Communications Psychology最新文献

{"title":"Attentional shifts bias microsaccade direction but do not cause new microsaccades","authors":"Baiwei Liu, Zampeta-Sofia Alexopoulou, Freek van Ede","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00149-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00149-7","url":null,"abstract":"Brain circuitry that controls where we look also contributes to attentional selection of visual contents outside current fixation, or content within the spatial layout of working memory. A behavioural manifestation of this contribution comes from modulations in microsaccade direction that accompany spatial attention shifts. Here, we address whether such modulations come about because attention shifts trigger new microsaccades or whether, instead, spatial attention only biases the direction of ongoing microsaccades that would have been made whether or not attention was also shifted. We utilised an internal-selective-attention task that has recently been shown to yield robust spatial microsaccade modulations and compared microsaccade rates following colour retrocues that were carefully matched for sensory input, but differed in whether they invited an attention shift or not. If attention shifts trigger new microsaccades then we would expect more microsaccades following attention-directing cues than following neutral cues. In contrast, we found no evidence for an increase in overall microsaccade rate, despite robust modulations in microsaccade direction. This implies that shifting spatial attention biases the direction of ongoing microsaccades without changing the probability of microsaccade occurrence. These findings help to explain why microsaccades and visual-spatial shifts of attention are often correlated but not obligatorily linked. Microsaccades are eye-movements that are modulated by covert and internal shifts of attention. This work shows how shifts in attention bias microsaccade direction without causing new microsaccades.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11496105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142515895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A narrative on the neurobiological roots of attachment-system functioning","authors":"Amir Izaki, Willem J. M. I. Verbeke, Pascal Vrticka, Tsachi Ein-Dor","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00147-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00147-9","url":null,"abstract":"Attachment theory is one of the most comprehensive frameworks in social and developmental psychology. It describes how selective, enduring emotional bonds between infants and their caregivers are formed and maintained throughout life. These attachment bonds exhibit distinct characteristics that are intimately tied to fundamental aspects of mammalian life, including pregnancy, birth, lactation, and infant brain development. However, there is a lack of a cohesive biological narrative that explains the psychological forces shaping attachment behavior and the emergence and consolidation of attachment patterns at a neurobiological level. Here, we propose a theoretical narrative focusing on organized attachment patterns that systematically link the two primary purposes of the attachment behavioral system: the provision of tangible protection or support and the corresponding subjective feeling of safety or security. We aim for this detailed delineation of neurobiological circuits to foster more comprehensive and interdisciplinary future research. Integrating human and animal research, this Perspectives proposes a detailed neurobiological account of attachment, from prenatal influences, to early emergence and later consolidation of individual attachment patterns.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00147-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142439134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A post-Brexit intergroup contact intervention reduces affective polarization between Leavers and Remainers short-term","authors":"Nicole Tausch, Michèle D. Birtel, Paulina Górska, Sidney Bode, Carolina Rocha","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00146-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00146-w","url":null,"abstract":"With mounting evidence of the harmful societal consequences of affective polarization, it is crucial to find ways of addressing it. Employing a randomized controlled trial, this study tested the effectiveness of an intervention based on theories of intergroup contact and interpersonal communication in reducing affective polarization in the context of Brexit. Participants were 120 UK self-identified Leavers and Remainers. Sixty Leaver-Remainer dyads were randomized to engage in either a facilitated intergroup interaction or a control interaction, which was equivalent in structure and tone but was unrelated to Brexit identities. Different aspects of affective polarization were assessed one month prior, immediately after, and one month after the intervention. Results indicate that the intervention increased warmth toward the outgroup, reduced unfavourable attributions of the sources of outgroup positions, and increased willingness to compromise, but only short-term. There were no statistically significant longer-term effects of the intervention. Evidence of selective attrition further suggests that those with more extreme baseline opinions were more likely to drop out. Our findings highlight the challenges of designing effective interventions that engender enduring attitude change in polarized contexts and of engaging those with extreme political views. This study can provide a useful framework for future research. Facilitated dyadic interactions between Leave and Remain voters following the Brexit referendum show short-term positive effects on some characteristics of outgroup perception.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00146-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142439127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"More adverse childhood experiences are associated with increased social thinning and severe psychological distress","authors":"Yuna Koyama, Yui Yamaoka, Hisaaki Nishimura, Jin Kuramochi, Takeo Fujiwara","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00145-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00145-x","url":null,"abstract":"Adverse childhood experiences have been linked to psychopathology due to reduced social networks or social thinning. However, evidence of the temporal associations between adverse childhood experiences, social networks, and psychopathology was lacking, as few studies assessed social networks repeatedly. Further, their underlying neurocognitive and biological mechanisms related to hypervigilance and inflammation remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify these associations using a three-wave population-based cohort study during the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 465), where we leveraged repeated social network assessments. Self-reported questionnaires assessed adverse childhood experiences, social network