Journal of Optical Communications and Networking最新文献

{"title":"Seismic monitoring and cable supervision on optical data networks: requirements, challenges, and results","authors":"Cecilia Clivati;Renato Ambrosone;Davide Calonico;Francesco Carpentieri;Rossella Centonze;Simone Donadello;Aladino Govoni;Andre Herrero;Marianna Hovsepyan;Filippo Levi;Lucia Margheriti;Antonino Nespola;Federico Notarstefano;Stefano Straullu;Maurizio Vassallo;Emanuele Virgillito;Vittorio Curri","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.590258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.590258","url":null,"abstract":"Optical fiber sensing on deployed cables is gaining significant interest as a means to enhance network integrity and expand environmental monitoring capabilities. To fully achieve these goals, sensing signals must coexist with data transmission. While phase and state-of-polarization analysis are promising candidates for this integration, their practical exploitation presents several challenges. Because these methods measure the integrated deformation along the entire cable, sensitivity is often limited by high environmental noise floors. Furthermore, event interpretation and localization require more sophisticated analytics than conventional distributed fiber sensing. Incorporating fiber sensing into standard network architectures also necessitates a novel telemetry management system capable of handling heterogeneous datasets, high data rates, and stringent synchronization requirements. We present progress on these aspects, based on multi-year analysis of fiber-sensing data collected in field environments. Our results confirm that integrated sensing achieves the sensitivity required to detect mid- and low-magnitude seismic events within a range of tens of kilometers from the fiber, holding the potential to support seismic monitoring services in terrestrial areas. Additionally, we demonstrate the detection and localization of anomalous vibrations and anthropogenic events and the development of an autonomous anomaly-detection tool suitable for real-time alerting. Finally, we outline the requirements for an advanced network management system designed to accommodate sensing alongside conventional telemetry, supporting the transition from proof-of-concept experiments to robust, large-scale applications.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 8","pages":"C127-C136"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11626643","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148626926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scalable and energy-efficient deployment of fully virtualized 10 Gb/s OLTs on multi-node GPU servers","authors":"Takahiro Suzuki;Yasuhiro Matsumoto;Jun-ichi Kani;Tatsuya Shimada","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.589733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.589733","url":null,"abstract":"To address the rapid diversification of service requirements in optical access networks while supporting legacy systems, network function virtualization (NFV) of access equipment is essential. While the utilization of virtualized systems comprising control and management layer software and whitebox optical line terminals (OLTs) is beginning to spread, studies are underway to fully virtualize OLTs, including the physical (PHY) layer, in order to further increase flexibility and efficiency. Although previous studies have demonstrated 10G-EPON functionality through parallel implementation on graphic processing units (GPUs), the evaluation was limited to the operation on a single server that did not take into account scaling, and the power consumption was excessive, at approximately 51 W per OLT. This paper proposes an architecture and lightweight resource allocation algorithms to enable scalable and energy-efficient deployment of a large number of fully virtualized 10G-EPON OLTs on multi-node GPU servers. While detailing the control architecture of the OLT processes on multi-node servers, we formulate the problem of efficiently allocating active OLTs to GPUs as a bin packing problem and solve it using heuristic approaches based on first fit and next fit algorithms. Evaluations show that 40,960 users can be accommodated on a 16-node GPU server cluster and when the traffic volume of each OLT is low, the proposed algorithm, which operates in a processing time of less than a few milliseconds, can reduce the GPU power consumption to 0.594 W per OLT by consolidating 320 OLTs into one GPU.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 7","pages":"C83-C91"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11581413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the ECOC 2025 special issue","authors":"Andrew Lord","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.609139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.609139","url":null,"abstract":"The European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC) 2025 was the 51st ECOC and was held in Copenhagen, Denmark, between 28 September and 2 October 2025. Overall, the event welcomed 8100 attendees, of whom 2100 attended the technical part of the conference. Papers presented consisted of tutorials, invited, and regular submissions. The very best of these, where the focus was on optical networks, were invited to submit an expanded paper to the Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, and this Special Issue is the result, comprising 13 papers.