Journal of Cytology最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of Intraoperative Squash Cytology of Central Nervous System Lesions and its Correlation with Immunohistopathology and Radiology.","authors":"Shilpa Accamma Philip,&nbsp;Earla Lakshmi Bai,&nbsp;G J Vani Padmaja,&nbsp;Swarajya Kumari","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_70_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/joc.joc_70_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Central nervous system lesions are diverse and remain one of the most challenging domains for neuropathologists. Intraoperative cytological diagnosis is now a universally accepted technique in diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) lesions.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>1) To analyze and compare cytomorphological features of CNS lesions in intraoperative squash smears with histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and preoperative radiological diagnosis and 2) to determine the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of intraoperative squash cytology.</p><p><strong>Settings and design: </strong>Prospective study conducted at a tertiary healthcare centre over a period of two years.</p><p><strong>Methods and material: </strong>All biopsy materials which underwent squash cytology and histopathological examination were collected, evaluated, classified, and graded according to WHO classification of CNS Tumors, 2016. The squash cytosmear diagnosis was compared with histopathological features and radiological diagnosis. Discordances were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis used: </strong>The cases were categorized into true positives, false positives, true negatives, and false negatives. Diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated from 2*2 table.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 190 cases were included in the study. A total of 182 cases (95.70%) were neoplastic of which 87.36% were primary CNS neoplasms. Diagnostic accuracy in non-neoplastic lesions was 88.8%. Most common neoplastic lesions were glial tumors (35.7%), meningioma (17.3%), tumors of cranial and spinal nerves (12%), and metastatic lesions (12%). Diagnostic accuracy of squash cytology was higher in glial tumors (93.8%), meningioma (96.7%), and metastatic lesions (95.45%). Diagnostic accuracy of radiological modalities was 85.78%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A good familiarity with cytomorphological features of CNS lesions, clinical details, radiological findings, and intraoperative impression of neurosurgeon enables the pathologist to improve diagnostic accuracy and reduce errors.</p>","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"40 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10167832/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9821795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytological Features of \"Non-Invasive Follicular Tumour with Papillary like Nuclear Features\" - A Single Institutional Experience in India.","authors":"K Amita,&nbsp;H B Rakshitha,&nbsp;M Sanjay,&nbsp;Prashantha Kalappa","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_192_21","DOIUrl":"10.4103/joc.joc_192_21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The term noninvasive follicular tumor with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) was introduced as a surrogate for noninvasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma with a defined set of histopathologic criteria. There are very few studies depicting the cytological cues for the diagnosis of NIFTP. The objective of the study was to determine the spectrum of cytological features in fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) smears of cases histopathologically diagnosed as NIFTP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted over a duration of four years between January 2017 and December 2020. All surgically resected cases (n-21), who met the diagnostic criteria of NIFTP on histopathology and who underwent preoperative FNAC were included and reviewed in the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of a total of 21 cases, at FNAC, diagnosis of benign, suspicious for malignancy, follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, and classic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) was rendered in 14 (66.6%), 2 (9.5%), 2 (9.5%), and 3 (14.28%), respectively. Scanty cellularity was noted in 12 (57.1%) cases. Papillae, sheets, and microfollicles were seen in 1 (4.7%), 10 (47.6%), and 13 (61.9%) cases, respectively. Nucleomegaly, nuclear membrane irregularities, nuclear crowding, and overlapping were seen in 7 (33.3%), 9 (42.8%), and 9 (42.8%), respectively. Nucleoli, nuclear grooving, and inclusions were seen in 3 (14.2%) 10 (47.6%), and 5 (23.8%) cases, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>At FNAC, NIFTP can be found in every category of The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid cytopathology (TBSRTC). Nuclear membrane irregularities, nuclear grooving, mild nuclear crowding, and overlapping were noted in a modest number of cases. However, the absence or rare occurrence of features such as papillae, inclusions, nucleoli, and metaplastic cytoplasm may help prevent an overdiagnosis of malignancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"40 1","pages":"28-34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10167831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9522641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benign