Eng Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.3390/eng5020032

A. Benarbia, O. Tomomewo, A. Laalam, H. Khalifa, Sarra Bertal, Kamel Abadli

{"title":"Enhancing Wear Resistance of Drilling Motor Components: A Tribological and Materials Application Study","authors":"A. Benarbia, O. Tomomewo, A. Laalam, H. Khalifa, Sarra Bertal, Kamel Abadli","doi":"10.3390/eng5020032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5020032","url":null,"abstract":"The oil and gas industry faces significant challenges due to wear on drilling motor components, such as thrust pins and inserts. These components are critical to the efficiency and reliability of drilling operations, yet are susceptible to wear, leading to significant economic losses, operational downtime, and safety risks. Despite previous research on wear-resistant materials and surface treatments, gaps exist in understanding the unique properties of thrust pins and inserts. The aim of this study is to enhance mechanical system performance by characterizing the wear resistance of these components. Through chemical analysis, hardness assessments, and metallographic examinations, the study seeks to identify specific alloys and microstructures conducive to wear resistance. Key findings reveal that AISI 9314 thrust pins exhibit superior wear resistance with a tempered martensite microstructure and a hardness of 41 HRc, whereas AISI 9310 inserts are less resistant, with a hardness of 35 HRc. The research employs advanced techniques, including a pin-on-disc tribometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and profilometry, to evaluate wear behavior, visualize wear patterns, analyze elemental composition, and quantify material loss and surface roughness. Our findings demonstrate that optimizing the material selection can significantly enhance the durability and efficiency of drilling motors. This has profound implications for the oil and gas industry, offering pathways to reduce maintenance costs, improve operational efficiency, and contribute to environmental sustainability by optimizing energy consumption and minimizing the carbon footprint of drilling operations.","PeriodicalId":502660,"journal":{"name":"Eng","volume":"20 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140728844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Adaptive Control of Quadrotors in Uncertain Environments 不确定环境中四旋翼飞行器的自适应控制

Eng Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.3390/eng5020030

Daniel Leitão, Rita Cunha, João M. Lemos

引用次数: 0

Investigating Collaborative Robotic Assembly: A Case Study of the FANUC CRX-10 iA/L in Industrial Automation at i-Labs 研究协作机器人装配：i-Labs 工业自动化中的 FANUC CRX-10 iA/L 案例研究

Eng Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.3390/eng5020029

Albin Bajrami, Daniele Costa, Matteo Claudio Palpacelli, Federico Emiliani

引用次数: 0

A Retrofit Streetlamp Monitoring Solution Using LoRaWAN Communications 使用 LoRaWAN 通信的路灯改造监控解决方案

Eng Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.3390/eng5010028

Sören Schneider, Marco Goetze, Silvia Krug, T. Hutschenreuther

引用次数: 0

Smart Electrical Screening Methodology for Channel Hole Defects of 3D Vertical NAND (VNAND) Flash Memory 针对 3D 垂直 NAND (VNAND) 闪存通道孔缺陷的智能电气筛选方法

Eng Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.3390/eng5010027

Beomjun Kim, Gyeongseob Seo, Myungsuk Kim

{"title":"Smart Electrical Screening Methodology for Channel Hole Defects of 3D Vertical NAND (VNAND) Flash Memory","authors":"Beomjun Kim, Gyeongseob Seo, Myungsuk Kim","doi":"10.3390/eng5010027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5010027","url":null,"abstract":"In order to successfully achieve mass production in NAND flash memory, a novel test procedure has been proposed to electrically detect and screen the channel hole defects, such as Not-Open, Bowing, and Bending, which are unique in high-density 3D NAND flash memory. Since channel hole defects lead to catastrophic failure (i.e., malfunction of basic NAND operations), detecting and screening defects in advance is one of the key challenges of guaranteeing the quality of flash products in the NAND manufacturing process. Based on analysis of the physical and electrical mechanisms of the channel hole defect, we have developed a two-step test procedure that consists of pattern-based and stress-based screen methodologies. By optimizing test patterns depending on the type of defect, the pattern-based screen is effective for detecting the type of Hard channel hole defects. The stress-based screen is carefully implemented to detect hidden Soft channel hole defects without degrading the reliability of NAND flash memory. In addition, we have attempted to further optimize the current version of our technique to minimize test time overhead, thus enabling 72.2% improvement in total test time. Experimental results using real 160 3D NAND flash chips show that our technique can efficiently detect and screen out various types of channel hole defects with minimum test time and negligible degradation in the flash reliability.","PeriodicalId":502660,"journal":{"name":"Eng","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140228894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Chemical Interaction between the Sr4Al6O12SO4 Ceramic Substrate and Al–Si Alloys Sr4Al6O12SO4 陶瓷基底与铝硅合金之间的化学相互作用

