Journal of Optical Communications and Networking最新文献

{"title":"Shaping the future of optical networks by integrating SDN, telemetry, and AI [Invited]","authors":"Piero Castoldi;Filippo Cugini;Molka Gharbaoui;Alessio Giorgetti;Francesco Paolucci;Anna Lina Ruscelli;Nicola Sambo;Andrea Sgambelluri;Luca Valcarenghi","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.553843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.553843","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the most prominent lines of optical network control evolution, focusing on software-defined networking (SDN), NETCONF/YANG protocols, telemetry techniques, advancements in packet/optical networking, and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) within optical networks. We show how the integration of SDN with open modeling frameworks allows to devise hierarchical control models where we trade-off between the segregation of proprietary hardware and the creation of open interfaces like in the OpenSDK scenario. In addition, we depict the convergence of packet and optical layers with advancements in coherent technologies and pervasive telemetry techniques to create new flexible scenarios for controlling optical networks. On top of these approaches, the intent-based networking allows to implement configuration solutions using natural primitives. Finally, key applications of AI, mainly machine learning (ML), including quality-of-transmission estimation, failure prediction, and resource optimization, are analyzed to improve optical network control efficiency alongside their challenges, such as energy efficiency and data scarcity. By addressing advances in the aforementioned areas of research, this work outlines the transformative potential of combining programmability, real-time telemetry, and AI to build resilient, adaptive, and sustainable optical infrastructures for the future.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 7","pages":"C51-C61"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Datasets for QoT estimation in SDM networks","authors":"Hassan Akbari;Behnam Shariati;Juan L. Moreno Morrone;Pooyan Safari;Johannes K. Fischer;Ronald Freund","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.558452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.558452","url":null,"abstract":"The advancement of machine learning (ML)-assisted solutions for monitoring and performance analysis in space-division multiplexing (SDM) networks has been significantly constrained by a shortage of large, well-structured, and publicly available datasets. As a result, researchers often rely on custom-built datasets, making reproducibility difficult and complicating cross-comparisons of proposed methods. To address this gap, we introduce 18 novel, to our knowledge, and publicly available quality of transmission (QoT) datasets, designed specifically for SDM networks. These datasets cover a wide range of SDM configurations, incorporating multiple fiber types, switching strategies, and two distinct network topologies. By offering consistent benchmarks, these datasets aim to support the development of ML-driven automation in SDM networks, making studies more efficient, reliable, and comparable. To demonstrate practical applications, we developed and evaluated two ML models—a classification model and a regression model—using these datasets to predict QoT outcomes. The findings illustrate the importance of the proposed datasets in benchmarking various ML-based approaches, facilitating comparison and validation across studies, and advancing ML-based network automation. This work accelerates progress toward more operationally efficient and high-performing SDM networks.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"514-525"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144179172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power consumption considerations of coherent transceivers in filterless point-to-multipoint metro-aggregation networks with digital subcarrier multiplexing","authors":"Carlos Castro;Pablo Torres-Ferrera;M. Sezer Erkilinc;Jacqueline Sime;Giuseppe Parisi;Joao Pedro;Marco Quagliotti;Mario Porrega;David Hillerkuss;Chris Fludger;Emilio Riccardi;Antonio Napoli","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.559237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.559237","url":null,"abstract":"With metro-aggregation being a domain between the core and the access network segments, where the main innovation drivers and requirements are high-capacity and low-cost architectures, respectively, it finds itself in a position where it is necessary to address both aspects simultaneously. Coherent digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM) in combination with a point-to-multipoint (P2MP) communication scheme offers the possibility to significantly extend the transceiver solutions sustainably. To demonstrate the potential of this approach, we carry out a techno-economic analysis on the basis of realistic, randomly designed, and flexibly configurable filterless metro-aggregation networks under different traffic growth conditions. Our investigation establishes a relation between the design characteristics of a network, its operating conditions, and performance. By evaluating the deployed hardware (i.e., transceivers) in terms of their power consumption, we demonstrate the advantages of optical aggregation and flexible allocation of bandwidth resources compared to full-capacity operation of DSCM-capable modules. Finally, a comparison to the operating conditions of traditional single-carrier coherent pluggables allows us to determine target specifications to manufacture competitive transceivers with DSCM technology.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"526-542"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11018801","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144179028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the Optical Networks Design and Modeling 2024 Special Issue","authors":"David Larrabeiti;Luca Valcarenghi;Carmen Mas-Machuca;Jose A. Hernandez-Gutierrez","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.568788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.568788","url":null,"abstract":"In this special issue, we include eight papers that were extended from the conference papers presented at the 28th International Conference on Optical Networks Design and Modeling 2024 (ONDM 2024), whose motto was “Optical networks at scale: coping with the scalability challenge of future smart networks.” The objective of the conference and this special issue is the selection of the latest research on optical network architectures, control, modeling, and planning techniques driving the design of next-generation networks to meet the challenges of ubiquitous universal green AI. The overall research goal of the works is improving the capacity, efficiency, flexibility, availability, autonomy, resiliency, security, and intelligence of optical access and transport networks in a scalable way. The selected works described below meet the challenge, first looking into the design of digital twins for optical transport networks, investigating advanced mechanisms for failure detection and post-disaster data center content evacuation. Second, through the introduction of quantum technologies. Indeed, the amount of selected works including quantum reveals the growing interest on this topic: on the one hand, the application of quantum-computing-based algorithms to solve classic optical networking problems as an alternative to ILP, and, on the other, the focus on new quantum key distribution technologies capable of coexisting with classical channels either using optical fiber or free space optics.