size and diversity, psychological distress, and hypervigilance regarding COVID-19. Blood tests were conducted to measure inflammation markers. Individuals with more adverse childhood experiences demonstrated lesser increases in their social networks than those without adverse childhood experiences. Decreased network sizes were associated with severe psychological distress, but this association did not remain after adjusting for baseline distress. On the other hand, reduced network diversities were associated with increased psychological distress. We did not find any paths through hypervigilance regarding COVID-19 and inflammation that explain associations between adverse childhood experiences, social thinning, and psychological distress. These findings emphasize the significant social network changes in the associations between adverse childhood experiences and psychopathology. A 3-wave population-based cohort study between June 2020 and November 2021 showed that those with more childhood adversities grew or recovered their social networks to a lesser degree and that people with smaller network increases showed more distress.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00145-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142407376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodological concerns underlying a lack of evidence for cultural heterogeneity in the replication of psychological effects","authors":"Robin Schimmelpfennig, Rachel Spicer, Cindel J. M. White, Will Gervais, Ara Norenzayan, Steven Heine, Joseph Henrich, Michael Muthukrishna","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00135-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00135-z","url":null,"abstract":"The multi-site replication study, Many Labs 2, concluded that sample location and setting did not substantially affect the replicability of findings. Here, we examine theoretical and methodological considerations for a subset of the analyses, namely exploratory tests of heterogeneity in the replicability of studies between “WEIRD and less-WEIRD cultures”. We conducted a review of literature citing the study, a re-examination of the existing cultural variability, a power stimulation for detecting cultural heterogeneity, and re-analyses of the original exploratory tests. Findings indicate little cultural variability and low power to detect cultural heterogeneity effects in the Many Labs 2 data, yet the literature review indicates the study is cited regarding the moderating role of culture. Our reanalysis of the data found that using different operationalizations of culture slightly increased effect sizes but did not substantially alter the conclusions of Many Labs 2. Future studies of cultural heterogeneity can be improved with theoretical consideration of which effects and which cultures are likely to show variation as well as a priori methodological planning for appropriate operationalizations of culture and sufficient power to detect effects. Reanalysis and simulated power analyses for the cross-cultural multi-site study, Many Labs 2, demonstrated low power for detecting cross-cultural heterogeneity.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461273/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142396607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review of individual, social, and societal resilience factors in response to societal challenges and crises","authors":"Sarah K. Schäfer, Max Supke, Corinna Kausmann, Lea M. Schaubruch, Klaus Lieb, Caroline Cohrdes","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00138-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00138-w","url":null,"abstract":"Societal challenges put public mental health at risk and result in a growing interest in resilience as trajectories of good mental health during stressor exposure. Resilience factors represent multilevel psychosocial resources that increase the likelihood of resilient responses. This preregistered systematic review aims at summarizing evidence on the predictive value of individual, social and societal resilience factors for resilient responses to societal challenges and crises. Eligible studies examined the predictive value of resilience factors in stressor-exposed populations in high-income countries by means of multinomial regression models based on growth mixture modeling. Five databases were searched until August 2, 2023. Data synthesis employed a rating scheme to assess the incremental predictive value of resilience factors beyond sociodemographic variables and other resilience factors. An adapted version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for risk of bias assessment. Fifty studies (sample sizes: 360–65,818 participants) with moderate study quality reported on various stressors (e.g., pandemics, natural disasters, terrorist attacks). Higher income, socioeconomic status and perceived social support, better emotion regulation and psychological flexibility were related to more resilient responses. The association between resilience factors and resilient responses was stronger in samples with younger mean age and a larger proportion of women. Most studies used non-representative convenience samples and effects were smaller when accounting for sociodemographic variables and other resilience factors. For many factors, findings were mixed, supporting the importance of the fit between resilience factors and situational demands. Research into social and societal resilience factors and multilevel resilience interventions is needed. Preregistration-ID: 10.17605/OSF.IO/GWJVA. Funding source: Robert Koch Institute (ID: LIR_2023_01). Higher income and socioeconomic status, better cognitive emotion regulation, and higher perceived social support were associated with more resilient stress responses, although most effects were small after accounting for other resilience factors.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00138-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142377207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mistuning perception in music is asymmetric and relies on both beats and inharmonicity","authors":"Sara M. K. Madsen, Andrew J. Oxenham","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00141-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00141-1","url":null,"abstract":"An out-of-tune singer or instrument can ruin the enjoyment of music. However, there is disagreement on how we perceive mistuning in natural music settings. To address this question, we presented listeners with in-tune and out-of-tune passages of two-part music and manipulated the two primary candidate acoustic cues: beats (fluctuations caused by interactions between nearby frequency components) and inharmonicity (non-integer harmonic frequency relationships) across seven experiments (Exp 1: N = 101; Exp 2: N = 63; Exp 3a: N = 87; Exp 3b: N = 28; Exp 3c: N = 69; Exp 4: N = 160; Exp 5: N = 105). Mistuning detection worsened markedly when removing either beating or inharmonicity cues, suggesting important contributions from both. The relative importance of the two cues varied reliably between listeners but was unaffected by musical experience. Finally, a general asymmetry in sensitivity to mistuning was discovered, with compressed pitch differences being more easily detected than stretched ones, thereby demonstrating a generalization of the previously found stretched-octave effect. Overall, the results reveal the acoustic underpinnings of the critical perceptual phenomenon of dissonance through mistuning in natural music. Individuals used cues related to both beats and inharmonicity when detecting mistuning in music. The relative reliance on these cues did not vary by musical experience and detecting mistuning was easier for compressed versus stretched pitch differences.