The Microbiological Landscape of Diabetic Foot Infections: Implications for Treatment and Prevention

Abstract

Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) represent one of the most serious and frequent complications resulting from diabetes mellitus, causing substantial morbidity as well as enhanced risk for amputation. The microbiological world of DIFs is typically multifaceted and usually includes a polymicrobial community with both aerobic bacteria this anaerobe the purpose of this review is to decompose the current knowledge about microbial diversity in DFIs, their resistance patterns and biofilms contribution for resilience towards infection persistence and therapy. Development of molecular techniques has allowed increased insight into the DFI microbiome, not only uncovering prevalent pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but also lesser frequently isolated organisms. The employment of multidrug-resistant organisms and the intricate relationship between microbial species within biofilms present serious management challenges. The review focuses on the relevance of early and accurate diagnosis using culture-based methodologies as well molecular methods that, in turn, would enable more specific antimicrobial therapy. Moreover, the opportunity of new antibacterial agents will be available; other local delivery systems and adjunctive therapies like negative pressure wound therapy would also be addressed. Strategies of prevention that involve patient education, regular foot checks and proper glycemic control form part of essential measures in reducing incidences of DFIs. An interdisciplinary approach to care is highlighted in the review, influencing diabetology specialists, infectious disease physicians and microbiologists as well as podiatrists be able to improve treatment outcomes. This review aims to provide the most recent synthesis on microbiological aspects of DFIs and their clinical implications, with an intent of informing development of more effective strategies for management thus improving patient’s quality life as well reducing pressure from health care systems.