Journal of Optical Communications and Networking最新文献

{"title":"Real-time in-service ODN monitoring based on receiver-side DSP for next-generation PONs","authors":"Vincent Houtsma;Robert Borkowski;Kovendhan Vijayan;Doutje van Veen","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.551606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.551606","url":null,"abstract":"Increased delivery of more premium access services over passive optical networks (PONs) has made in-operation optical distribution network monitoring and fault detection a new requirement from operators. In addition to fiber infrastructure monitoring and fault detection, the newly developed monitoring technology can also be used to turn the PON into an intelligent sensing network. Using a PON as a sensing network can provide a range of new sensing applications, which might also result in new business cases for operators. In this paper, we propose to employ digital signal processing on the receiver side, which has become available in the latest standardized 50G PON, as a platform for enabling monitoring and the use of a PON as a sensing network.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 8","pages":"C127-C135"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interference detection in spectrum-blind multi-user optical spectrum as a service","authors":"Agastya Raj;Daniel C. Kilper;Marco Ruffini","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.551188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.551188","url":null,"abstract":"With the growing demand for high-bandwidth, low-latency applications, optical spectrum as a service (OSaaS) is of interest for flexible bandwidth allocation within elastic optical networks (EONs) and open line systems (OLSs). While OSaaS facilitates transparent connectivity and resource sharing among users, it raises concerns over potential network vulnerabilities due to shared fiber access and inter-channel interference, such as fiber nonlinearity and amplifier-based crosstalk. These challenges are exacerbated in multi-user environments, complicating the identification and localization of service interferences. To reduce system disruptions and system repair costs, it is beneficial to detect and identify such interferences in a timely manner. Addressing these challenges, this paper introduces a machine learning (ML)-based architecture for network operators to detect and attribute interferences to specific OSaaS users while being blind to the users’ internal spectrum details. Our methodology leverages available coarse power measurements and operator channel performance data, bypassing the need for internal user information of wide-band shared spectra. Experimental studies conducted on a 190 km optical line system in the Open Ireland testbed, with three OSaaS users, demonstrate the model’s capability to accurately classify the source of interferences, achieving a classification accuracy of 90.3%.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 8","pages":"C117-C126"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chaotic digital filter-based physical layer security with data-assisted tri-level encryption for heterogeneous access networks","authors":"Jiaxiang He;Roger P. Giddings;Wei Jin;Ming Hao;Jianming Tang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.555584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.555584","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the increasing demand for robust network cybersecurity, future communication technologies must consider security as a mandatory design feature. However, existing physical layer security techniques can be excessively complex and too expensive to support resource-constrained devices in heterogeneous access networks with high connection densities. To address this challenge, a physical layer security technique employing chaotic digital filters (CDFs) with private security keys is proposed and experimentally validated, for the first time, in a 12 Gbit/s intensity modulation and direct detection optical system with a 25 km standard single-mode fiber. Noise-like private security key-based CDFs have security key-dependent changes in amplitude and phase frequency response, with permutation entropies of <tex>$gt 0.99$</tex>, thus achieving data-assisted tri-level encryption by directly distorting the data signals, inducing interferences between data signals, and also intensifying the interferences via illegal detections. As CDFs are digitally integrable and offer features of “security-by-design,” “openness-by-design,” and “dynamic security at the traffic level,” the proposed technique facilitates an open and interoperable security solution with the utmost security for heterogeneous access networks.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"448-458"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10989603","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental evaluation of low-latency features in optical access networks and home gateways","authors":"Minqi Wang;Jeremy Potet;Stephane Le Huerou;Jean-Yves Cloarec;Irene Grosclaude;Frederic Miet;Philippe Chanclou","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.560139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.560139","url":null,"abstract":"With widespread 10 Gbps-capable PON technologies in the access network and Wi-Fi 6E/7 in the home network, final customers can easily enjoy a gigabit experience at home. However, with such enormous bandwidth provided, customers are not always satisfied with their experience, particularly for real-time services, such as VR gaming, cloud gaming, or visio-conferencing, due to network latency issues. In this paper, we focus on optimizing congestion latency that can arise in both home gateway and access networks while keeping an eye on bandwidth-sharing fairness without strictly prioritizing certain traffic. To assess end-to-end performance, our setup includes Internet servers, access/home networks, and customers’ equipment. Transport layer protocols in the TCP/IP model are deployed in both Internet servers and end-user equipment. TCP Prague is implemented to represent time-sensitive services that require a high bitrate, such as VR, and TCP Cubic is used for other common services without low-latency criteria. We create a two-level congestion scenario, configuring different QoS parameters within access equipment and home gateways to compare performance. In our best case, the latency of time-sensitive traffic is at least 10 times lower than other applications and gains more than 30 ms E2E RTT during full congestion scenarios.