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11447020/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142368151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intentional looks facilitate faster responding in observers","authors":"Florence Mayrand, Sarah D. McCrackin, Jelena Ristic","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00137-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00137-x","url":null,"abstract":"Humans construct rich representations of other people’s mental states. Here we investigated how intentionality in eye gaze affected perception and responses to gaze. Observers viewed videos of human gazers looking left or right. Unbeknownst to the observers, the gazers could either choose where to look (self-chosen gaze) or were explicitly instructed where to look (computer-instructed gaze). In Experiment 1, observers reported the direction of the gazer’s upcoming look before the eye movement was initiated. Faster responses were found for self-chosen relative to computer-instructed gaze. In Experiments 2 and 3, observers responded by reporting the location of a peripheral target that appeared at the gazed-at or not gazed-at location. Faster responses were found for gazed-at relative to not gazed-at targets and at longer cue-target intervals for self-chosen relative to computer-instructed gaze. The examination of the eye movement kinematics indicated that self-chosen gaze shifts were marked by a larger magnitude of motion within the eye region prior to the eye movement occurring relative to computer-instructed ones. Thus, perceived intentionality in eye gaze facilitates responses in observers with the information about mental states communicated via subtle properties of eye motion. When observing individuals who either chose or were instructed where to direct their gaze, naïve observers were quicker to respond to self-chosen gazes.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00137-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142329452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Egalitarian preferences in young children depend on the genders of the interacting partners","authors":"Marijn van Wingerden, Lina Oberließen, Tobias Kalenscher","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00139-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00139-9","url":null,"abstract":"In decisions between equal and unequal resource distributions, women are often believed to be more prosocial than men. Previous research showed that fairness attitudes develop in childhood, but their—possibly gendered, developmental trajectory remains unclear. We hypothesised that gender-related fairness attitudes might depend not only on the gender of the Allocator, but also on that of the Recipient. To examine this, we tested 332 three to 8-year-old children in a paired resource allocation task, with both boys and girls acting as Allocators and Recipients. We indeed found gender-related effects: girls more than boys aimed to reduce advantageous inequity, and Allocators of both genders were more averse against male Recipients being better off. Notably, older girls exhibited an envy bias, i.e., they tolerated disadvantageous inequity more when the resource allocation was in favour of other girls than when it favoured boys. We also observed a gender-related spite gap in boys aged 7-8: unlike girls, boys treated other boys with spite, i.e., they valued unfair distributions in their own favour over equal outcomes, especially if rejecting advantageous inequity was costly. This pattern hints at contextualised gender-related fairness preferences that evolve with age that could depend on same- and cross-gender past interaction experiences. Gender-related differences in resource distribution depend on both the gender of the Allocator and of the Recipient. Girls tried to reduce advantageous inequality more than boys but tolerated disadvantageous inequity more if it favoured another girl whereas boys were more competitive with other boys.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00139-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142324785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Older adults are relatively more susceptible to impulsive social influence than young adults","authors":"Zhilin Su, Mona M. Garvert, Lei Zhang, Sanjay G. Manohar, Todd A. Vogel, Louisa Thomas, Joshua H. Balsters, Masud Husain, Matthew A. J. Apps, Patricia L. Lockwood","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00134-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00134-0","url":null,"abstract":"People differ in their levels of impulsivity and patience, and these preferences are heavily influenced by others. Previous research suggests that susceptibility to social influence may vary with age, but the mechanisms and whether people are more influenced by patience or impulsivity remain unknown. Here, using a delegated inter-temporal choice task and Bayesian computational models, we tested susceptibility to social influence in young (aged 18–36, N = 76) and older (aged 60–80, N = 78) adults. Participants completed a temporal discounting task and then learnt the preferences of two other people (one more impulsive and one more patient) before making their choices again. We used the signed Kullback-Leibler divergence to quantify the magnitude and direction of social influence. We found that, compared to young adults, older adults were relatively more susceptible to impulsive social influence. Factor analyses showed that older adults with higher self-reported levels of affective empathy and emotional motivation were particularly susceptible to impulsive influence. Importantly, older and young adults showed similar learning accuracy about others’ preferences, and their baseline impulsivity did not differ. Together, these findings suggest highly affectively empathetic and emotionally motivated older adults may be at higher risk for impulsive decisions, due to their susceptibility to social influence. Older adults were more influenced by impulsive economic decisions made by others in comparison to young adults. More empathetic and emotionally motivated older adults were the most influenced by others’ impulsive economic choices.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00134-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142309595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}