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"ONDM1-ONDM2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11018137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental evaluation of an SDN controller for open optical-circuit-switched networks","authors":"Kazuya Anazawa;Takeru Inoue;Toru Mano;Hiroshi Ou;Hirotaka Ujikawa;Dmitrii Briantcev;Sumaiya Binte Ali;Devika Dass;Hideki Nishizawa;Yoshiaki Sone;Eoin Kenny;Marco Ruffini;Daniel Kilper;Eiji Oki;Koichi Takasugi","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.558407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.558407","url":null,"abstract":"Open optical networks have been considered to be important for cost-effectively building and operating networks. Recently, optical-circuit-switches (OCSes) have attracted industry and academia because of their cost efficiency and higher capacity than traditional electrical packet switches and reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers (ROADMs). Though the open interfaces and control planes for traditional ROADMs and transponders have been defined by several standard-defining organizations, those of OCSes have not. Considering that several OCSes have already been installed in production datacenter networks and several OCS products are on the market, bringing openness and interoperability into OCS-based networks has become important. Motivated by this fact, this paper investigates a software-defined networking controller for open optical-circuit-switched networks. To this end, we identified the use cases of OCSes and derived the controller requirements for supporting them. We then proposed a multi-vendor (MV) OCS controller framework that satisfies the derived requirements; it was designed to quickly and consistently operate fiber paths upon receiving the operation requests. We validated our controller by implementing it and evaluating its performance on actual MV-OCS networks. It satisfied all the requirements, and fiber paths could be configured within 1.0 s by using our controller.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"498-513"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time capable, low-latency upstream scheduling in multi-tenant, SLA compliant TWDM PON","authors":"Arijeet Ganguli;Marco Ruffini","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.558325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.558325","url":null,"abstract":"Virtualized passive optical networks (vPONs) offer a promising solution for modern access networks, bringing enhanced flexibility, reduced capital expenditures, and support for multi-tenancy. By decoupling network functions from the physical infrastructure, vPONs enable service providers to efficiently share network resources among multiple tenants. In this paper we propose a novel, to our knowledge, merging DBA algorithm called the dynamic time and wavelength allocation algorithm for a virtualized DBA architecture in multi-tenant PON environments. The algorithm, which enables the merging of multiple virtual DBAs into a physical bandwidth map, introduces multi-channel support, allowing each optical network unit (ONU) to dynamically change, taking into consideration different switching times and transmission wavelengths. Leveraging the Numba APIs for high-performance optimization, the algorithm achieves real-time performance with minimal additional latency, meeting the stringent requirements of SLA-compliant, latency-critical 6G applications and services. Our analysis highlights an important trade-off in terms of throughput under multi-tenant conditions, between single-channel versus multi-channel PONs, as a function of ONU tuning time. We also compare the performance of our algorithm for different traffic distributions. Finally, in order to assess the time computing penalty of dynamic wavelength optimization in the merging DBA algorithm, we compare it against a baseline static wavelength allocation algorithm, where ONUs are designated a fixed wavelength for transmission.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"485-497"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous variable QKD in flexible optical networks for future quantum secure connectivity","authors":"Michela Svaluto Moreolo;Masab Iqbal;Arturo Villegas;Ramon Casellas;Laia Nadal;Raul Munoz","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.553771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.553771","url":null,"abstract":"Future optical networks, envisioning the support of 6G services and related demanding requirements, should provide ultra-high-capacity and reliable connectivity, ensuring sustainability and security. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a technology to address the limitations of classical cryptography, enabling quantum secure communications. Continuous variable QKD (CV-QKD) offers potential cost savings and enhanced compatibility with classical systems. This facilitates the integration within the network infrastructure, particularly in synergy with software-defined networking (SDN), further promoting interoperability and resource sharing/saving. For the adoption and practical implementation of CV-QKD, it is relevant to consider composable security and a finite number of symbols employed in the protocol (block size). In this work, we present the comparison of two models, to provide a figure of the required block size. We also assess the results using a simulation software. Furthermore, we explore a coexistence scenario considering a flexible grid, to exploit the CV-QKD capability of arbitrarily tuning the operating wavelength. This is a relevant feature enabling flexible allocation of the quantum channel to mitigate impairment and saving spectral resources. Considering realistic parameters aligned to commercially available CV-QKD systems and finite block size, we show an improvement with respect to our previous results. A minimum quantum-classical channel spacing of 112.5 GHz is required in a coexistence scenario with <tex>$8 times 200rm G$</tex> transceivers and 9 dBm of total power over a 15 km link. In case of 10 dBm of total power, 125 GHz quantum-classical channel spacing is required to generate keys for practical implementation over the analyzed links. Finally, we discuss SDN aspects relevant for dynamic quantum channel allocation and flexible network management, enabling coexistence and efficient resource sharing, facilitating QKD technology integration in deployed networks. The presented results and envisioned potentialities of CV-QKD for practical implementation in optical networks pave the way for its adoption in the network infrastructure toward future quantum secure communications.