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"439-447"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metro/access converged all-photonics networks with remote control and management technologies accommodating various types of terminals [Invited]","authors":"Shin Kaneko;Yasutaka Kimura;Kazutaka Hara;Jun-ichi Kani;Tomoaki Yoshida","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.550891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.550891","url":null,"abstract":"Extending dense-wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) metro networks to access areas enables network operators to provide flexibly and reconfigurably end-to-end optical paths across access and metro areas to support emerging use cases with stringent bandwidth and latency requirements. This evolution in optical network architecture will also contribute to addressing social issues related to the global warming crisis by reducing the power consumption of optical/electrical conversion and electrical processing at access/metro boundaries. Active efforts have been made to actualize all-photonics metro/access converged networks (APNs) based on this architecture evolution mainly from the perspective of end-to-end main-signal transmission in the physical layer. This paper discusses the need for studies from a different perspective. To extend APN coverage to access areas outside network operator buildings, technological innovation in optical path control and management is essential especially from the perspective of remote terminal control and management. We overview three main technical challenges: establishing a remote-control channel, managing ports on the access side, and blocking rogue remote terminals. The last technical challenge is raised for the first time in this paper, and an approach for addressing it is proposed. We comprehensively confirm the feasibility of each approach to the three technical challenges through experimental demonstrations using prototypes of an APN access node, defined as a Photonic Gateway (GW), and the APN controller. The Photonic GW prototype employs a 10-gigabit-capable symmetric passive optical network for in-channel control of remote terminals, regardless of the type, and addresses the first technical challenge. The APN controller implements a sequence for the initial terminal-connection method to address the second technical challenge, and a sequence for optical-path setup including a proposed method for detecting and blocking incorrect light to address the third technical challenge. When new 100-Gb/s C-band DWDM digital coherent remote terminals are connected to the Photonic GWs, the period for the APN controller to execute the set of sequences is only 18 s, which is sufficiently short for the process before optical-path establishment. Only when the optical power and emission wavelength of new remote terminals are verified to be correct, an end-to-end optical path passing through two Photonic GW prototypes is established autonomously based on the access-side connectivity between the remote terminal and Photonic GW, which is identified during the initial terminal-connection procedure.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 8","pages":"C105-C116"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10988492","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143908378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic-threshold-based pre-relaying for enhanced key allocation in quantum-secured networks","authors":"Catalina Stan;Dominique Verchere;Juan Jose Vegas Olmos;Idelfonso Tafur Monroy;Simon Rommel","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.544857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.544857","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum key distribution (QKD) is experiencing a rapid increase of interest due to its security advantages in the face of quantum computers. However, typical QKD deployments are point-to-point and limited in terms of distance, which significantly restricts their utilization for end-user applications. To overcome these restrictions, trusted relays are adopted as intermediate nodes to allow the transition to QKD networks (QKDNs), where one of the hallmarks is the key management system. In this work, we investigate different key allocation strategies as a method to enhance the performance of key management systems in QKDN from the perspective of key allocation success rate and key delivery delay. We first describe an upgrade model from classical to QKDN at three distinct network layers—quantum, key management, and service. Then, we propose a novel, to our knowledge, key allocation strategy leveraging the benefits of key storage and relaying as a solution to improve the QKDN performance. To achieve this, our method makes use of end-to-end virtual quantum key pools (VQKPs) implemented between non-adjacent nodes requesting key material. We introduce static and dynamic upper and lower threshold limits at the VQKP level, with the dynamic thresholds adapted according to application demand, to control the key distribution in the network and fill the pools ahead of end-user requests. We demonstrate through simulations that the introduction of thresholds achieves performance enhancement and explain the trade-off between the key allocation success rate and key delivery delay evaluation metrics in comparison with different on-demand key allocation strategies.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 3","pages":"233-248"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143521418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical-access networks for smart sustainable cities: from network architecture to fiber deployment","authors":"Md Mosaddek Hossain Adib;Patrick Matalla;Christoph Fullner;Shi Li;Elias Giacoumidis;Christian Raack;Ulrich Menne;Michael Straub;Tarek Saier;Christoph Schweikert;Stefan Orf;Martin Gontscharow;Tobias Kafer;Michael Farber;Andre Richter;Rene Bonk;Sebastian Randel","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.542368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.542368","url":null,"abstract":"With the steadily progressing digitization of our society and the migration into urban areas, digitized and highly connected smart cities have attracted much attention from the research community due to their impact on everyday life, potential for new innovations, and ability to reduce carbon footprints. The versatile applications, which are intended to improve life in cities in various aspects, have one thing in common—they rely on widespread, reliable, and high-performing communication networks. Therefore, optical-access networks will be a crucial part of the smart cities’ network infrastructure as they provide cost-effective and high-speed connectivity to antenna sites, residents, enterprises, businesses, and regional data centers in a point-to-multipoint topology. In this article, we address the overall impact of this urban transformation on such networks. We outline our vision of the future smart sustainable city, which will leverage advanced optical-access networks. Subsequently, the physical layer design of optical-access networks is analyzed in the context of point-to-multipoint network topology. This includes a 100-Gbit/s intensity-modulation and direct-detection passive optical network (PON) and a 200-Gbit/s coherent PON utilizing eight-digital subcarrier-based time- and wavelength-division multiplexing and coherent detection. We discuss artificial intelligence-based network monitoring and resource allocation. Next, we provide a techno-economical study for sustainable fiber deployment strategies. Finally, we report the results of a network demonstration for the remote assistance of a connected autonomous vehicle.