Journal of Optical Communications and Networking最新文献

{"title":"AROA: optical-ISL-overlap-aware anonymous path selection in optical satellite networks","authors":"Yuanjian Zhang;Yongli Zhao;Xiaodan Yan;Jian Yang;Ang Cao;Ruiqi Liu","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.578174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.578174","url":null,"abstract":"Recent conflicts underscore the need for robust privacy in cross-border communications over optical satellite networks (OSNs). While optical inter-satellite links (O-ISLs) resist eavesdropping, constellation-level route determinism and beam scheduling increase path observability, enabling traffic correlation. We present AROA, an area-aware, randomized O-ISL anonymization algorithm integrated into an anonymous optical satellite-network (AOSN) architecture for high-value users. AROA combines source-routed paths, multi-hop encryption, and geo-fenced relay randomization to balance privacy and latency, leveraging low-latency, high-throughput O-ISLs while avoiding reliance on local operators. We evaluate AOSN in two national-level confrontation scenarios. Under large-scale, short-term intrusions, AOSN reduces the median privacy-leakage probability by up to 94.62%; under small-scale, long-term intrusions, it keeps the adversary’s 90th-percentile monitored time below 10.2% of the observation window when three satellites are compromised. Experiments on three satellite-computing payloads demonstrate 80 Mbps per channel and <tex>${approx} 15.67,{rm ms}$</tex> per-payload processing latency.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 3","pages":"206-221"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146176009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asynchronous cooperative multi-agent deep reinforcement learning for joint RMSA and spectrum defragmentation in optical fiber communication networks","authors":"Xiao Zhang;Qinghua Tian;Xiangjun Xin;Yiqun Pan;Haipeng Yao;Fu Wang;Ze Dong;Xiaolong Pan;Sitong Zhou;Feng Tian;Ran Gao","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.579970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.579970","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid escalation of Internet traffic and increasingly heterogeneous service demands impose stringent requirements on optical networks for dynamic resource scheduling, efficient spectrum utilization, and automated operation. Elastic optical networks (EONs) are regarded as a promising solution, yet their performance remains constrained by two critical challenges: routing, modulation format, and spectrum allocation (RMSA) and spectrum defragmentation (SD). Existing approaches predominantly focus on optimizing one of these tasks, which may lead to limited adaptability and suboptimal network efficiency. To address this gap, we propose an asynchronous cooperative multi-agent deep reinforcement learning framework, termed MADRL-JRASD, for the joint optimization of RMSA and proactive SD. The framework incorporates an RMSA agent with dynamic allocation capability and an SD agent with autonomous decision-making ability, coordinated through an asynchronous architecture that enables adaptive responses to environmental changes. Invalid-action masking and carefully designed reward functions are further integrated to enhance training stability and convergence. Comprehensive evaluations over three representative topologies demonstrate that MADRL-JRASD reduces the blocking probability by up to 81% compared with RMSA heuristics without SD and achieves an 85% reduction in overhead relative to heuristic algorithms combining RMSA and SD that attain similar blocking performance. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis shows that the SD agent improves spectrum utilization and that multi-agent cooperation enhances global decision coordination, while action masking and reward design jointly strengthen the convergence and efficiency of MADRL-JRASD.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 3","pages":"180-194"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146176010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimal-hardware colorless-directionless ROADM based on a single multi-input-port-WSS with joint switching","authors":"Masahiko Jinno;Ryunosuke Sasaki;Takuma Izumi;Masahiro Kitada;Takashi Miyamura;Satoru Okamoto;Naoaki Yamanaka","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.580878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.580878","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in wavelength-selective switch (WSS) technology have significantly enhanced the functionality of reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs), particularly in core networks. However, metro and access networks face unique constraints, where cost, space, and energy efficiency are paramount. As one approach, filter-less optical networks have been proposed, in which WSSs are replaced by passive splitters and combiners operating across the entire spectrum band. While this strategy reduces equipment cost and power consumption, the lack of wavelength-selective elements prevents wavelength reuse, leading to increased planning complexity and limited scalability. To address these challenges, we propose a streamlined colorless directionless (CD)-ROADM architecture that employs a single multi-input-port (MIP)-WSS with joint switching. By consolidating ROADM functionality into a single-WSS device, the proposed architecture reduces the equipment cost, physical footprint, power consumption, and amount of intra-node fiber wiring while retaining essential CD-ROADM capabilities. The joint switching mechanism effectively mitigates wavelength contention inside the MIP-WSS, thereby preserving routing flexibility. Moreover, the reduced insertion loss achieved using this architecture extends the transmission reach and enhances network capacity. This paper makes three main contributions. First, we present the operating principle and design of a single MIP-WSS CD-ROADM while emphasizing how joint switching enables efficient resource utilization. Second, we analyze WSS characteristics and review conventional ROADM designs based on single- and multi-input-port WSSs, positioning our work within the broader design landscape. Third, we experimentally show the feasibility of the proposed architecture through a three-degree CD-ROADM implementation using a commercial liquid-crystal-on-silicon-based <tex>${1} times {9}$</tex> WSS configured as a <tex>${4} times {4}$</tex> MIP-WSS. The experimental results confirm that the proposed approach simplifies node architectures while delivering sufficient functionality and performance for deployment.