Journal of Optical Communications and Networking最新文献

{"title":"Adaptive windowing-based concept drift detection and adaptation framework for human-to-machine applications over future communication networks","authors":"Xiangyu Yu;Lihua Ruan;Jamie S. Evans;Elaine Wong","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.538964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.538964","url":null,"abstract":"Human-to-machine (H2M) applications in future networks have strict low-latency transmission requirements. Thanks to the assistance of machine learning (ML) in future communication networks, ML-enhanced dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) schemes have been proposed to effectively reduce uplink latency in H2M applications. Existing methods generally assume that the H2M application traffic stream is stationary, thereby primarily designing an ML model based on a specific H2M application and fixed traffic load. However, future communication networks are expected to support dynamic and heterogeneous H2M applications. As such, incoming H2M data traffic from networks will change over time as different H2M applications have distinct traffic distributions, causing the concept drift in H2M applications. Meanwhile, another challenge in detecting the concept drift of H2M applications is detecting traffic distribution change in dynamic network environments among similar H2M application scenarios, which leads to an incremental drift of H2M application traffic. To tackle the above challenges, we propose an adaptive windowing-based concept drift detection and adaptation (ADA) framework to support H2M applications in dynamic and heterogeneous networks. Unlike existing solutions that mainly use fixed sliding windows, the proposed ADA dynamically changes the sliding window size based on the drift detection results. Hoeffding’s inequality-based drift detection algorithm is employed in ADA to effectively detect incremental H2M application traffic drift in a dynamic network. Comprehensive simulation investigations show that ADA can enhance DBA performance in terms of uplink latency reduction and rapidly responding and adapting to the concept drift in changing H2M applications and traffic load scenarios of 96.51% drift detection efficiency improvement, and over 50% packet delay reduction in model adaptation compared to frameworks are considered.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 4","pages":"338-351"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the potential of longitudinal power monitoring for detecting physical-layer attacks [Invited]","authors":"Matheus Sena;Abdelrahmane Moawad;Robert Emmerich;Behnam Shariati;Marc Geitz;Ralf-Peter Braun;Johannes Fischer;Ronald Freund","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.554766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.554766","url":null,"abstract":"The recurring cases of suspicious incidents involving optical fiber cables in recent years have exposed the vulnerabilities of modern communication networks. Whether driven by geopolitical tensions, sabotage, or urban vandalism, these disruptions can cause Internet blackouts, compromise user privacy, and, most critically, challenge operators’ reliability in delivering secure connectivity. Moreover, the emergence of such incidents raises key concerns about how effectively network operators can secure thousands of kilometers of deployed fiber without incurring additional costs from expensive monitoring solutions. In this context, the rise of receiver (Rx)-based digital signal processing (DSP) monitoring schemes can serve as a valuable ally. Originally designed for optical performance monitoring—providing insights such as the estimation of the longitudinal power monitoring (LPM) in optical fiber links—these approaches can also play a crucial role in detecting fiber-related attacks, as any attempt to leak or degrade information leaves distinctive optical power signatures that can be revealed by the Rx-DSP. Therefore, this work investigates the effectiveness of LPM in detecting physical-layer attacks. A detailed simulative analysis is conducted for fiber tapping, addressing aspects such as monitoring implementation, security vulnerabilities, and signature recognition. Other attacks, such as quality-of-service degradation and out-of-band jamming via gain competition, are explored qualitatively, offering insights and identifying opportunities for future research.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 7","pages":"C30-C40"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital twin-enabled multi-step strategies for autonomous power equalization in optical networks","authors":"Chenyu Sun;Xin Yang;Gabriel Charlet;Photios A. Stavrou;Yvan Pointurier","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.549934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.549934","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes and experimentally evaluates digital twin techniques, incorporating multi-step lookahead and dynamic step-size adjustments for per-channel power equalization in optical networks. Digital twins, which are software replicas of physical systems, are utilized to monitor, analyze, and predict the network behavior, thereby enhancing decision-making processes before implementing any physical adjustments. The study focuses on optimizing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) through per-channel launch power equalization, addressing challenges, such as nonlinear inter-channel interference and power transfers across multiple optical multiplex sections. The proposed methodology leverages a digital twin to simulate and predict SNR variations using multi-step lookahead, ensuring the monotonous SNR improvement without service disruptions. Additionally, parallel adjustment and dynamic step-size methods significantly enhance efficiency. Experimental validation on a C-band meshed optical network testbed demonstrates substantial reductions in power errors, improved SNR performance, and decreased commissioning time, highlighting the practical feasibility and efficiency of the approach. The findings underscore the transformative potential of digital twins in advancing autonomous optical network management.