Communications Psychology最新文献_第8页

AI can outperform humans in predicting correlations between personality items. 在预测性格项目之间的相关性方面，人工智能可以胜过人类。

Communications Psychology Pub Date : 2025-02-12 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-025-00205-w

Philipp Schoenegger, Spencer Greenberg, Alexander Grishin, Joshua Lewis, Lucius Caviola

{"title":"AI can outperform humans in predicting correlations between personality items.","authors":"Philipp Schoenegger, Spencer Greenberg, Alexander Grishin, Joshua Lewis, Lucius Caviola","doi":"10.1038/s44271-025-00205-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-025-00205-w","url":null,"abstract":"We assess the abilities of both specialized deep neural networks, such as PersonalityMap, and general LLMs, including GPT-4o and Claude 3 Opus, in understanding human personality by predicting correlations between personality questionnaire items. All AI models outperform the vast majority of laypeople and academic experts. However, we can improve the accuracy of individual correlation predictions by taking the median prediction per group to produce a \"wisdom of the crowds\" estimate. Thus, we also compare the median predictions from laypeople, academic experts, GPT-4o/Claude 3 Opus, and PersonalityMap. Based on medians, PersonalityMap and academic experts surpass both LLMs and laypeople on most measures. These results suggest that while advanced LLMs make superior predictions compared to most individual humans, specialized models like PersonalityMap can match even expert group-level performance in domain-specific tasks. This underscores the capabilities of large language models while emphasizing the continued relevance of specialized systems as well as human experts for personality research.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":"3 1","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11822111/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143412208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Boredom signals deviation from a cognitive homeostatic set point. 无聊是偏离认知稳态设定值的信号。

Communications Psychology Pub Date : 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-025-00209-6

Chantal Trudel, Evan F Risko, John D Eastwood, Wijnand A P van Tilburg, Andreas Elpidorou, James Danckert

引用次数: 0

Publisher Correction: Humans rationally balance detailed and temporally abstract world models. 人类理性地平衡了详细的和暂时抽象的世界模型。

Communications Psychology Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-025-00194-w

Ari E Kahn, Nathaniel D Daw

引用次数: 0

Spontaneous thought separates into clusters of negative, positive, and flexible thinking. 自发思维分为消极思维、积极思维和灵活思维。

Communications Psychology Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-025-00201-0

Marta Migó, Jessica A Cooper, Philip A Kragel, Michael T Treadway

{"title":"Spontaneous thought separates into clusters of negative, positive, and flexible thinking.","authors":"Marta Migó, Jessica A Cooper, Philip A Kragel, Michael T Treadway","doi":"10.1038/s44271-025-00201-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-025-00201-0","url":null,"abstract":"The nature and frequency of spontaneous thoughts play a critical role in cognitive processes like perception, decision-making, attention, and memory. Deficits in these processes are also greatly associated with the development and maintenance of psychopathology. However, the underlying cognitive dynamics of free and stuck spontaneous thought remain unclear, as these often occur in the absence of measurable behaviors. Here, we analyze free word-association data using attractor-state dynamic modeling, which conceptualizes stuck spontaneous thought as navigating a multidimensional semantic space while in the presence of strong attractor locations. Word-association data was collected from an exploratory sample (N1 = 65), a first replication sample (N2 = 79), and, following pre-registration, a second replication sample (N3 = 222). After the data was embedded into a 3-dimensional semantic space and fit by our dynamic model, unsupervised learning consistently grouped data into four clusters across all independent samples. These clusters were characterized by two distinct patterns of stuck negative thinking, a pattern of protective positive thinking, and a pattern of flexible mind-wandering. Our results support a method for modeling spontaneous thought and isolate distinct sub-types that may not be accessible using retrospective self-report methods. We discuss implications for clinical and cognitive science.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":"3 1","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11799332/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143257768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simultaneous tACS-fMRI reveals state- and frequency-specific modulation of hippocampal-cortical functional connectivity. 同时tACS-fMRI显示海马-皮质功能连接的状态和频率特异性调节。

Communications Psychology Pub Date : 2025-02-03 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-025-00202-z

Max Kaiser, Yuejuan Wang, Sanne Ten Oever, Felix Duecker, Alexander T Sack, Vincent van de Ven

引用次数: 0

Predictive learning as the basis of the testing effect. 预测学习作为测试效果的基础。

Communications Psychology Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-025-00200-1

Haopeng Chen, Cathy Hauspie, Kate Ergo, Cristian Buc Calderon, Tom Verguts

{"title":"Predictive learning as the basis of the testing effect.","authors":"Haopeng Chen, Cathy Hauspie, Kate Ergo, Cristian Buc Calderon, Tom Verguts","doi":"10.1038/s44271-025-00200-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-025-00200-1","url":null,"abstract":"A prominent learning phenomenon is the testing effect, meaning that testing enhances retention more than studying. Emergent frameworks propose fundamental (Hebbian and predictive) learning principles as its basis. Predictive learning posits that learning occurs based on the contrast (error) between a prediction and the feedback on that prediction (prediction error). Here, we propose that in testing (but not studying) scenarios, participants predict potential answers, and its contrast with the subsequent feedback yields a prediction error, which facilitates testing-based learning. To investigate this, we developed an associative memory network incorporating Hebbian and/or predictive learning, together with an experimental design where human participants studied or tested English-Swahili word pairs followed by recognition. Three behavioral experiments (N = 80, 81, 62) showed robust testing effects when feedback was provided. Model fitting (of 10 different models) suggested that only models incorporating predictive learning can account for the breadth of data associated with the testing effect. Our data and model suggest that predictive learning underlies the testing effect.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":"3 1","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11787327/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143076688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Error-driven upregulation of memory representations. 错误驱动的记忆表征上调。