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 3","pages":"195-205"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146176008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Path conflict avoidance scheme based on topology switching and traffic distribution awareness in optical satellite networks","authors":"Xin Li;Zijian Cui;Lin Li;Yongli Zhao;Wei Wang;Jie Zhang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.578259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.578259","url":null,"abstract":"Laser communication, with advantages in transmission distance, capacity, confidentiality, and anti-interference, has become a key development direction for future satellite communications, especially inter-satellite communications. However, satellite user service demands are unevenly distributed, with service hotspots mostly in the northern hemisphere, leading to traffic aggregation in developed areas. This issue is more prominent in low Earth orbit (LEO) constellations due to the large number of satellites and small ground service coverage. Therefore, effective routing algorithms are needed to alleviate congestion caused by traffic aggregation. In this paper, an advance planning-path conflict avoidance (AP-PCA) algorithm based on topology switching and traffic distribution awareness is proposed to avoid path conflict, considering the impact of dynamic topology switching and the performance difference of satellite–ground links. The influence of other original source–destination node pairs on critical links in the calculation of link weights to avoid conflicts in path selection is also considered. Compared with the three benchmark algorithms, the simulation results verify that our proposed solution reduces the blocking probability of traffic requests while ensuring the transmission delay and bandwidth utilization.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 3","pages":"165-179"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146102993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the OFC 2025 Special Issue","authors":"Andrew Lord","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.591160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.591160","url":null,"abstract":"OFC 2025 invited papers, tutorials, and those with the highest marks were invited to provide an extended paper to JOCN, and this Special Issue brings this remarkable array of papers together. Two of the main themes are passive optical networks (PONs) and the use of AI across virtually all aspects of optical networks. This introduction picks out just some of the highlights in this Special Issue, and the reader is encouraged to explore the entire collection.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 2","pages":"OFC1-OFC1"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11370435","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146176007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI agent for autonomous optical networks: architectures, technologies, and prospects [Invited Tutorial]","authors":"Yihao Zhang;Qizhi Qiu;Xiaomin Liu;Xiaoshu Yu;Dianxuan Fu;Xingyu Liu;Zihang Wang;Hao Lin;Yuli Chen;Lilin Yi;Weisheng Hu;Qunbi Zhuge","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.576017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.576017","url":null,"abstract":"The growing demand for high-bandwidth, zero-trouble services is imposing unprecedented challenges on optical communication networks. Traditional human-centric network management approaches are increasingly inadequate for addressing the complexity, scalability, and reliability requirements of modern optical networks. This tutorial provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution toward autonomous optical networks (AONs), where large language model (LLM)-based artificial intelligence (AI) agents are utilized. We systematically introduce the fundamental concepts and architectural frameworks for AI agent-enabled AONs. Key agentic technologies are examined, including domain adaptation strategies for LLMs, advanced prompting techniques, and the construction of agentic AI systems. Furthermore, we analyze the toolsets that support the operational effectiveness of AI agents in AONs. The monitoring and analytics toolset provides accurate awareness of the network state and predicts future changes. The digital twin (DT) construction toolset enables high-fidelity modeling of optical networks. The intelligent management and control toolset is employed for service provisioning, failure management, and continuous network optimization. By integrating these agentic technologies and toolsets, AI agents can deliver end-to-end autonomous network lifecycle management. Key challenges remain in areas such as reliability, proper utilization of the LLM reasoning capabilities, and cost-effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 2","pages":"A159-A178"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146176006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network digital twinning solutions to increase the security of multi-domain optical transport networks","authors":"M. Ruiz;J. Comellas;L. Velasco","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.581853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.581853","url":null,"abstract":"Autonomous networking relies on technologies such as network digital twins (NDTs), which might apply machine learning (ML) techniques to reduce the computational complexity of analytical models. Centralized NDTs are typically fed with telemetry collected from the data plane to implement observe-analyze-act control loops for intelligent network diagnosis and decision-making. NDTs can estimate the performance of optical connections, which have multiple operational applications, from provisioning to failure management. However, the resulting ML pipelines require special attention not only in terms of efficiency and scalability but also in terms of security, since the attack surface increases in distributed systems. In consequence, autonomous operation requires security mechanisms. This fact is more evident in the case of multi-domain networks. Specifically, because envisioned end-to-end (e2e) 6G networks expand through multiple administrative and technological domains, security and privacy issues need to be considered in the autonomous multi-domain optical layer operation. In this paper, we concentrate on multi-domain optical transport networks operated autonomously with the support of ML-based NDTs modeling the optical layer. We propose NDT-based solutions to detect combined attacks of data tampering and model evasion that compromise the security of the optical network. To that end, e2e multi-domain models are required, which can be created as a concatenation of intra-domain NDT models modeling each domain. We aim to provide solutions to preserve the privacy of the domains. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed solutions in terms of relevant security-related metrics, such as combined attack detection accuracy and privacy-preserving scoring.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 2","pages":"150-164"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Task placement and traffic interleaving for cross-datacenter LLM training over optical networks","authors":"Qiaojun Hu;Wei Wang;Chongzhu Huang;Xiaoyu Wang;Yajie Li;Yongli Zhao;Yanlei Zheng;Yanxia Tan;Jie Zhang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.579324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.579324","url":null,"abstract":"With the continuous growth of large language model (LLM) sizes, individual datacenters are increasingly insufficient to support LLM training. Cross-datacenter training has become a feasible solution, where optical networks play a crucial role in data transmission. However, current optical networks suffer from severe over-provisioning issues, primarily due to the conflict between the bursty nature of LLM traffic and the fixed bandwidth of optical network connections. Therefore, this paper presents CrossOptic, a novel, to our knowledge, framework for optimizing cross-datacenter LLM training over optical networks. The proposed solution addresses the critical challenges of bandwidth under-utilization in optical networks and excessive communication overhead in distributed LLM training. CrossOptic integrates two synergistic components: adaptive GPU resource orchestration (AGRO) for communication-minimizing task placement and traffic-interleaved connectivity provisioning (TICP) for bandwidth-efficient flow aggregation. Through comprehensive simulations using realistic GPT model workloads, CrossOptic outperforms conventional dedicated connection approaches by 38.1% in terms of optical resource utilization. For a GPT model with 529.6B parameters, compared with the training methods using data parallelism and pipeline parallelism between datacenters, CrossOptic reduces the iteration time by 55% and 14%, respectively. The framework achieves significant cost efficiency in the optical infrastructure while supporting the computational demands of LLM training.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 2","pages":"137-149"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BCSRA: bidirectional-propagation-based crosstalk-avoided spectrum-efficient resource allocation scheme in SDM-EONs","authors":"Bowen Bao;Ming Wei;Xiaoliang Li;Yan Ding;Jiajia Zhao;Qiuyan Yao;Hui Yang;Bijoy Chand Chatterjee;Eiji Oki","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.573325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.573325","url":null,"abstract":"With the development of services such as video streaming and cloud computing, the demand for network capacity and quality of transmission would be gradually increased. Space-division multiplexing elastic optical networks (SDM-EONs) provide a promising approach to support the greater capacities of networks due to their sufficient resources with multi-core transmission existence. Unfortunately, inter-core crosstalk results in significant degradation of spectrum resource utilization and quality of transmission in SDM-EONs. To avoid this dilemma, this paper focuses on the crosstalk mitigation benefit of counter-propagation between the adjacent cores and presents a crosstalk impact fragmentation-aware metric (CIFA) under bidirectional spectrum where the state of spectrum slots is defined as unoccupied (“0”) and occupied (“1” for positive and “−1” for opposite transmissions). In this metric, the crosstalk impact on adjacent cores reflects the utilization of counter-propagation, and the fragmentation is considered to estimate spectrum utilization. Furthermore, benefiting from the presented metric, this paper proposes a bidirectional-propagation-based crosstalk-avoided spectrum-efficient resource allocation (BCSRA) scheme in SDM-EONs, which aims to avoid the crosstalk and fully utilize the spectrum resources in networks. In this scheme, the algorithm assigns the lightpath with the minimum CIFA to the incoming request, which minimizes the impact on future requests. Simulation results show that the proposed BCSRA scheme can effectively reduce the blocking probability and enhance resource utilization while avoiding inter-core crosstalk in SDM-EONs.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 2","pages":"114-125"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanosecond-level optical switching for flexible and resilient fronthaul networks","authors":"Vaigai Nayaki Yokar;Ali Mehrpooya;Sen Shen;Yiran Teng;Wanxin Zhao;Shuangyi Yan;Dimitra Simeonidou","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.578768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.578768","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel, to the best of our knowledge, ultra-low latency fronthaul networking approach based on nanosecond (ns)-precision optical switching with advanced synchronization. We propose and demonstrate a comprehensive control architecture that integrates precision time protocol (PTP)-based time alignment with semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-based optical switches, enabling coordinated, jitter-minimized switching with accuracy as fine as 100 ns. Two primary synchronization methods are explored: a distributed hardware approach employing dedicated timing devices for simultaneous switch configuration, and “SyncNet,” a software-defined networking (SDN) controller utilizing time information inspired by reverse PTP. Experimental validation on a commercial Open RAN 5G system shows that our fronthaul switching framework achieves exceptional reliability, evidenced by only 0.00024% packet loss during link recovery while maintaining steady throughput (uplink: 1.03 Mbps and downlink: 1.01 Mbps) over repeated switching events. The proposed architecture supports dynamic reconfiguration for rapid link recovery and energy-efficient, traffic-adaptive resource allocation. Our results establish a robust foundation for next-generation fronthaul networks, delivering deterministic performance and flexibility aligned with 6G requirements. This work directly addresses the escalating needs for ultra-low latency, high reliability, and energy efficiency in emerging mobile and AI-driven applications.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 2","pages":"126-136"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}