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 7","pages":"C41-C50"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shaping the future of optical networks by integrating SDN, telemetry, and AI [Invited]","authors":"Piero Castoldi;Filippo Cugini;Molka Gharbaoui;Alessio Giorgetti;Francesco Paolucci;Anna Lina Ruscelli;Nicola Sambo;Andrea Sgambelluri;Luca Valcarenghi","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.553843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.553843","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the most prominent lines of optical network control evolution, focusing on software-defined networking (SDN), NETCONF/YANG protocols, telemetry techniques, advancements in packet/optical networking, and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) within optical networks. We show how the integration of SDN with open modeling frameworks allows to devise hierarchical control models where we trade-off between the segregation of proprietary hardware and the creation of open interfaces like in the OpenSDK scenario. In addition, we depict the convergence of packet and optical layers with advancements in coherent technologies and pervasive telemetry techniques to create new flexible scenarios for controlling optical networks. On top of these approaches, the intent-based networking allows to implement configuration solutions using natural primitives. Finally, key applications of AI, mainly machine learning (ML), including quality-of-transmission estimation, failure prediction, and resource optimization, are analyzed to improve optical network control efficiency alongside their challenges, such as energy efficiency and data scarcity. By addressing advances in the aforementioned areas of research, this work outlines the transformative potential of combining programmability, real-time telemetry, and AI to build resilient, adaptive, and sustainable optical infrastructures for the future.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 7","pages":"C51-C61"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Datasets for QoT estimation in SDM networks","authors":"Hassan Akbari;Behnam Shariati;Juan L. Moreno Morrone;Pooyan Safari;Johannes K. Fischer;Ronald Freund","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.558452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.558452","url":null,"abstract":"The advancement of machine learning (ML)-assisted solutions for monitoring and performance analysis in space-division multiplexing (SDM) networks has been significantly constrained by a shortage of large, well-structured, and publicly available datasets. As a result, researchers often rely on custom-built datasets, making reproducibility difficult and complicating cross-comparisons of proposed methods. To address this gap, we introduce 18 novel, to our knowledge, and publicly available quality of transmission (QoT) datasets, designed specifically for SDM networks. These datasets cover a wide range of SDM configurations, incorporating multiple fiber types, switching strategies, and two distinct network topologies. By offering consistent benchmarks, these datasets aim to support the development of ML-driven automation in SDM networks, making studies more efficient, reliable, and comparable. To demonstrate practical applications, we developed and evaluated two ML models—a classification model and a regression model—using these datasets to predict QoT outcomes. The findings illustrate the importance of the proposed datasets in benchmarking various ML-based approaches, facilitating comparison and validation across studies, and advancing ML-based network automation. This work accelerates progress toward more operationally efficient and high-performing SDM networks.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"514-525"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144179172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power consumption considerations of coherent transceivers in filterless point-to-multipoint metro-aggregation networks with digital subcarrier multiplexing","authors":"Carlos Castro;Pablo Torres-Ferrera;M. Sezer Erkilinc;Jacqueline Sime;Giuseppe Parisi;Joao Pedro;Marco Quagliotti;Mario Porrega;David Hillerkuss;Chris Fludger;Emilio Riccardi;Antonio Napoli","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.559237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.559237","url":null,"abstract":"With metro-aggregation being a domain between the core and the access network segments, where the main innovation drivers and requirements are high-capacity and low-cost architectures, respectively, it finds itself in a position where it is necessary to address both aspects simultaneously. Coherent digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM) in combination with a point-to-multipoint (P2MP) communication scheme offers the possibility to significantly extend the transceiver solutions sustainably. To demonstrate the potential of this approach, we carry out a techno-economic analysis on the basis of realistic, randomly designed, and flexibly configurable filterless metro-aggregation networks under different traffic growth conditions. Our investigation establishes a relation between the design characteristics of a network, its operating conditions, and performance. By evaluating the deployed hardware (i.e., transceivers) in terms of their power consumption, we demonstrate the advantages of optical aggregation and flexible allocation of bandwidth resources compared to full-capacity operation of DSCM-capable modules. Finally, a comparison to the operating conditions of traditional single-carrier coherent pluggables allows us to determine target specifications to manufacture competitive transceivers with DSCM technology.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"526-542"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11018801","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144179028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the Optical Networks Design and Modeling 2024 Special Issue","authors":"David Larrabeiti;Luca Valcarenghi;Carmen Mas-Machuca;Jose A. Hernandez-Gutierrez","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.568788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.568788","url":null,"abstract":"In this special issue, we include eight papers that were extended from the conference papers presented at the 28th International Conference on Optical Networks Design and Modeling 2024 (ONDM 2024), whose motto was “Optical networks at scale: coping with the scalability challenge of future smart networks.” The objective of the conference and this special issue is the selection of the latest research on optical network architectures, control, modeling, and planning techniques driving the design of next-generation networks to meet the challenges of ubiquitous universal green AI. The overall research goal of the works is improving the capacity, efficiency, flexibility, availability, autonomy, resiliency, security, and intelligence of optical access and transport networks in a scalable way. The selected works described below meet the challenge, first looking into the design of digital twins for optical transport networks, investigating advanced mechanisms for failure detection and post-disaster data center content evacuation. Second, through the introduction of quantum technologies. Indeed, the amount of selected works including quantum reveals the growing interest on this topic: on the one hand, the application of quantum-computing-based algorithms to solve classic optical networking problems as an alternative to ILP, and, on the other, the focus on new quantum key distribution technologies capable of coexisting with classical channels either using optical fiber or free space optics.