Journal of Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Discriminating Bacterial From Nonbacterial Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Within Clinical Subgroups of Hospitalized Adults.","authors":"Ann R Falsey, Derick R Peterson, Andrea M Baran, Edward E Walsh, Soumyaroop Bhattacharya, Angela R Branche, Daniel P Croft, Thomas J Mariani","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag297","DOIUrl":"10.1093/infdis/jiag297","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We previously identified a blood-based 4-gene signature that accurately discriminates bacterial from nonbacterial acute respiratory infection (ARI) in 504 hospitalized adults (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.90). Here, we evaluate how well this global signature performs within subgroups of patients based on underlying lung disease or presence of pneumonia, comparing it to newly developed subgroup-specific signatures assessing whether performance is improved by tailoring unique gene signatures to homogeneous subgroups. Our global gene signature strongly discriminated bacterial from nonbacterial ARI within every clinical subgroup, including pneumonia (AUC = 0.77-0.94), and outperformed every subgroup-specific signature (AUC = 0.57-0.90), suggesting broad applicability in adults with ARI.</p>","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"251-255"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13537133/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148206663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When Lassa Fever Travels: Lessons From a Nosocomial Outbreak in Guinea.","authors":"Colleen S Kraft, Jill S Morgan","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag295","DOIUrl":"10.1093/infdis/jiag295","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"165-167"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148206739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Tribute to Our Mentors.","authors":"Tayoot Chengsupanimit","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag330","DOIUrl":"10.1093/infdis/jiag330","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e428"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148320351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Contribution and Importance of Animal Research to HIV Prevention in the United States.","authors":"Philip A Chan","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag089","DOIUrl":"10.1093/infdis/jiag089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nonhuman primate research has been critical for the advancement of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention, including the development of preexposure prophylaxis. Many studies have been conducted by or in partnership with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and/or the National Institutes of Health. In November 2025, scientists at the CDC were notified that studies involving animal research and specifically nonhuman primate research were being eliminated. These and other efforts to eliminate nonhuman primate research will have serious consequences in the field of HIV prevention and will hamper future efforts to develop and evaluate HIV prevention approaches including preexposure prophylaxis.</p>","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"175-177"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146208045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting the Disease Response With NlpD and LytM for Effective Nonantibiotic Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections.","authors":"Hien Thi Tran, Inês Gomes, Arunima Chaudhuri, Atefeh Nazari, Shahram Ahmadi, Hanna Végh, António N B M Carneiro, Urban Höglund, Christian Krintel, Catharina Svanborg, Ines Ambite","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag243","DOIUrl":"10.1093/infdis/jiag243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Finding new ways of treating bacterial infections is essential. The NlpD protein, which inhibits RNA polymerase II (Pol II), has shown therapeutic efficacy against urinary tract infection. This study investigated the mechanism of Pol II inhibition and protection by NlpD and its LytM peptide.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Recombinant NlpD and LytM were screened for interactions with constituents of the Pol II complex, using AlphaFold predictions and protein interaction technology. Treatment effects were quantified in infected tissues and regulated host response pathways identified by genome-wide transcriptomics analysis in models of acute pyelonephritis and acute cystitis in Irf3-/- and Asc-/- mice, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LytM was shown to interact with constituents of the Pol II multiprotein complex, inhibiting the CDK12 kinase from phosphorylating the Pol II subunit RPB1 and disrupting Pol II complex formation by interfering with the interaction between PAF1C and RPB1. The protection by LytM against acute pyelonephritis was accompanied by a reduction in gene expression in infected kidneys from >1900 significantly regulated genes (fold change >6) in the placebo group to about 150 in LytM-treated mice. The inhibition of gene expression in infected kidneys particularly targeted the excessive innate immune response. A similar effect was observed in acute cystitis. Bacterial clearance was accelerated in both model by LytM treatment, with effects against antibiotic-sensitive and resistant Escherichia coli strains.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results suggest that inhibiting the disease response of the host, using NlpD or LytM, may offer an efficient alternative to antibiotics in these models.</p>","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e316-e329"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13537167/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147845362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Duty to Act.","authors":"Emily Sickbert-Bennett, Philip J Rosenthal, Cesar A Arias, Gonzalo M Bearman, Paul E Sax, Graeme Forrest, David P Calfee, Romney M Humphries, Stanley Maloy, Ravi Jhaveri, Ira Blader, Ashley Shade, Roger Bedimo, Cynthia L Sears, Paul Katz, Barbara Resnick","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag433","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148867504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune control of HIV viraemia in early paediatric infection is associated with induction of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell activity following multiple treatment interruptions.","authors":"Julia E Edgar, Harriet R Parker, Christina Thobakgale, Emily Adland, Andrew J Prendergast, Gareth Tudor-Williams, Henrik N Kløverpris, Søren Buus, Bruce D Walker, Thumbi Ndung'u, Krista Dong, Photini Kiepiela, Philip Goulder","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag440","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Virus-specific CD8+ T-cells play an important part in HIV cure/remission in adults, yet their role in paediatric immune control is limited by tolerogenic early-life immunity. Very-early ART initiation, while effective in restricting viral reservoir size, also prevents antigenic exposure and, thereby, the induction of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Analytical treatment interruption (ATI) is an established tool in cure/remission studies for assessing time to viral rebound and viral setpoint off ART yet the impact of ATI on HIV-specific immune responses and plasma viral load (pVL) remains understudied in paediatric populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We evaluated a historical randomised cohort of early ART-treated children in South Africa. Infants with HIV were randomized to either Arm-1, receiving an initial course of ART followed by three short, pVL-guided treatment interruptions, or Arm-2, receiving continuous ART. Both arms then underwent an extended ATI in the second year of life. Virological outcomes, viral sequencing, and HIV-specific T-cell responses were assessed longitudinally.