Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition最新文献_第4页

Semantic access to ambiguous word roots cannot be stopped by affixation-Not even in sentence contexts: Evidence from eye-tracking and the maze task. 词缀不能阻止对模糊词根的语义访问--即使在句子语境中也不能：来自眼动跟踪和迷宫任务的证据。

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001378

Roberto G de Almeida, Jordan Gallant, Caitlyn Antal, Gary Libben

{"title":"Semantic access to ambiguous word roots cannot be stopped by affixation-Not even in sentence contexts: Evidence from eye-tracking and the maze task.","authors":"Roberto G de Almeida, Jordan Gallant, Caitlyn Antal, Gary Libben","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001378","url":null,"abstract":"How does the language comprehension system identify and interpret word constituents-or morphemes-during sentence reading? We investigated this question by employing words containing semantically ambiguous roots (e.g., bark, with meanings related to both \"dog\" and \"tree\") which are disambiguated when affixed by -ing (e.g., barking; related to \"dog\" only). We aimed to understand whether higher-level access to the meaning of the root bark would be constrained by lower-level morphological affixation. In Experiment 1, using eye-tracking, participants read sentences containing words with semantically ambiguous roots, such as barking (a prime), combined with targets that were either related to two meanings of the root (dog, tree) or they were cloze and unrelated controls. All five eye-tracking measures we employed (first fixation duration, gaze duration, go-past time, total reading time, and regressions to target) showed no difference between the two root-related targets, which were slower than cloze, but faster than unrelated. Results show that even in cases where a meaning is inconsistent with the full word form (barking-tree), both meanings of the ambiguous root are activated. These results were supported by Experiment 2, employing a maze task in which the time to select the cloze (night) continuation for the sentence He heard loud barking during the … was disrupted by the presence of distractors related to both meanings of bark. We discuss the implications of these findings for the nature of morphological parsing and lexical ambiguity resolution in sentence contexts. We suggest that word recognition and lexical access processes involve separating roots from affixes, yielding independent and exhaustive access to root meanings-even when they are ruled out by affixation and context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The importance of conative factors for individual differences in attention control. 内涵因素对注意力控制个体差异的重要性。

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001356

Nash Unsworth, Ashley L Miller

引用次数: 0

The effects of filler similarity and lineup size on eyewitness identification. 填充物相似性和阵容大小对目击者识别的影响。

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001342

Kyros J Shen, Jiaqi Huang, Allan L Lam, John T Wixted

{"title":"The effects of filler similarity and lineup size on eyewitness identification.","authors":"Kyros J Shen, Jiaqi Huang, Allan L Lam, John T Wixted","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001342","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001342","url":null,"abstract":"A photo lineup, which is a cross between an old/new and a forced-choice recognition memory test, consists of one suspect, whose face was either seen before or not, and several physically similar fillers. First, the participant/witness must decide whether the person who was previously seen is present (old/new) and then, if present, choose the previously seen target (forced choice). Competing signal-detection models of eyewitness identification performance make different predictions about how certain variables will affect a witness's ability to discriminate previously seen (guilty) suspects from new (innocent) suspects. One key variable is the similarity of the fillers to the suspect in the lineup, and another key variable is the size of the lineup (i.e., the number of fillers). Previous research investigating the role of filler similarity has supported one model, known as the Ensemble model, whereas previous research investigating the role of lineup size has supported a competing model, known as the Independent Observations model. We simultaneously manipulated these two variables (filler similarity and lineup size) and found a pattern that is not predicted by either model. When the fillers were highly similar to the suspect, increasing lineup size reduced discriminability, but when the fillers were dissimilar to the suspect, increasing lineup size enhanced discriminability. The results suggest that each additional filler adds noise to the decision-making process and that this noise factor is minimized by maximizing filler dissimilarity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140871200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Extending a rational process model of causal reasoning: Assessing Markov violations and explaining away with inhibitory causal relations. 扩展因果推理的理性过程模型：评估马尔可夫违规行为并用抑制性因果关系进行解释。