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"ONDM1-ONDM2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11018137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental evaluation of an SDN controller for open optical-circuit-switched networks","authors":"Kazuya Anazawa;Takeru Inoue;Toru Mano;Hiroshi Ou;Hirotaka Ujikawa;Dmitrii Briantcev;Sumaiya Binte Ali;Devika Dass;Hideki Nishizawa;Yoshiaki Sone;Eoin Kenny;Marco Ruffini;Daniel Kilper;Eiji Oki;Koichi Takasugi","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.558407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.558407","url":null,"abstract":"Open optical networks have been considered to be important for cost-effectively building and operating networks. Recently, optical-circuit-switches (OCSes) have attracted industry and academia because of their cost efficiency and higher capacity than traditional electrical packet switches and reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers (ROADMs). Though the open interfaces and control planes for traditional ROADMs and transponders have been defined by several standard-defining organizations, those of OCSes have not. Considering that several OCSes have already been installed in production datacenter networks and several OCS products are on the market, bringing openness and interoperability into OCS-based networks has become important. Motivated by this fact, this paper investigates a software-defined networking controller for open optical-circuit-switched networks. To this end, we identified the use cases of OCSes and derived the controller requirements for supporting them. We then proposed a multi-vendor (MV) OCS controller framework that satisfies the derived requirements; it was designed to quickly and consistently operate fiber paths upon receiving the operation requests. We validated our controller by implementing it and evaluating its performance on actual MV-OCS networks. It satisfied all the requirements, and fiber paths could be configured within 1.0 s by using our controller.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"498-513"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time capable, low-latency upstream scheduling in multi-tenant, SLA compliant TWDM PON","authors":"Arijeet Ganguli;Marco Ruffini","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.558325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.558325","url":null,"abstract":"Virtualized passive optical networks (vPONs) offer a promising solution for modern access networks, bringing enhanced flexibility, reduced capital expenditures, and support for multi-tenancy. By decoupling network functions from the physical infrastructure, vPONs enable service providers to efficiently share network resources among multiple tenants. In this paper we propose a novel, to our knowledge, merging DBA algorithm called the dynamic time and wavelength allocation algorithm for a virtualized DBA architecture in multi-tenant PON environments. The algorithm, which enables the merging of multiple virtual DBAs into a physical bandwidth map, introduces multi-channel support, allowing each optical network unit (ONU) to dynamically change, taking into consideration different switching times and transmission wavelengths. Leveraging the Numba APIs for high-performance optimization, the algorithm achieves real-time performance with minimal additional latency, meeting the stringent requirements of SLA-compliant, latency-critical 6G applications and services. Our analysis highlights an important trade-off in terms of throughput under multi-tenant conditions, between single-channel versus multi-channel PONs, as a function of ONU tuning time. We also compare the performance of our algorithm for different traffic distributions. Finally, in order to assess the time computing penalty of dynamic wavelength optimization in the merging DBA algorithm, we compare it against a baseline static wavelength allocation algorithm, where ONUs are designated a fixed wavelength for transmission.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"485-497"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous variable QKD in flexible optical networks for future quantum secure connectivity","authors":"Michela Svaluto Moreolo;Masab Iqbal;Arturo Villegas;Ramon Casellas;Laia Nadal;Raul Munoz","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.553771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.553771","url":null,"abstract":"Future optical networks, envisioning the support of 6G services and related demanding requirements, should provide ultra-high-capacity and reliable connectivity, ensuring sustainability and security. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a technology to address the limitations of classical cryptography, enabling quantum secure communications. Continuous variable QKD (CV-QKD) offers potential cost savings and enhanced compatibility with classical systems. This facilitates the integration within the network infrastructure, particularly in synergy with software-defined networking (SDN), further promoting interoperability and resource sharing/saving. For the adoption and practical implementation of CV-QKD, it is relevant to consider composable security and a finite number of symbols employed in the protocol (block size). In this work, we present the comparison of two models, to provide a figure of the required block size. We also assess the results using a simulation software. Furthermore, we explore a coexistence scenario considering a flexible grid, to exploit the CV-QKD capability of arbitrarily tuning the operating wavelength. This is a relevant feature enabling flexible allocation of the quantum channel to mitigate impairment and saving spectral resources. Considering realistic parameters aligned to commercially available CV-QKD systems and finite block size, we show an improvement with respect to our previous results. A minimum quantum-classical channel spacing of 112.5 GHz is required in a coexistence scenario with <tex>$8 times 200rm G$</tex> transceivers and 9 dBm of total power over a 15 km link. In case of 10 dBm of total power, 125 GHz quantum-classical channel spacing is required to generate keys for practical implementation over the analyzed links. Finally, we discuss SDN aspects relevant for dynamic quantum channel allocation and flexible network management, enabling coexistence and efficient resource sharing, facilitating QKD technology integration in deployed networks. The presented results and envisioned potentialities of CV-QKD for practical implementation in optical networks pave the way for its adoption in the network infrastructure toward future quantum secure communications.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"B71-B82"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}