{"title":"Where is the Edge of Chaos?","authors":"Ron Fulbright","doi":"arxiv-2304.07176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2304.07176","url":null,"abstract":"Previous study of cellular automata and random Boolean networks has shown\u0000emergent behavior occurring at the edge of chaos where the randomness\u0000(disorder) of internal connections is set to an intermediate critical value.\u0000The value at which maximal emergent behavior occurs has been observed to be\u0000inversely related to the total number of interconnected elements, the\u0000neighborhood size. However, different equations predict different values. This\u0000paper presents a study of one-dimensional cellular automata (1DCA) verifying\u0000the general relationship but finding a more precise correlation with the radius\u0000of the neighborhood rather than neighborhood size. Furthermore, the critical\u0000value of the emergent regime is observed to be very close to 1/e hinting at the\u0000discovery of a fundamental characteristic of emergent systems.","PeriodicalId":501231,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases","volume":"57 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138511035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards Large-Scale Simulations of Open-Ended Evolution in Continuous Cellular Automata","authors":"Bert Wang-Chak Chan","doi":"arxiv-2304.05639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2304.05639","url":null,"abstract":"Inspired by biological and cultural evolution, there have been many attempts\u0000to explore and elucidate the necessary conditions for open-endedness in\u0000artificial intelligence and artificial life. Using a continuous cellular\u0000automata called Lenia as the base system, we built large-scale evolutionary\u0000simulations using parallel computing framework JAX, in order to achieve the\u0000goal of never-ending evolution of self-organizing patterns. We report a number\u0000of system design choices, including (1) implicit implementation of genetic\u0000operators, such as reproduction by pattern self-replication, and selection by\u0000differential existential success; (2) localization of genetic information; and\u0000(3) algorithms for dynamically maintenance of the localized genotypes and\u0000translation to phenotypes. Simulation results tend to go through a phase of\u0000diversity and creativity, gradually converge to domination by fast expanding\u0000patterns, presumably a optimal solution under the current design. Based on our\u0000experimentation, we propose several factors that may further facilitate\u0000open-ended evolution, such as virtual environment design, mass conservation,\u0000and energy constraints.","PeriodicalId":501231,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases","volume":"61 33","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138510834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Damian R Sowinski, Jonathan Carroll-Nellenback, Robert N Markwick, Jordi Piñero, Marcelo Gleiser, Artemy Kolchinsky, Gourab Ghoshal, Adam Frank
{"title":"Semantic Information in a model of Resource Gathering Agents","authors":"Damian R Sowinski, Jonathan Carroll-Nellenback, Robert N Markwick, Jordi Piñero, Marcelo Gleiser, Artemy Kolchinsky, Gourab Ghoshal, Adam Frank","doi":"arxiv-2304.03286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2304.03286","url":null,"abstract":"We explore the application of a new theory of Semantic Information to the\u0000well-motivated problem of a resource foraging agent. Semantic information is\u0000defined as the subset of correlations, measured via the transfer entropy,\u0000between agent $A$ and environment $E$ that is necessary for the agent to\u0000maintain its viability $V$. Viability, in turn, is endogenously defined as\u0000opposed to the use of exogenous quantities like utility functions. In our\u0000model, the forager's movements are determined by its ability to measure, via a\u0000sensor, the presence of an individual unit of resource, while the viability\u0000function is its expected lifetime. Through counterfactual interventions --\u0000scrambling the correlations between agent and environment via noising the\u0000sensor -- we demonstrate the presence of a critical value of the noise\u0000parameter, $eta_c$, above which the forager's expected lifetime is\u0000dramatically reduced. On the other hand, for $eta < eta_c$ there is\u0000little-to-no effect on its ability to survive. We refer to this boundary as the\u0000semantic threshold, quantifying the subset of agent-environment correlations\u0000that the agent actually needs to maintain its desired state of staying alive.