Communications Psychology Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-025-00199-5

Alexander Weuthen, Hans Kirschner, Markus Ullsperger

{"title":"Error-driven upregulation of memory representations.","authors":"Alexander Weuthen, Hans Kirschner, Markus Ullsperger","doi":"10.1038/s44271-025-00199-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-025-00199-5","url":null,"abstract":"Learning an association does not always succeed on the first attempt. Previous studies associated increased error signals in posterior medial frontal cortex with improved memory formation. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms that facilitate post-error learning remain poorly understood. To address this gap, participants performed a feedback-based association learning task and a 1-back localizer task. Increased hemodynamic responses in posterior medial frontal cortex were found for internal and external origins of memory error evidence, and during post-error encoding success as quantified by subsequent recall of face-associated memories. A localizer-based machine learning model displayed a network of cognitive control regions, including posterior medial frontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, whose activity was related to face-processing evidence in the fusiform face area. Representation strength was higher during failed recall and increased during encoding when subsequent recall succeeded. These data enhance our understanding of the neurophysiological mechanisms of adaptive learning by linking the need for learning with increased processing of the relevant stimulus category.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":"3 1","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11782628/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143070690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A manifesto for a globally diverse, equitable, and inclusive open science. 一份全球多样化、公平和包容的开放科学宣言。

Communications Psychology Pub Date : 2025-01-29 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00179-1

Sakshi Ghai, Rémi Thériault, Patrick Forscher, Yuichi Shoda, Moin Syed, Arathy Puthillam, Hu Chuan Peng, Dana Basnight-Brown, Asifa Majid, Flavio Azevedo, Leher Singh

引用次数: 0

Warning people that they are being microtargeted fails to eliminate persuasive advantage. 警告人们他们正在被微目标化，并不能消除说服的优势。

Communications Psychology Pub Date : 2025-01-29 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-025-00188-8

Fabio Carrella, Almog Simchon, Matthew Edwards, Stephan Lewandowsky

{"title":"Warning people that they are being microtargeted fails to eliminate persuasive advantage.","authors":"Fabio Carrella, Almog Simchon, Matthew Edwards, Stephan Lewandowsky","doi":"10.1038/s44271-025-00188-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-025-00188-8","url":null,"abstract":"The practice of microtargeting in politics, involving tailoring persuasive messages to individuals based on personal vulnerabilities, has raised manipulation concerns. As microtargeting's persuasive benefits are well-established and its use facilitated by AI tools and personality-inference models, ethical and regulatory concerns are magnified. Here, we explore countering microtargeting effects by creating a warning signal deployed when users encounter personality-tailored political ads. Three studies evaluated the effectiveness of warning \"popups\" against potential microtargeting by comparing persuasiveness of targeted vs. non-targeted messages with and without popups. Using within subject-designs, Studies 1 (N = 666), 2a (N = 432), and 2b (N = 669) reveal a targeting effect, with targeted ads deemed more persuasive than non-targeted ones. More important, the presence of a warning popup had no meaningful impact on persuasiveness. Overall, across the three studies, personality-targeted ads were significantly more persuasive than non-targeted ones, and this advantage persisted despite warnings. Given the focus on transparency in initiatives like the EU's AI Act, our finding that warnings have little effect has potential policy implications.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":"3 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11774753/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143061703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cognitive reserve is associated with education, social determinants, and cognitive outcomes among older American Indians in the Strong Heart Study. 在强心脏研究中，认知储备与教育、社会决定因素和老年美洲印第安人的认知结果有关。

Communications Psychology Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-025-00198-6

Astrid M Suchy-Dicey, W T Longstreth, Dedra S Buchwald, Kristoffer Rhoads, Thomas J Grabowski

{"title":"Cognitive reserve is associated with education, social determinants, and cognitive outcomes among older American Indians in the Strong Heart Study.","authors":"Astrid M Suchy-Dicey, W T Longstreth, Dedra S Buchwald, Kristoffer Rhoads, Thomas J Grabowski","doi":"10.1038/s44271-025-00198-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-025-00198-6","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive reserve, a component of resilience, may be conceptualized as the ability to overcome accumulating neuropathology and maintain healthy aging and function. However, research measuring and evaluating it in American Indians is needed. We recruited American Indians from 3 regional centers for longitudinal examinations (2010-13, n = 818; 2017-19, n = 403) including MRI, cognitive, clinical, and questionnaire data. We defined cognitive reserve by measuring the residual from individual regressions of cognitive tests over imaged brain volumes, adjusted for age and sex. Analyses examined three different metrics of cognitive reserve against sociodemographic, clinical, and longitudinal cognitive data in causal mediation models. Better cognitive reserve was significantly associated with more education, higher income, lower prevalence of depression, lower prevalence of diabetes, and lower prevalence of kidney disease, but we found no statistically significant evidence for an association with plasma biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, APOE e4 carrier status, alcohol use, body mass, or hypertension. Better cognitive reserve was associated with better cognitive function over mean 6.7 years follow-up (range 4-9 years); and the association for education with cognition over time was mediated in part (15-24%) by cognitive reserve. Cognitive reserve, although challenging to measure, appears important for understanding the range of cognitive aging in American Indians.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":"3 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11775147/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143061650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0