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the extended ATI, Arm-1 participants, following multiple treatment interruptions, demonstrated a lower peak and set-point pVL compared to Arm-2, alongside an early induction of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. One Arm-1 participant achieved undetectable pVL for 1.5 months during the extended ATI, before losing immune control associated with viral escape within dominant Gag CD8+ T-cell epitopes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Short-term viral exposure from serial ATIs is associated with the induction and/or boosting of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses and enhanced immune control of HIV in early ART-treated children.</p>","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148851946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic characterization of M. tuberculosis isolates from participants in a Phase 2b randomized trial evaluating the M72/AS01E tuberculosis candidate vaccine.","authors":"Pierre Wattiau, Shaheed V Omar, Lavania Joseph, Marie-Ange Demoitié, Mélanie Gilbert, Helen M Ayles, Andreas H Diacon, Ann M Ginsberg, Mark Hatherill, Elizabeth Hellström, James C Innes, Mookho Malahleha, Neil Martinson, Monde Muyoyeta, Videlis Nduba, Dereck R Tait, Robert J Wilkinson, François Roman","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The efficacy and safety of the M72/AS01E tuberculosis (TB) candidate vaccine were evaluated in the phase 2b randomized, placebo-controlled trial NCT01755598. In the trial, participants with Mycobacterium tuberculosis sensitization by a positive interferon-gamma release assay received either M72/AS01E or placebo (randomized 1:1) and were followed for 3 years. In this descriptive study, we genetically characterized M. tuberculosis isolates from participants who developed pulmonary TB during the trial to assess variability among isolates and evaluate the possibility of preferential progression from infection to active TB by certain strains in M72/AS01E and placebo recipients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>M. tuberculosis isolates were recovered from sputum samples and underwent DNA extraction and sequencing to assess lineage, antibiotic resistance profile, genetic variation, and genomic clusters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred isolates (37 M72/AS01E, 63 placebo) were genetically characterized from 50 participants who developed microbiologically confirmed active pulmonary TB during the trial (20 M72/AS01E, 30 placebo). Diverse M. tuberculosis lineages were identified in both M72/AS01E and placebo recipients. No multidrug-resistant strains were detected. Genetic sequences corresponding to the antigenic components of M72/AS01E, showed low variation in pepA and high variation in PPE18. However, no apparent preferential distribution of variants was observed in M72/AS01E or placebo recipients. Cluster analyses identified 10 genomic clusters with isolates from >1 participant, illustrating complex transmission dynamics and potential of co-infection by multiple strains within individuals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This descriptive analysis showed no apparent preferential distribution of local M. tuberculosis strains in M72/AS01E or placebo recipients. These results support the continued development of this candidate vaccine.</p>","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148841919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of Concern: Streptococcus pyogenes Surveillance Through Surface Swab Samples to Track the Emergence of Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome in Rural Japan.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag436","DOIUrl":"10.1093/infdis/jiag436","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inferring diagnostic serial intervals to understand COVID-19 transmission dynamics in Hong Kong and Mainland China.","authors":"M Pear Hossain, Dongxuan Chen, Amy Yeung, Dillon C Adam, Wey Wen Lim, Yiu Chung Lau, Eric H Y Lau, Jessica Y Wong, Faith Ho, Huizhi Gao, Lin Wang, Zhanwei Du, Peng Wu, Benjamin J Cowling, Sheikh Taslim Ali","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Estimating the instantaneous reproduction numbers (Rt) requires inferring generation time (Rt>, the interval between successive infections in the transmission chain), often approximated by the serial interval (SI, the interval between successive onsets in the transmission chain). The serial interval based on clinical outcomes is subject to recall biases, and such clinical information is not always available. As a comparable metric, we defined the diagnostic serial interval (SId, the time between diagnostic reporting of case pairs in a transmission chain) and compared it with the traditional SI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed confirmed COVID-19 cases from three ancestral waves in Hong Kong and the first wave in mainland China. Using Bayesian methods, we inferred the distributions of effective SI and SId, along with onset-to-reporting delays, and compared the resulting Rt estimates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The distributions of SI and SId were comparable across waves, with shorter means observed in SId. Reporting delays for infectors were longer than those for infectees, which was identified as a key factor influencing the temporal variation in SI and SId. Additionally, factors such as public health and social measures (PHSMs), case profile, and demographics were found to significantly impact the estimates. Time-varying estimates of the reproduction number derived from both SI and SId were highly consistent, with median absolute differences ranging from 0.12 to 0.19.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The diagnostic serial interval shows potentials as a comparable metric to the traditional serial interval for estimating transmissibility in assessing COVID-19 transmission dynamics, and this approach could be extended for other respiratory viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148820140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}