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 3","pages":"221-232"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143521419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Near-real-time 6G service operation enabled by distributed intelligence and in-band telemetry","authors":"P. Gonzalez;F. Alhamed;H. Shakespear-Miles;S. Barzegar;F. Paolucci;A. Sgambelluri;J. J. Vegas Olmos;M. Ruiz;L. Velasco","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.533789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.533789","url":null,"abstract":"The combination of highly dynamic network services requiring stringent quality of service (QoS), especially in terms of end-to-end (e2e) delay, together with capital and operational cost reduction cannot be faced using centralized software-defined networking (SDN) solutions only. In particular, such expected dynamicity requires autonomous near-real-time operation fed with pervasive telemetry to make per-service decisions that ensure the committed QoS, while reducing overprovisioning as much as possible. In this paper, we propose a distributed control architecture based on multi-agent systems (MASs) to assist the SDN controller in the control of network services near-real-time. Per-traffic flow telemetry data are collected from the packet nodes, distributed through the agents in the control plane, and analyzed to assure performance and to anticipate any degradation. Measurements feed flow agents, which are based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) models, to make routing decisions aiming at ensuring flow performance. In the case when QoS degradation is detected, we propose algorithms to analyze its cause, which can be a result of some bottleneck in the network. We show how the latter is detected and additional capacity is requested of the SDN controller, which in turn creates an optical bypass to provide additional capacity. The proposed solution is demonstrated experimentally on a federated testbed connecting UPC and CNIT premises. Focused first on the control plane, the feasibility of the proposed architecture and workflows is experimentally assessed. After that, the performance of the near-real-time operation is evaluated at the data plane to verify that the maximum e2e delay is not exceeded for multiple flows, showing the effectiveness of predictive QoS evaluation together with infrastructure and service reconfiguration.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 3","pages":"A247-A258"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143496589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new control and management architecture for SDN-enabled quantum key distribution networks","authors":"Peter Horoschenkoff;Jasper Rodiger;Martin Wilske","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.547074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.547074","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to address the challenge of designing secure and high-performance quantum key distribution networks (QKDNs), which are essential for encrypted communication in the era of quantum computing. Focusing on the control and management (CM) layer essential for monitoring and routing, the study emphasizes centrally managed software-defined networking (SDN). We begin by analyzing QKDN routing characteristics needed for evaluating two existing architectures and proposed new CM layer implementation. Following the theoretical analysis, we conduct a discrete-event-based simulation in which the proposed architecture is compared to an existing one, which serves as a performance baseline. The results provide recommendations based on use cases for which different architectures show superiority and offer valuable insights into the development and evaluation of CM architectures for QKDNs.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 3","pages":"209-220"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143496590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design with low cost of equipment for metro filterless optical networks","authors":"Oleg Karandin;Omran Ayoub;Memedhe Ibrahimi;Andrea Castoldi;Rosanna Pastorelli;Francesco Musumeci;Massimo Tornatore","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.527360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.527360","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging 5G services are pressuring optical metro networks with unprecedented capacity requirements. To moderate the growth of operators’ expenses, several technical directions to design low-cost optical networks are being investigated. In this study, we elaborate on what we believe to be a novel approach to designing low-cost metro networks by jointly (i) removing costly wavelength selective switches (WSSs) and enforcing filterless optical network (FON) architecture, (ii) reducing the number of optical amplifiers (OAs), and (iii) reducing the number of installed transponders by intelligently placing amplifiers to maximize signal quality (SNR), so as to employ higher-order modulation formats. To quantify the achievable cost-reduction, we develop a quality-of-transmission (QoT)-aware planning tool, based on a genetic algorithm, for the joint optimization of fiber tree establishment (inherent to FON), OA placement, and transponder upgrades, considering multiyear traffic evolution. Results obtained over realistic metro topologies show that the proposed design achieves overall (8%–17%) equipment cost savings compared to baseline optical network deployment with WSSs in nodes and conventional placement of OAs.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 3","pages":"198-208"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}