higher in the major thalassemia compared to minor. All the patients with major and minor had abnormal higher ALP, 45% of major had abnormal higher AST and 30% of the major had abnormal ALT than normal range. Bild, BilT, cholesterol and trig levels were significantly higher while LDH and UHDL levels were significantly lower in the major compared to minor. The Bild levels in 90% of the major compared to 40% of the minor were abnormal higher than normal range. As conclusion, there were abnormality in the ALP and some lipid profile of minor thalassemia. So, the patients with minor thalassemia could be under risk of liver disorder so they need to be under control and to find the exact reason of this disorder need more researches.","PeriodicalId":503011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Health","volume":"40 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139775687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}