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"B71-B82"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daylight quantum key distribution over free-space optics for future security networks","authors":"Peide Zhang;Romerson D. Oliveira;Zoe C. M. Davidson;Emilio Hugues Salas;Evangelos A. Kosmatos;Alexandros Stavdas;Andrew Lord;John Rarity;Reza Nejabati;Dimitra Simeonidou","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.553171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.553171","url":null,"abstract":"As the demand for better security and higher capacity grows, quantum key distribution (QKD) using free-space optics (FSO) presents an innovative solution for 5G networks and beyond. The Innovate-UK AirQKD project explores how FSO–QKD could enable quantum-secure connections at a metropolitan scale, focusing on the critical “last-mile” of connectivity. However, implementing FSO–QKD in the real world brings several engineering challenges, spanning software, hardware, system integration, and security. This paper dives into the complexities of system architecture and integration, QKD transmission over FSO, and the post-processing of keys. We showcase a cohesive system design that blends the quantum and classical domains, incorporating cutting-edge FSO–QKD hardware and software. The system’s functionality is demonstrated for key processes such as transmission, post-processing, network control, and key management. As a case study, we tested an FSO–QKD link over 135 m at BT’s Adastral Park in Suffolk, UK. The setup achieved a photon count rate of up to 585 kcps through a channel with 15.9 dB of loss and 12 kHz of background noise, resulting in a security key rate (SKR) of up to 84.3 kbps using two detectors. We also conducted simulations to estimate the SKR and compared them with the experimental results. Both approaches confirm the system’s ability to generate keys and successfully transmit orthogonal polarization states, highlighting its potential for practical application.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"B61-B70"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PCA-assisted clustering approaches for soft-failure detection in optical networks","authors":"A. N. Ribeiro;F. R. L. Lobato;M. F. Silva;A. Sgambelluri;L. Valcarenghi;L. Wosinska;J. C. W. A. Costa","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.549205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.549205","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past years, the emergence of complex and bandwidth-hungry applications has charged the efforts to ensure the reliability of optical networks. Moreover, network scalability issues pose challenges as the number of optical parameters increases rapidly. In this regard, it is important to minimize the risk of optical failures by providing an autonomous and scalable failure detection approach. Hence, this paper presents a scalable and interpretable failure detection in optical networks exploiting five clustering algorithms (K-means, fuzzy C-means, Gaussian mixture model, DBSCAN, and mean shift) assisted by a dimensionality reduction technique. Cluster-based approaches facilitate the physical interpretability of the failure distributions among the telemetry data by allowing their clear visualization. Meanwhile, the dimensionality reduction technique can handle large-scale telemetry data with numerous optical parameters, improving the performance of clustering algorithms, as these have limitations when dealing with high-dimensional data. The proposed approaches are evaluated based on Type I/II errors (commonly known as false positive and false negative indications, respectively). A dataset derived from an optical testbed is used to evaluate the robustness of the proposed approaches.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"B50-B60"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and analysis of coherent metro + PON converged networks for ultra-high speed applications","authors":"Safana Al zoubi;Roberto Gaudino","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.544594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.544594","url":null,"abstract":"To meet the ultra-high bitrate and extended-reach demands of future broadband services and 5G/6G fronthauling, today’s passive optical networks (PONs) require a significant technological jump, particularly towards coherent detection. This shift makes the development of fast and accurate models for future coherent PONs essential, especially for physical-layer network planning tools and digital twin applications. In this paper, we thus present a frequency-resolved physical-based model for performance estimation of coherent transmission over PON or <tex>${rm metro} + {rm PON}$</tex> converged networks, considering a broad range of electrical and optical impairments and two approaches for DSP-based equalization. Specifically, the model accounts for frequency- and polarization-dependent optical channels, optical and electrical noises, coherent receiver electrical bandwidth limitations, and in-phase/quadrature imbalances. Numerical validation of the proposed frequency model against extensive time-domain simulations demonstrates high accuracy across diverse impairments, with discrepancies in the estimated signal-to-noise ratio showing a standard deviation of 0.15 dB over a very wide variation range on the relevant parameters, along with significant improvements in both time and computational efficiency. We conclude the paper by presenting two examples of application of the developed model in dimensioning ultra-high bitrate future access networks.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 4","pages":"294-308"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10937284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143667226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}