\u0000Each bit of information affects the agent's ability to persist both above and\u0000below the semantic threshold. Modeling the viability curve and its semantic\u0000threshold via forager/environment parameters, we show how the correlations are\u0000instantiated. Our work provides a useful model for studies of established\u0000agents in terms of semantic information. It also shows that such semantic\u0000thresholds may prove useful for understanding the role information plays in\u0000allowing systems to become autonomous agents.","PeriodicalId":501231,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases","volume":"61 45","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138510826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the Garden of Eden theorem for non-uniform cellular automata","authors":"Xuan Kien Phung","doi":"arxiv-2304.00661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2304.00661","url":null,"abstract":"We establish several extensions of the well-known Garden of Eden theorem for\u0000non-uniform cellular automata over the full shifts and over amenable group\u0000universes. In particular, our results describe quantitatively the relations\u0000between the partial pre-injectivity and the size of the image of a non-uniform\u0000cellular automata. A strengthened surjunctivity result is also obtained for\u0000multi-dimensional cellular automata over strongly irreducible subshifts of\u0000finite type.","PeriodicalId":501231,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases","volume":"61 38","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138510831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Physics of Automated-Driving Vehicular Traffic","authors":"Boris S. Kerner","doi":"arxiv-2303.17733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2303.17733","url":null,"abstract":"We have found that a variety of phase transitions occurring between three\u0000traffic phases (free flow (F), synchronized flow (S), and wide moving jam (J))\u0000determine the spatiotemporal dynamics of traffic consisting of 100%\u0000automated-driving vehicles moving on a two-lane road with an on-ramp\u0000bottleneck. This means that three-phase traffic theory is a common framework\u0000for the description of traffic states independent of whether human-driving or\u0000automated-driving vehicles move in vehicular traffic. To prove this, we have\u0000studied automated-driving vehicular traffic with the use of classical Helly's\u0000model (1959) widely applied for automated vehicle motion. Although dynamic\u0000rules of the motion of automated-driving vehicles in a road lane are\u0000qualitatively different from those of human-driving vehicles, we have revealed\u0000that a free-flow-to-synchronized-flow transition (F$rightarrow$S transition)\u0000exhibits the nucleation nature, which was observed in empirical field data\u0000measured in traffic consisting of 100% human-driving vehicles. The physics of\u0000the nucleation nature of the F$rightarrow$S transition in automated-driving\u0000traffic is associated with a discontinuity in the rate of lane-changing that\u0000causes the discontinuity in the rate of over-acceleration. This discontinuous\u0000character of over-acceleration leads to both the existence and self-maintaining\u0000of synchronized flow at the bottleneck in automated-driving vehicular traffic\u0000as well as to the existence at any time instant of a range of highway\u0000capacities between some minimum and maximum capacities. Within the capacity\u0000range, an F$rightarrow$S transition can be induced; however, when the maximum\u0000capacity is exceeded, then after some time-delay a spontaneous F$rightarrow$S\u0000transition occurs at the bottleneck. The phases F, S, and J can coexist each\u0000other in space and time.","PeriodicalId":501231,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases","volume":"61 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138510841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Plasma kinetics: Discrete Boltzmann modelling and Richtmyer-Meshkov instability","authors":"Jiahui Song, Aiguo Xu, Long Miao, Feng Chen, Zhipeng Liu, Lifeng Wang, Ningfei Wang, Xiao Hou","doi":"arxiv-2303.12356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2303.12356","url":null,"abstract":"A discrete Boltzmann model (DBM) for plasma kinetics is proposed. The DBM\u0000contains two physical functions. The first is to capture the main features\u0000aiming to investigate and the second is to present schemes for checking\u0000thermodynamic non-equilibrium (TNE) state and describing TNE effects. For the\u0000first function, mathematically, the model is composed of a discrete Boltzmann\u0000equation coupled by a magnetic induction equation. Physically, the model is\u0000equivalent to a hydrodynamic model plus a coarse-grained model for the most\u0000relevant TNE behaviors including the entropy production rate. The first\u0000function is verified by recovering hydrodynamic non-equilibrium (HNE) behaviors\u0000of a number of typical benchmark problems. Extracting and analyzing the most\u0000relevant TNE effects in Orszag-Tang problem are practical applications of the\u0000second function. As a further application, the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability\u0000with interface inverse and re-shock process is numerically studied. It is found\u0000that, in the case without magnetic field, the non-organized momentum flux shows\u0000the most pronounced effects near shock front, while the non-organized energy\u0000flux shows the most pronounced behaviors near perturbed interface. The\u0000influence of magnetic field on TNE effects shows stages: before the interface\u0000inverse, the TNE strength is enhanced by reducing the interface inverse speed;\u0000while after the interface inverse, the TNE strength is significantly reduced.