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001395

Bob Rehder

{"title":"Extending a rational process model of causal reasoning: Assessing Markov violations and explaining away with inhibitory causal relations.","authors":"Bob Rehder","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001395","url":null,"abstract":"Causes sometimes decrease rather increase the probability of an effect, as when drinking coffee lowers the probability of sleep or an aspirin eliminates a headache. This research tests how two causal reasoning errors that have influenced the development of theories of human causal reasoning manifest themselves in the presence of inhibitory causal relations. Past research with generative causal relations (a cause makes its effect more probable) has shown that people violate the Markov condition, the pattern of independence that should obtain among causally related variables. And it has shown that they explain away-the phenomenon in which one should lower likelihood of one event when another is discovered to have occurred (e.g., exonerating one murder suspect when evidence against another is found)-too little or not at all. The new empirical findings reported here reveal that both sorts of errors manifest themselves when inhibitory causal relations are present although, unexpectedly, the direction of those errors sometimes reverses. Only the mutation sampler, a rational process model of human causal reasoning, correctly predicted these novel empirical findings. These results support the view that causal reasoning errors can be understood as arising from rational inference constrained by limited cognitive resources. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142479510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Using diffusion models for symbolic numeracy tasks to examine aging effects. 利用符号运算任务的扩散模型研究老化效应。

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001400

Roger Ratcliff, Gail McKoon

{"title":"Using diffusion models for symbolic numeracy tasks to examine aging effects.","authors":"Roger Ratcliff, Gail McKoon","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001400","url":null,"abstract":"We present a model-based analysis of aging effects in three symbolic numeracy tasks using three groups of subjects (young adults, 60- to 69-year-olds, and 70- to 90-year-olds). The tasks are number discrimination (is this number greater or less than 50), number memory (was this number in the list of numbers just displayed), and number line (point to where this number is on this number line). The first two tasks were fit by the standard two-choice diffusion model and the last one by the spatially continuous diffusion model (Ratcliff, 2018). Results showed good fits of the models to accuracy (choices) and response time distributions. In the tasks, nondecision time (the time to encode a stimulus and make a response) increased with age, but the amount of evidence needed for a decision (boundary settings) increased in the number discrimination and number memory tasks, but not the number line task. The number discrimination task produced conflicting accuracy and response time results as a function of age, but the model-based analyses resolved these differences. In the number memory task, drift rates (evidence used to drive the decision process) were lower for the older adults than for young adults, but for the other two (easier) tasks, there was no change in drift rate with age. The analyses extracted differences among individuals in model components, some of which were systematic across tasks. In particular, drift rates were correlated across tasks, which shows consistent individual differences across tasks, results that could not have been obtained without model-based analyses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142479513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reassessing the role of language dominance in n-2 language repetition costs as a marker of inhibition in multilingual language switching. 重新评估语言优势在 n-2 语言重复成本中的作用，将其作为多语言转换中的抑制标记。

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001333

Iring Koch, Mathieu Declerck, Greta Petersen, Daniel Rister, Wolfgang Scharke, Andrea M Philipp

{"title":"Reassessing the role of language dominance in n-2 language repetition costs as a marker of inhibition in multilingual language switching.","authors":"Iring Koch, Mathieu Declerck, Greta Petersen, Daniel Rister, Wolfgang Scharke, Andrea M Philipp","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001333","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001333","url":null,"abstract":"Speaking two or more languages shows bilingual flexibility, but flexible switching requires language control and often incurs performance costs. We examined inhibitory control assessing n-2 repetition costs when switching three languages (L1 [German], L2 [English], L3 [French]). These costs denote worse performance in n-2 repetitions (e.g., L2-L3-L2) than in n-2 nonrepetitions (e.g., L1-L3-L2), indicating persisting inhibition. In two experiments (n = 28 in Experiment 1; n = 44 in Experiment 2), n-2 repetition costs were observed, but only for L2. Looking into L2 trials specifically, we found n-2 repetition costs when switching back to L2 from the still weaker L3 but not when returning from the stronger L1, suggesting that L2 is a strong competitor for L3 (requiring L2 inhibition) but less so for L1. Finding n-2 repetition costs supports an inhibitory account of language control in general, but our study shows only partial evidence for the theoretically assumed more specific relation between language dominance and language inhibition (i.e., only for dominance relations with respect to L1 and L3 when switching back to L2). Taken together, the findings thus suggest the need for further refinement of the concept of language dominance and its relation to inhibition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139933890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Penn Electrophysiology of Encoding and Retrieval Study. 宾夕法尼亚编码和检索电生理学研究

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001319

Michael J Kahana, Lynn J Lohnas, M Karl Healey, Ada Aka, Adam W Broitman, Patrick Crutchley, Elizabeth Crutchley, Kylie H Alm, Brandon S Katerman, Nicole E Miller, Joel R Kuhn, Yuxuan Li, Nicole M Long, Jonathan Miller, Madison D Paron, Jesse K Pazdera, Isaac Pedisich, Joseph H Rudoler, Christoph T Weidemann