Eng Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.3390/eng5010025

José A. Rodríguez-García, C. Calles-Arriaga, Ricardo Daniel López-García, J. A. Castillo-Robles, E. Rocha-Rangel

{"title":"Chemical Interaction between the Sr4Al6O12SO4 Ceramic Substrate and Al–Si Alloys","authors":"José A. Rodríguez-García, C. Calles-Arriaga, Ricardo Daniel López-García, J. A. Castillo-Robles, E. Rocha-Rangel","doi":"10.3390/eng5010025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5010025","url":null,"abstract":"Samples of Sr4Al6O12SO4 are obtained through a solid-state reaction of Al2O3, SrSO4, and SrCO3. The samples are then made into 1 and 4 cm pellets by compacting them at 100MPa and sintering them at 1400 °C for 4 h. The compound is analyzed using X-ray diffraction. Static immersion and wettability tests are carried out to evaluate corrosion resistance in contact with Al–Si. Corrosion tests are conducted by immersing the samples at 800, 900, and 1000 °C for 24, 50, and 100 h, while wettability is studied at 900, 1000, and 1100 °C for 2 h. Afterwards, the samples are subject to metallographic preparation. The samples are then analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and image analysis. In general, reaction products consisting of alumina, spinel, oxides, and sulfates are found. The contact angles obtained are between 124° and 135°. It is concluded that the Sr4Al6O12SO4 ceramic substrate is resistant to corrosion by the Al–Si alloy because of the slight thickness of the reaction products found in the samples (73 μm), considering the severe conditions of the experiment: 1000 °C and 100 h of isothermal temperature. Furthermore, Sr4Al6O12SO4 is not wettable by Al–Si alloys. These results suggest that the ceramic substrate could be used in the refractory industry, possibly as an additive to commercial refractory ceramics. For future work, it is recommended to carry out the same study with the aluminum–magnesium alloy and as an additive in commercial refractory ceramics.","PeriodicalId":502660,"journal":{"name":"Eng","volume":"126 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140078812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simulation-Based Assessment of Subsurface Drip Irrigation Efficiency for Crops Grown in Raised Beds 基于模拟的高床作物地下滴灌效率评估

Eng Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.3390/eng5010024

Vsevolod Bohaienko, M. Romashchenko, Andrii Shatkovskyi, Maksym Scherbatiuk

{"title":"Simulation-Based Assessment of Subsurface Drip Irrigation Efficiency for Crops Grown in Raised Beds","authors":"Vsevolod Bohaienko, M. Romashchenko, Andrii Shatkovskyi, Maksym Scherbatiuk","doi":"10.3390/eng5010024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5010024","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers the application of a scenario simulation technique to assess subsurface drip irrigation system efficiency while using it to irrigate crops grown under raised bed technology. For simulating purposes, we use a model based on the two-dimensional Richards equation stated in terms of water head in a curvilinear domain. Solutions to problems are obtained using a finite-difference scheme with dynamic time step change. Using the data from pressure measurements obtained while growing potatoes on sandy loess soil in production conditions, we performed a calibration of the model using the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Further, the accuracy of the model was tested and average absolute errors in the range from 3.16 to 5.29 kPa were obtained. Having a calibrated model, we performed a series of simulations with different irrigation pipeline placements determining the configuration under which water losses are minimal. The simulated configuration, under which infiltration losses were minimal, was the installation of pipelines under the raised bed at the depth of 10 cm below the soil surface. The results confirm that the applied technique can be used for decision-making support while designing subsurface drip irrigation systems combined with raised bed growing technology.","PeriodicalId":502660,"journal":{"name":"Eng","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140264273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A High-Quality Random Number Generator Using Multistage Ring Oscillators and Fast Fourier Transform-Based Noise Extraction 使用多级环形振荡器和基于快速傅立叶变换的噪声提取技术的高质量随机数发生器

Eng Pub Date : 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.3390/eng5010023