lymphoepithelial cyst of parotid gland: A pathologist's perspective","authors":"Sampa Choudhury","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_61_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/joc.joc_61_23","url":null,"abstract":"Benign lymphoepithelial cyst (BLEC) of the salivary gland is a gradually increasing cystic lesion commonly associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In rare instances, it can be seen in immunocompetent patients. Here, such a classic case of BLEC of the parotid gland in an elderly seronegative patient has been reported. Proper medical history, physical examination, radiology, and fine needle aspiration can fetch a preoperative diagnosis. However, histopathology helps to rule out other possibilities. Surgical excision is the best treatment modality with lower chances of recurrences.","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136371401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of autophagy in human cervicovaginal smears by cytological and İmmunocytochemical methods","authors":"MerveÖzcan Türkmen, Sayeste Demirezen, MehmetSinan Beksaç","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_130_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/joc.joc_130_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Autophagy is a catabolic process whereby organelles and long-lived proteins are recycled through lysosomes to maintain cellular homeostasis. This process is being widely studied using culture techniques and animal models; however, cervicovaginal smears have not been used to detect autophagy. Aims: Our study aims to detect and evaluate autophagy in normal, malignant, infectious, and atypical cells in cervicovaginal smears by using cytological and immunocytochemical methods. Materials and Methods: Papanicolaou-stained 200 cervicovaginal smears were examined and 55 of 200 (27.5%) smears containing negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) with identifiable infections and/or reactive/reparative changes (INF); briefly, NILM-INF (n = 31, 56.4%), atypical (n = 4, 7.3%), and malignant cells (n = 20, 36.3%) were evaluated as a study group. One hundred forty-five of 200 (72.5%) normal smears were accepted as the NILM without any identifiable infections (control group). The autophagy marker protein Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 A (MAP1LC3A) was used for immunocytochemical examination. Results: The staining intensity of the MAP1LC3A protein and autophagy positivity were lower in the malignant cells; however, they were higher in the NILM-INF and atypical cells. A statistically significant correlation between the malignant and normal cells was obtained for the autophagy positivity (P = 0.012). In view of the staining intensity of MAP1LC3A protein by the H-score method, a significant correlation was found between the NILM-INF and the normal cells (P = 0.015). Conclusions: Autophagy was detected in various cervicovaginal smears for the first time in this study. Our findings indicate that an autophagy process is essential in infectious cells as well as in the transformation of atypical cells into malignant cells in carcinogenesis.","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136371584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The international system for reporting serous fluid cytopathology: An institutional experience on its implication and assessment of risk of malignancy in effusion cytology","authors":"Chayanika Kala, Sanjay Kala, Anurag Singh, RK Jauhari, Ashutosh Bajpai, Lubna Khan","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_111_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/joc.joc_111_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The “international system for reporting serous fluid cytopathology”(TIS) consists of five diagnostic categories: nondiagnostic (ND), negative for malignancy (NFM), atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), suspicious for malignancy (SFM), and malignant (MAL). The study was conducted to reclassify effusion cytology samples according to the newly proposed TIS to calculate the risk of malignancy (ROM) for each category and to conduct performance analysis. Materials and Methods: The study was a retrospective observational study conducted at a tertiary care institution in North India. Clinical data of the cases from June 2013 to July 2021 were retrieved and the cases were reviewed by two cytopathologists. All cases were reclassified according to the proposed TIS system into five categories. Results: A total of 2318 patients were included in the study over a time span of 8 years, and 1614 (69.6%) cases of pleural effusion cytology, 612 (26.4%) cases of peritoneal effusion cytology, and 92 (3.9%) cases of pericardial effusion cytology were included. All effusion cytology smears were recategorized as per TIS guidelines into ND, NFM, AUS, SFM, and MAL with 4 (0.17%), 1756 (75.75%), 12 (0.51%), 57 (2.46%), and 489 (21.11%) cases, respectively, and ROM was 25%, 17.9%, 66.7%, 75.4%, and 96.5%, respectively, for the categories. Conclusion: Besides being a simple, easy, and user-friendly system, TIS has the benefit of risk stratification and ROM for each category. The TIS system proposed a tiered scheme, which places the effusion cytology into well-defined categories, and therefore has lesser chances of false-positive and false-negative cases.","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136371563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liver metastasis from nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology","authors":"Aanchal