Eng最新文献

{"title":"Influence of a Shaft Shoulder on the Torsional Load-Bearing Behaviour of Trochoidal Profile Contours as Positive Shaft–Hub Connections","authors":"Masoud Ziaei, Marcus Selzer, Heiko Sommer","doi":"10.3390/eng5020045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5020045","url":null,"abstract":"Shafts with a stepped shoulder are particularly well known in the field of drive technology. In combination with a form-fit shaft–hub connection, the shaft shoulder fixes the hub on the shaft as well as being responsible for the absorption of the axial forces. With profiled shafts, there is a notch overlay in the shaft shoulder, involving the shaft shoulder and profile. If the hub is also connected with the profiled shaft, the hub edge acts as an additional notch in the shaft shoulder area. The multiple resulting notches have not previously been part of research activities in the field of innovative trochoidal profile connections. Compared to conventional positive-locking connections, such as the keyway connection or the involute splined shaft profile, the favourable features of trochoidal profiles have only been based on connections with stepless shafts without a shoulder in previous studies. Accordingly, this article addresses numerical and experimental investigations of trochoidal profile connections with offset shafts for pure torsional loading. Focusing on a hybrid trochoid with four eccentricities and six drivers, a well-founded numerical and experimental investigation was carried out with numerous fatigue tests. In addition, the influence of a shaft shoulder was also demonstrated on simple epitrochoidal and hypotrochoidal profiles.","PeriodicalId":502660,"journal":{"name":"Eng","volume":" 383","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140990005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Integrated Infrastructure Resilience Approach, from the Geotechnical Asset to the Transport Network","authors":"Georgios Belokas, C. Saroglou, Tatiana P. Moschovou, E. Vlahogianni","doi":"10.3390/eng5020044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5020044","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this work is to present a comprehensive and integrated methodology to enhance the resilience of transportation critical infrastructure (TCI), focusing on the interplay between geotechnical assets and the transport network. Societies are greatly dependent on transport infrastructure systems, and as the mobility of passengers and the transport of freight is continuously growing, a disruption due to natural or man-made hazards creates significant impacts and dysfunctionalities on their operation and necessitates response measures to minimize vulnerability and ensure continuous functionality and robustness through resilience. Therefore, resilience quantification allows the design of ad hoc operation action plans before, during, and after a disruption, considering the dynamics of societal, ecological, and technological (SET) environments. The current work focuses on resilience quantification methodologies for TCIs and on the influence of single geotechnical asset (i.e., slope failure) resilience capacity on the overall system (i.e., national road network) resilience. Two case studies of unexpected transport network disruptions that took place in Greece are presented, and resilience metrics and performance indicators are applied to quantify the influence of the recovery stage.","PeriodicalId":502660,"journal":{"name":"Eng","volume":" 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140991647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic Reconstruction of 3D Models from 2D Drawings: A State-of-the-Art Review","authors":"Sofia Feist, Luís Jacques de Sousa, L. Sanhudo, João Poças Martins","doi":"10.3390/eng5020042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5020042","url":null,"abstract":"Among the methods of 3D reconstruction, the automatic generation of 3D models from building documentation is one of the most accessible and inexpensive. For 30 years, researchers have proposed multiple methods to automatically generate 3D models from 2D drawings. This study compiles this research and discusses the different methods used to generate 3D models from 2D drawings. It offers a critical review of these methods, focusing on the coverage and completeness of the reconstruction process. This review allows us to identify the research gaps in the literature, and opportunities for improvement are identified for future research.","PeriodicalId":502660,"journal":{"name":"Eng","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140997759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimum Shear Reinforcement for Reactive Powder Concrete Beams","authors":"Hussein Kareem Sultan, Ghasan Fahim Huseien","doi":"10.3390/eng5020043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5020043","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research was to determine the minimal requirements for shear reinforcement for reactive powder concrete (RPC) rectangular cross-sectional beams with a compressive strength of 157 MPa and a steel fiber volume content of 2.0% that remained constant for all the tested beams. Additionally, the recommendations of KCI-2012 and AFGC-2013 for the design of RPC beams as well as the shear design requirements of ACI 314-2014 when applied to RPC beams were studied. Utilizing a three-dimensional finite element program, a computational model was designed for forecasting the deformations and shear strength of the examined RPC beams. Both the shear-span-to-depth relationship (a/d) and the minimal reinforcement web ratio, represented by the distance between stirrups and the diameter of the stirrup bars, are the key study parameters in this regard. According to this study’s experimental findings, increasing the given reinforcement of the web ratio has little influence on both the ultimate shear strength as well as the diagonal cracking strength of the beams. Additionally, the findings demonstrated that the ACI 318-2014 maximum stirrup spacing requirement of 0.5 d can safely be extended to 0.75 d for beams that are relatively short. Compared to what ACI 318-2014 mandates, the suggestions of AFGC-2013 and KCI-2012 are more cautious and safe. According to the AFGC-2013 criteria, the mean proportion of Vfb to projected Vu,AFGC is roughly 58.3%, whereas the mean proportion of vs. and Vc is just 41.7%. The deformation response and ultimate shear strength of the examined RPC beams were well predicted by the designed model using