Vatanpreet Singh, Md Sakib Hasan, Syed Azeemuddin

{"title":"A High-Quality Random Number Generator Using Multistage Ring Oscillators and Fast Fourier Transform-Based Noise Extraction","authors":"Vatanpreet Singh, Md Sakib Hasan, Syed Azeemuddin","doi":"10.3390/eng5010023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5010023","url":null,"abstract":"Random Numbers are widely employed in cryptography and security applications. This paper presents a novel approach to generate high-quality random bitstreams by harnessing the inherent noise properties of ring oscillators. We implemented ring oscillators with varying numbers of stages (3, 5, and 7), different geometries and different startup voltages in Cadence and recorded their total output power, which includes the cumulative noise effects. Subsequently, we exported these power measurements to MATLAB, where we applied a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based technique to extract the total noise characteristics for each ring oscillator. Using the obtained noise data, we generated separate random bitstreams of 10 million bits for the 3-stage, 5-stage, and 7-stage ring oscillators. The final random bitstream, consisting of 10 million bits, was created by performing a bitwise XOR operation on the bitstreams generated by each ring oscillator. The degree of randomness of the generated bitstreams was assessed using the NIST 800-22 statistical test suite. Remarkably, the final random bitstream exhibited strong robustness and suitability for cryptographic applications. This innovative approach leverages the noise properties of ring oscillators to create reliable random bitstreams, offering potential applications in secure communications and cryptography. The results highlight the feasibility of using ring oscillators as noise sources for random bit generation and underscore their effectiveness in meeting stringent randomness criteria.","PeriodicalId":502660,"journal":{"name":"Eng","volume":"75 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140080066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bio-Modified Bitumen: A Comparative Analysis of Algae Influence on Characteristic Properties 生物改性沥青：藻类对特性影响的比较分析

Eng Pub Date : 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.3390/eng5010022

Stavros Kalampokis, E. Manthos, Avraam Konstantinidis, Christos Kakafikas, Artemis Kalapouti

{"title":"Bio-Modified Bitumen: A Comparative Analysis of Algae Influence on Characteristic Properties","authors":"Stavros Kalampokis, E. Manthos, Avraam Konstantinidis, Christos Kakafikas, Artemis Kalapouti","doi":"10.3390/eng5010022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5010022","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the characteristic properties of bitumen modified with algae. Two types of algae, each with distinct gradation and origin, were employed for this investigation. For each type of algae (noted as chlorella and microchlorella), three blends were created with varying algae contents (5%, 10%, and 15% by weight of bitumen), utilizing a 70/100 reference bitumen as the virgin material and a basis for comparison. The properties of the blends were investigated using the Penetration, Softening Point, Elastic Recovery, Force Ductility, Dynamic Viscosity, and Storage Stability tests, both before and after short-term ageing (TFOT). The test results were then used to calculate the Activation Energy (Ea), Viscosity-Temperature Susceptibility (VTS) Index, and Mixing Temperature (Tmixing), along with their respective Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) and R2 and p-values. The main finding of the study was that the addition of a low algae content of 5% caused a change in the classification of the unaged bitumen from 70/100 to 50/70 according to EN 12591 and thus hardened the reference bitumen. Additionally, a strong linear statistical correlation was observed between Ea and the VTS index, suggesting that these values should be considered when characterizing the temperature susceptibility of algae-modified bitumen.","PeriodicalId":502660,"journal":{"name":"Eng","volume":"104 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140079840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fundamental Components and Principles of Supervised Machine Learning Workflows with Numerical and Categorical Data 数字和分类数据监督机器学习工作流程的基本组成部分和原理

Eng Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.3390/eng5010021

Styliani I. Kampezidou, Archana Tikayat Ray, Anirudh Prabhakara Bhat, Olivia J. Pinon Fischer, D. Mavris

{"title":"Fundamental Components and Principles of Supervised Machine Learning Workflows with Numerical and Categorical Data","authors":"Styliani I. Kampezidou, Archana Tikayat Ray, Anirudh Prabhakara Bhat, Olivia J. Pinon Fischer, D. Mavris","doi":"10.3390/eng5010021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5010021","url":null,"abstract":"This paper offers a comprehensive examination of the process involved in developing and automating supervised end-to-end machine learning workflows for forecasting and classification purposes. It offers a complete overview of the components (i.e., feature engineering and model selection), principles (i.e., bias–variance decomposition, model complexity, overfitting, model sensitivity to feature assumptions and scaling, and output interpretability), models (i.e., neural networks and regression models), methods (i.e., cross-validation and data augmentation), metrics (i.e., Mean Squared Error and F1-score) and tools that rule most supervised learning applications with numerical and categorical data, as well as their integration, automation, and deployment. The end goal and contribution of this paper is the education and guidance of the non-AI expert academic community regarding complete and rigorous machine learning workflows and data science practices, from problem scoping to design and state-of-the-art automation tools, including basic principles and reasoning in the choice of methods. The paper delves into the critical stages of supervised machine learning workflow development, many of which are often omitted by researchers, and covers foundational concepts essential for understanding and optimizing a functional machine learning workflow, thereby offering a holistic view of task-specific application development for applied researchers who are non-AI experts. This paper may be of significant value to academic researchers developing and prototyping machine learning workflows for their own research or as customer-tailored solutions for government and industry partners.","PeriodicalId":502660,"journal":{"name":"Eng","volume":"2016 28","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

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