Kakkar, Ria Mahendru, Manisha Jana, Rachna Seth","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_69_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/joc.joc_69_22","url":null,"abstract":"A 12-year-old boy presented with abdominal distention for 1 year. On examination, he had massive hepatomegaly. Facial swelling in the maxillary region, palpable left cervical lymph nodes, and a nasal twang to his voice were detected. Imaging showed multiple hypodense liver lesions, necrotic mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes, multiple lytic–sclerotic skeletal lesions, and lesions in the nasopharynx and maxilla. Fine needle aspirate (FNA) from the cervical lymph node yielded blood. FNA from the liver showed singly dispersed and cohesive clusters of tumor cells, with interspersed neutrophils and tingible body macrophages. Cells had scant to moderate fragile cytoplasm, enlarged vesicular nuclei, and prominent nucleoli. Immunohistochemistry on cell block revealed positivity for cytokeratin and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-Latent Membrane Protein-1 (LMP1). A diagnosis of metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma was made, and was confirmed on a subsequent biopsy from the femur.","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136371721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endometrial secrets unmasked through cytology analysis","authors":"SweetyV Shinde, KusumD Jashnani, PadmashreeK Haldankar, KallappaD Dodake","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_56_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/joc.joc_56_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Endometrial aspiration (EA) is an economic, painless technique on an outpatient basis. Present study aimed at cytological evaluation of EA for (a) cellular yield and morphology and (b) utility of cell block (CB) and cytocentrifuge (CC) techniques. Materials and Methods: EA samples were divided into two aliquots. Colorless samples were processed (1000 rpm × 6 min) for conventional smear (CS) and CC, both stained by Papanicolaou. Hemorrhagic samples were processed for CS and CB (paraffin embedding, hematoxylin–eosin stain). Results: Endometrial aspirates from January 2021 to January 2022 were included. Indications comprised abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB; 87), prolapse (eight), and infertility (two). Among 77 hemorrhagic aspirates, the yield was 85.7% by CS and 90.9% by CB. Among 20 colorless aspirates, the yield was 55% by CS and 65% by CC. The yield was 85.7%, 84.4%, and 83.3% with endometrial thickness 1–5, 6–10, and 11–15 mm, respectively. The yield was 83.9%, 50%, and 0% in AUB, prolapse, and infertility, respectively. CS morphology showed the categories of benign (93.5%) and atypia (6.5%). All cases with benign morphology correlated with CB and CC. CB offered architectural evaluation, while CC had a shorter turnaround time. Conclusion: Focusing on menorrhagia cases in secretory phase, nondilution of EA samples, and simultaneous endometrial biopsy can enhance cytology evaluation. In an era where “less should convey more,” EA shows potential as a screening technique vis-à-vis invasive “dilatation–curettage” technique.","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136371574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Bronchoscopic Cytology in Diagnosis of Pulmonary Lesions.","authors":"Anjali Rao Kedige,&nbsp;Udipi Shastri Dinesh","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_138_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/joc.joc_138_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Respiratory cytology specimens such as bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial wash (BW) obtained using a fiberoptic bronchoscope are very useful in detecting or ruling out various inflammatory conditions, infections, and neoplastic lesions. A study was carried out to determine the usefulness of respiratory cytology in the diagnosis of pulmonary lesions and the limitations of cytology if any, and correlate the results of cytology with biopsies wherever possible.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All bronchoscopic cytology and biopsy specimens received at the pathology laboratory of this tertiary care institute between June 2014 and May 2017 were analyzed. Cytology smears were stained with Leishman's stain, hematoxylin and eosin (H and E), Papanicolaou (PAP), and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain for all cases and special stains wherever needed. Slides prepared from biopsy specimens were stained with H and E. Immunohistochemistry was used for confirmation and further typing of malignant lesions and diagnosis rendered was compared with the corresponding cytology diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 120 specimens of BAL or BW cytology with or without biopsy were analyzed. Thirty-three were diagnosed as non-specific inflammatory lesions. The most common malignancy diagnosed by cytology was adenocarcinoma followed by squamous cell carcinoma. Correlating BAL with biopsy specimens, the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of BAL were 100%, 88.8%, and 91.6%, respectively. Correlating BW with biopsy specimens, the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of BW were 85.6%, 85.6%, and 85.6%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Accurate diagnosis can be made from the examination of bronchoscopic cytology specimens in pulmonary inflammation, tuberculosis, fungal