finite elements when metal fibers were taken into account.","PeriodicalId":502660,"journal":{"name":"Eng","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140999259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Analysis of Bearing Capacity in Deep Excavation Support Structures: A Comparative Study of Nailing Systems and Helical Anchors","authors":"Seyyed Alireza Taghavi, F. Jalali, R. Moezzi, R. Khaksar, Stanisław Wacławek, M. Gheibi, A. Annuk","doi":"10.3390/eng5020037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5020037","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing demand for deep excavations in construction projects emphasizes the necessity of robust support structures to ensure safety and stability. Support structures are critical in stabilizing excavation pits, with a primary focus on enhancing their bearing capacity. This paper employs finite element modeling techniques to conduct a numerical analysis of nails and helical anchors’ bearing capacity. To reinforce the stability of pit walls, selecting an appropriate method for guard structure construction is imperative. The chosen method should efficiently redistribute forces induced by soil mass weight, displacements, and potential loads in the pit vicinity to the ground. Various techniques, including trusses, piles, cross-bracing systems, nailing, and anchorage systems, are utilized for this purpose. The study evaluates numerical models for two guard structure configurations: nailing systems and helical anchorage. It examines the impact of parameters such as displacement, helical helix count, helix diameter variations, and the integration of nailing systems with helices. Comparative analyses are conducted, including displacement comparisons between different nailing systems and helical anchor systems, along with laboratory-sampled data. The research yields significant insights, with a notable finding highlighting the superior performance of helical bracings compared to nailing systems. The conclusions drawn from this study provide specific outcomes that contribute valuable knowledge to the field of deep excavation support structures, guiding future design and implementation practices.","PeriodicalId":502660,"journal":{"name":"Eng","volume":" 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140687610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Status, Sizing Methodologies, Optimization Techniques, and Energy Management and Control Strategies for Co-Located Utility-Scale Wind–Solar-Based Hybrid Power Plants: A Review","authors":"S. O. Bade, Ajan Meenakshisundaram, O. Tomomewo","doi":"10.3390/eng5020038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5020038","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, into co-located hybrid power plants (HPPs) has gained significant attention as an innovative solution to address the intermittency and variability inherent in renewable systems among plant developers because of advancements in technology, economies of scale, and government policies. However, it is essential to examine different challenges and aspects during the development of a major work on large-scale hybrid plants. This includes the need for optimization, sizing, energy management, and a control strategy. Hence, this research offers a thorough examination of the present state of co-located utility-scale wind–solar-based HPPs, with a specific emphasis on the problems related to their sizing, optimization, and energy management and control strategies. The authors developed a review approach that includes compiling a database of articles, formulating inclusion and exclusion criteria, and conducting comprehensive analyses. This review highlights the limited number of peer-reviewed studies on utility-scale HPPs, indicating the need for further research, particularly in comparative studies. The integration of machine learning, artificial intelligence, and advanced optimization algorithms for real-time decision-making is highlighted as a potential avenue for addressing complex energy management challenges. The insights provided in this manuscript will be valuable for researchers aiming to further explore HPPs, contributing to the development of a cleaner, economically viable, efficient, and reliable power system.","PeriodicalId":502660,"journal":{"name":"Eng","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140689716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Damage Detection with Data-Driven Machine Learning Models on an Experimental Structure","authors":"Yohannes L. Alemu, Tom Lahmer, Christian Walther","doi":"10.3390/eng5020036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5020036","url":null,"abstract":"Various techniques have been employed to detect damage in civil engineering structures. Apart from the model-based approach, which demands the frequent updating of its corresponding finite element method (FEM)-built model, data-driven methods have gained prominence. Environmental and operational effects significantly affect damage detection due to the presence of damage-related trends in their analyses. Time-domain approaches such as autoregression and metrics such as the Mahalanobis squared distance have been utilized to mitigate these effects. In the realm of machine learning (ML) models, their effectiveness relies heavily on the type and quality of the extracted features, making this aspect a focal point of attention. The objective of this work is therefore to deploy and observe potential feature extraction approaches used as input in training fully data-driven damage detection machine learning models. The most damage-sensitive segment (MDSS) feature extraction technique, which potentially treats signals under multiple conditions, is also proposed and deployed. It identifies potential segments for each feature coefficient under a defined criterion. Therefore, 680 signals, each consisting of 8192 data points, are recorded using accelerometer sensors at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in the USA. The data are obtained from a three-story 3D building frame and are utilized in this research for a mainly data-driven damage detection task. Three approaches are implemented to replace four missing signals with the generated ones. In this paper, multiple fast Fourier and wavelet-transformed features are employed to evaluate their performance. Most importantly, a power spectral density (PSD)-based feature extraction approach that considers the maximum variability criterion to identify the most sensitive segments is developed and implemented. The performance of the MDSS selection technique, proposed in this work, surpasses that of all 18 trained neural networks (NN) and recurrent neural network (RNN) models, achieving more than 80% prediction accuracy on an unseen prediction dataset. It also significantly reduces the feature dimension. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is conducted on signal segmentation, overlapping, the treatment of a training dataset imbalance, and principal component analysis (PCA) implementation across various combinations of features. Binary and multiclass classification models are employed to primarily detect and additionally locate and identify the severity class of the damage. The collaborative approach of feature extraction and machine learning models effectively addresses the impact of environmental and operational effects (EOFs), suppressing their influences on the damage detection process.","PeriodicalId":502660,"journal":{"name":"Eng","volume":" 48","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140690577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Construction Efficiency through Geochemical Remediation: Limescale Management in Jet Grout-Driven Pumping Facilities","authors":"N. Dvory, Yariv Tsafrir","doi":"10.3390/eng5020035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5020035","url":null,"abstract":"We address the challenges of limescale deposition and its management in urban construction sites, specifically within the Sumayil North project in Tel Aviv. Jet grouting, a method increasingly favored over conventional dewatering techniques for its minimal environmental impact and efficiency, is scrutinized for its unintended consequences on groundwater chemistry, particularly in relation to limescale formation. Our investigation centers on a dual approach: dissecting the geochemical dynamics leading to limescale deposition following jet grouting operations, and evaluating a remedial acid injection strategy implemented to counteract this phenomenon. We identify the critical factors influencing aquifer water chemistry through a detailed hydro-chemical analysis encompassing the Pleistocene Coastal Aquifer’s dynamics. The study reveals that the interaction between grout components and aquifer water significantly alters groundwater pH, driving the precipitation of calcium carbonate. The subsequent implementation of a sulfuric acid injection regimen successfully mitigated limescale accumulation, restoring pumping efficiency and neutralizing pH levels. We propose a workflow to manage and prevent limescale, emphasizing preemptive measures like custom grout compositions and controlled dewatering, with strict post-intervention groundwater monitoring. This approach balances operational efficiency, infrastructure integrity, and environmental stewardship in urban construction projects interfacing with sensitive aquifer systems.","PeriodicalId":502660,"journal":{"name":"Eng","volume":" 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140691220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles by Azadirachta indica Rhizosphere Bacteria with Enhanced Antibacterial Properties","authors":"Mashhoor Kattali, Keerthana P. Mampett, Hamna Fathima Kodoor, Sreejesh Govindankutty Ponnenkunnathu, Somy Soman, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Tomy Muringayil Joseph, J. Haponiuk, Sabu Thomas","doi":"10.3390/eng5020034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5020034","url":null,"abstract":"Microorganisms (MOs) are prominent in ecological functioning and balance. The rhizosphere is considered one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth and serves as a breeding spot for many MOs. Rhizosphere microbial diversity changes according to plant species, genotype, and the nature of the soil. The current study reports the possible use of bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of Azadirachta indica for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The physicochemical characterization and antibacterial activity of these green synthesized AgNPs are also reported. The gene (16S rRNA) sequence of bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere showed a maximum similarity of 99.25% with Bacillus subtilis. After incubation, the colorless reaction mixture transformed to brown, which indicates the formation of AgNPs, and UV-vis spectral analysis also confirmed the biosynthesis of AgNPs. Compared to lower temperatures, the efficiency of AgNP synthesis was high at the higher temperature. The scanning electron microscope image demonstrated spherical-shaped AgNPs with sizes ranging from 18 to 21 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis established the elemental analysis of synthesized AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs showed strong bactericidal properties against pathogenic bacteria Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.","PeriodicalId":502660,"journal":{"name":"Eng","volume":"64 S2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140702827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Highly Photoactive Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) Based on the Thermal Decomposition of ZnAl-NO3-LDH","authors":"H. Asghar, Valter Maurino, Muhammad Ahsan Iqbal","doi":"10.3390/eng5020033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5020033","url":null,"abstract":"The highly crystalline ZnAl layered double hydroxides (ZnAl-NO3-LDHs) are utilized for the potential transformation into mixed metal oxides (MMOs) through thermal decomposition and used further for the photodegradation of phenol to assess the influence of calcination on ZnAl-LDHs with enhanced photoactivity. The structure, composition, and morphological evolution of ZnAl-LDHs to ZnO-based MMO nanocomposites, which are composed of ZnO and ZnAl2O4, after calcination at different temperatures (400–600 °C), are all thoroughly examined in this work. The final ZnO and ZnAl2O4-based nanocomposites showed enhanced photocatalytic activity. The findings demonstrated that calcining ZnAl-LDHs from 400 to 600 °C increased the specific surface area and also enhanced the interlayer spacing of d003 while the transformation of LDHs into ZnO/ZnAl2O4 nanocomposites through calcining the ZnAl-LDH precursor at 600 °C showed significant photocatalytic properties, leading to complete mineralization of phenol under UV irradiation.","PeriodicalId":502660,"journal":{"name":"Eng","volume":"9 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140715033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}