\u0000Both the global averaged TNE strength and entropy production rate contributed\u0000by non-organized energy flux can be used as physical criteria to identify\u0000whether or not the magnetic field is sufficient to prevent the interface\u0000inverse.","PeriodicalId":501231,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases","volume":"56 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138511041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Game of Life on the Robinson Triangle Penrose Tiling: Still Life","authors":"Seung Hyeon Mandy Hong, May Mei","doi":"arxiv-2302.10157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2302.10157","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate Conway's Game of Life played on the Robinson triangle Penrose\u0000tiling. In this paper, we classify all four-cell still lifes.","PeriodicalId":501231,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases","volume":"61 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138510830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Inertia in spatial public goods games under weak selection","authors":"Chaoqian Wang, Attila Szolnoki","doi":"arxiv-2302.10029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2302.10029","url":null,"abstract":"Due to limited cognitive skills for perceptual error or other emotional\u0000reasons, players may keep their current strategies even if there is a more\u0000promising choice. Such behavior inertia has already been studied, but its\u0000consequences remained unexplored in the weak selection limit. To fill this gap,\u0000we consider a spatial public goods game model where inertia is considered\u0000during the imitation process. By using the identity-by-descent method, we\u0000present analytical forms of the critical synergy factor $r^star$, which\u0000determines when cooperation is favored. We find that inertia hinders\u0000cooperation, which can be explained by the decelerated coarsening process under\u0000weak selection. Interestingly, the critical synergy conditions for different\u0000updating protocols, including death-birth and birth-death rules, can be\u0000formally linked by the extreme limits of the inertia factor. To explore the\u0000robustness of our observations, calculations are made for different lattices\u0000and group sizes. Monte Carlo simulations also confirm the results.","PeriodicalId":501231,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases","volume":"61 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138510837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Repeating fast radio bursts reveal memory from minutes to an hour","authors":"F. Y. WangNJU, Q. Wu, Z. G. Dai","doi":"arxiv-2302.06802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2302.06802","url":null,"abstract":"Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are brief, luminous pulses with unknown physical\u0000origin. The repetition pattern of FRBs contains essential information about\u0000their physical nature and emission mechanisms. Using the two largest samples of\u0000FRB 20121102A and FRB 20201124, we report that the sources of the two FRBs\u0000reveal memory over a large range of timescales, from a few minutes to about an\u0000hour. This suggests that bright bursts are very likely to be followed by bursts\u0000of similar or larger magnitude, allowing for the prediction of intense bursts.\u0000The memory is detected from the coherent growths in burst-rate structures and\u0000the Hurst exponent. The waiting time distribution displays a power-law tail,\u0000which is consistent with a Poisson model with a time-varying rate. From\u0000cellular automaton simulations, we find that these characteristics can be well\u0000understood within the physical framework of a self-organized criticality system\u0000driven in a correlation way, such as random walk functions. These properties\u0000indicate that the triggers of bursts are correlated, preferring the crustal\u0000failure mechanism of neutron stars.","PeriodicalId":501231,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases","volume":"61 48","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138511253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexey Kazarnikov, Nadja Ray, Heikki Haario, Joona Lappalainen, Andreas Rupp
{"title":"Parameter estimation for cellular automata","authors":"Alexey Kazarnikov, Nadja Ray, Heikki Haario, Joona Lappalainen, Andreas Rupp","doi":"arxiv-2301.13320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2301.13320","url":null,"abstract":"Self organizing complex systems can be modeled using cellular automaton\u0000models. However, the parametrization of these models is crucial and\u0000significantly determines the resulting structural pattern. In this research, we\u0000introduce and successfully apply a sound statistical method to estimate these\u0000parameters. The method is based on constructing Gaussian likelihoods using\u0000characteristics of the structures such as the mean particle size. We show that\u0000our approach is robust with respect to the method parameters, domain size of\u0000patterns, or CA iterations.","PeriodicalId":501231,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases","volume":"61 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138510829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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