infections, and malignancies. Combining respiratory cytology with biopsy and ancillary techniques can aid in better subtyping of neoplastic lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"40 1","pages":"35-41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10167834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9522642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic performance comparison of liquid-based preparation methods in thyroid FNAs","authors":"Bahattin Erdoğan, Aral Karabağ, HAhmet Kasap, KısmetÇivi Çetin, Cengiz Bal, Gülay Şimşek","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_133_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/joc.joc_133_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is recognized worldwide as the primary diagnostic method for evaluating thyroid nodules. Samples collected by FNA can be spread directly onto slides, prepared for cell blocks, or processed as liquid-based cytology. Advocates of the traditional smear technique emphasize that background material such as colloid, cell sequencing characteristics in cell clusters, and cellularity is important in cytological diagnosis. They state that these properties are not observed in liquid-based liquids. Liquid-based cytology techniques aim to provide standardized slides of homogeneous cellular smears with well-preserved cell morphology, producing more precise visualization, shorter interpretation time, and more reproducible results. This study aimed to investigate and compare the diagnostic performance of liquid-based thyroid FNA samples prepared with SurePath and Cytospin over the last 6 years. Methods: Patients who underwent ultrasound-guided FNA between January 2015 and December 2021 were included in the study. Cytology reports, pathology reports, and demographic information of the patients were collected from the Hospital Information Management System. The programs “SPSS for Windows 21” and “MedCalc Diagnostic Test Evaluation Calculator” were used for data analysis. Chi-square tests were used in crosstab analysis. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test, two proportions test, and the confidence interval tests were used to analyze the variables of the methods. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study population comprised 4,855 patients, 83.8% female and 16.2% male. There were no statistical differences in age and gender distribution in the population of both methods. Nondiagnostic outcome rates were 11.2% for SurePath and 12.8% for Cytospin. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy values for SurePath and Cytospin methods were determined as 58.57%, 98.28%, and 91.12% and 79.07%, 96.88%, and 94.03%, respectively. Conclusion: In our study, although the qualitative analytical results were slightly in favor of the cytospin method, we think both ways can be used safely, especially in hospitals where the clinics performing sampling activities are variable and many, as well as in pathology laboratories where the workload is intense.","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136367365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conventional versus liquid-based cytology: “Man versus machine”","authors":"Saleem Pathuthara, Swati Dighe, Maya Uke, Neelam Prabhudesai, Kedar Deodhar, SangeetaB Desai","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_54_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/joc.joc_54_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Liquid-based cytology (LBC) can improve adequacy, monolayer quality with a clean background compared to conventional smears (CS). Aims and Objectives: The objective was to compare the quality and diagnostic yield of CS and LBC in routine cytological investigations. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study consisted of 306 samples (255 gynecological, 39 nongynecological, and 12 fine needle aspiration cytology [FNAC]) during a 2-year period (2019–2020). From each patient, two samples were collected in the same manner in the same sitting and processed by CS and LBC (ThinPrep® 2000, Hologic Inc.). Both CS and LBC were compared for adequacy, quality, representativeness, inflammation, hemorrhage, necrosis, preservation, reactive changes, organisms, atypia/dysplasia/malignancy, and preparation/screening time. Statistical analysis was performed. Results: No statistically significant difference was noted for adequacy, representativeness, reactive changes, preservation, and atypia/dysplasia/malignancy. CS was better in cellularity and diagnosis of inflammation and organisms, whereas LBC had a clean background and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0005). Conclusions: CS was equivalent to LBC in adequacy, representativeness, reactive changes, and atypia/dysplasia/malignancy. Adequacy comparable to LBC can be achieved in CS by careful sample collection, processing, and screening by trained cytotechnologists. CS was better in detecting organisms and inflammation than LBC. The advantages of LBC were monolayer smear, clean background, and lesser screening time, but the demerit was higher cost and longer processing time. Therefore, LBC is best suited to those laboratories having high sample inadequacy rates, lack of competent cytotechnologists, and no financial constraints. Either man or machine, appropriate and adequate sample collection by trained personnel forms the cornerstone for ensuring adequacy in both CS and LBC.","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136367370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}