引用次数: 0

Neural correlates of memory in a naturalistic spatiotemporal context. 自然时空背景下记忆的神经相关性。

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001341

Matthew R Dougherty, Woohyeuk Chang, Joseph H Rudoler, Brandon S Katerman, David J Halpern, James P Bruska, Nicholas B Diamond, Michael J Kahana

{"title":"Neural correlates of memory in a naturalistic spatiotemporal context.","authors":"Matthew R Dougherty, Woohyeuk Chang, Joseph H Rudoler, Brandon S Katerman, David J Halpern, James P Bruska, Nicholas B Diamond, Michael J Kahana","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001341","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated memory encoding and retrieval during a quasinaturalistic spatial-episodic memory task in which subjects delivered items to landmarks in a desktop virtual environment and later recalled the delivered items. Transition probabilities and latencies revealed the spatial and temporal organization of memory. As subjects gained experience with the town, their improved spatial knowledge led to more efficient navigation and increased spatial organization during recall. Subjects who exhibited stronger spatial organization exhibited weaker temporal organization. Scalp-recorded electroencephalographic signals revealed spectral correlates of successful encoding and retrieval. Increased theta power (T+) and decreased alpha/beta power (A-) accompanied successful encoding, with the addition of increased gamma (G+) accompanying successful retrieval. Logistic regression classifiers trained on spectral features reliably predicted mnemonic success in held-out sessions. Univariate and multivariate electroencephalographic analyses revealed a similar spectral T+A-G+ of successful memory. These findings extend behavioral and neural signatures of successful encoding and retrieval to a naturalistic task in which learning occurs within a spatiotemporal context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142479512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Learning traps and change blindness in dynamic environments. 动态环境中的学习陷阱和变化盲点。

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001390

Won Jae Lee, Amy X Li, Jaimie E Lee, Brett K Hayes

{"title":"Learning traps and change blindness in dynamic environments.","authors":"Won Jae Lee, Amy X Li, Jaimie E Lee, Brett K Hayes","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001390","url":null,"abstract":"Learning traps arise when early experience leads to a false belief about the reward structure of the environment which, in turn, leads to avoidance of rewarding options. Previous work on the negative effects of such traps has focused on static learning environments. The current work examines an additional negative effect of learning traps in dynamic environments-blindness to change in the features that predict decision outcomes. In two experiments (N = 416), participants had to decide whether to approach members of two different categories, respectively associated with either gains or losses. Early in learning, a category rule involving two feature dimensions predicted category membership. Subsequently, there was a change in the feature composition of this rule. When outcome feedback was only provided when an item was approached, a substantial proportion of participants fell into the trap of using a simple one-dimensional rule to guide approach decisions. Most of these participants did not notice the subsequent rule change and never learned the new rule. Signaling the possibility of rule change (Experiment 2) had no effect on change blindness for those in the learning trap but did improve learning of the new rule for those who initially avoided the trap. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142479511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neighborhood in Chinese lexicon: A megastudy analysis of lexical decision and naming of two-character Chinese words. 汉语词汇中的邻里关系：对双字汉语词的词汇决定和命名的大型研究分析。

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001357

Chi-Shing Tse, Melvin J Yap, Yuen-Lai Chan

{"title":"Neighborhood in Chinese lexicon: A megastudy analysis of lexical decision and naming of two-character Chinese words.","authors":"Chi-Shing Tse, Melvin J Yap, Yuen-Lai Chan","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001357","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001357","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examines the impact of neighborhood size (number of other two-character words sharing the same character at the same position) on Chinese lexical processing, along with its joint effects with variables such as character frequency, word frequency, and semantic transparency. Previous factorial experiments have yielded conflicting results that are difficult to reconcile with existing models (Li et al., 2015, 2017). To provide high-powered tests for these theoretically important effects on visual word recognition, we leveraged the megastudy approach and used linear mixed-effect analyses to investigate lexical decision and naming responses to a large pool of two-character Chinese words (N > 17,000) sourced from Tse et al.'s (2017, 2023) database. In all analyses we controlled for extraneous orthographic (e.g., stroke count), phonological (e.g., consistency), and semantic (e.g., transparency) variables. In addition to evaluating Li et al.'s (2015, 2017) models, we also investigated whether the parallel dual-route mechanism, which entails lexical access via whole-word or character decomposition-then-composition, could account for neighborhood size effect and its interactions in lexical decision and naming. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings on the specificity of lexical effects with regard to character position and lexical processing task. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0