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 7","pages":"ECOC1-ECOC1"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11581415","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Propagation delay aware deterministic bandwidth allocation in passive optical networks supporting time-sensitive industrial applications","authors":"Tiziana Fiori;Francesco G. Lavacca;Vincenzo Eramo","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.586627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.586627","url":null,"abstract":"Passive optical networks are emerging as a promising solution for industrial communication systems, thanks to their high bandwidth, cost efficiency, and inherent reliability. However, the stringent latency and jitter requirements of industrial applications demand deterministic scheduling mechanisms capable of addressing real-time constraints. Recent research has proposed advanced scheduling strategies for deterministic PONs, often based on current optical access standards that include ranging and delay equalization procedures, but these approaches assume symmetric network conditions, do not mention or consider equalization, and ignore propagation-delay asymmetries, which are common in realistic industrial scenarios. For the first time, to our knowledge, this work explicitly analyzes delay equalization, here referred to as EqD-DetBA (Equalization of Propagation Delays with Deterministic Bandwidth Allocation), in deterministic PONs under asymmetric conditions. We then propose a Propagation Delay Aware Deterministic Bandwidth Allocation (PDADetBA) framework that explicitly accounts for such asymmetries during the scheduling process, which provides improved latency performance, zero jitter, and greater transmission manageability compared to relying solely on delay equalization. The proposed method is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem to achieve optimal frame alignment and prevent collisions. A heuristic based on max-plus algebra and heap modeling ensures scalability and real-time applicability. Numerical results confirm that PDADetBA reduces latency, avoids collisions, and enhances transmission manageability under asymmetric conditions while remaining computationally efficient for large-scale deployments.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 7","pages":"724-740"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SDN-enabled flexible CV-QKD for coexistence with programmable transceivers","authors":"Michela Svaluto Moreolo;F. Javier Vilchez;Joel Compte;Lluis Gifre;Laia Nadal;Masab Iqbal;Ricard Vilalta;Marco Cofano;Borja Villanueva;Alberto Gonzalez;Jose Cunha;Jeison Tabares;Antonio Melgar;Jose Manuel Rivas-Moscoso;Antonio Pastor;Juan Morales;Josep M. Fabrega;Elisabeth Llanos Pla;Elisa Bazzani;Arturo Villegas;Sebastian Etcheverry;Ivan Nunez;Rafael Canto;Jesus Folgueira;Raul Munoz","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.593382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.593382","url":null,"abstract":"Optical transport networks are evolving toward unprecedented capacity, sustainability, and security requirements. We present an SDN-enabled architecture for integrating continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) into programmable optical networks, adopting sliceable bandwidth/bitrate variable transceivers (S-BVTs) and/or pluggable modules. The proposed solution combines a TeraFlowSDN-based SD-QKD network controller with a reconfigurable CV-QKD system through interfaces compliant with ETSI GS QKD 015. Experimental validation demonstrates real-time monitoring and dynamic wavelength (re)configuration, facilitating coexistence. Alternative dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) co-propagation scenarios are presented, and flexible channel allocation strategies are analyzed and discussed. Simulation results further evaluate evolutionary scenarios involving coexistence with 400G pluggable modules at 0 dBm launch power. The analysis identifies the maximum number of supported classical channels (up to 20 over a 20 km fiber link) and suitable spectral allocation in accordance with the experimental results. Furthermore, we compare the coexistence performance of CV-QKD adopting discrete components and an early version of a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) receiver, supporting half the number of 400G channels. Performance enhancement can be envisioned with further PIC design improvement and optimization. The obtained results confirm the viability of SDN-controlled CV-QKD as an enabler for quantum secure operation in future optical transport networks and a promising evolutionary path toward the adoption of this technology.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 7","pages":"C66-C82"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148433087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demonstration of an intensity-modulation- and coherent-detection-based 200 Gb/s PON with a 40  dB power budget over a 20  km SSMF enabled by an MLSD and many-to-one mapping-based DP-PS-PAM4","authors":"Xiaoshuo Jia;Junwei Li;Ning Wang;Jie Li;Ming Luo;Han Li;Dechao Zhang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.592597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.592597","url":null,"abstract":"Coherent passive optical networks (CPONs) are emerging as promising solutions for next-generation optical access networks, offering an enhanced power budget and improved system capacity. In this paper, as a proof-of-concept, 56 GBaud dual-polarized probabilistic shaped 4-ary pulse amplitude modulation (DP-PS-PAM4) with an entropy of 1.81 bits/symbol/polarization is experimentally investigated over a 20 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) upstream link using an intensity-modulation and coherent detection (IM-CD) structure, where the line data rate is about <tex>$200;{rm Gb/s}/lambda$</tex>. Besides, to meet the low-cost requirements of PONs, the many-to-one (MTO) mapping-based probabilistic shaping technique is adopted to implement DP-PS-PAM4 with low complexity. Experimental results show that the received optical power (ROP) sensitivity of DP-PS-PAM4 is about <tex>${-}27;text{dBm}$</tex> in the optical back-to-back (OBTB) and 20 km transmission cases, outperforming dual-polarized uniformly distributed PAM4 (DP-UD-PAM4) by about 1 dB. In terms of power budget, a 36 dB power budget with a launch power of 9 dBm can be obtained by adopting DP-PS-PAM4, which can be further improved to about 40 dB (corresponding to an ROP of <tex>${-}31;text{dBm}$</tex>) by using a maximum likelihood sequence detector (MLSD). To the best of our knowledge, this is a remarkable power budget metric for 200G PON. Moreover, since the symbol distribution of DP-PS-PAM4 is a dyadic distribution and deviates from the Maxwell–Boltzmann (MB) distribution, the performance gaps between the dyadic and MB distributions are also investigated. Experimental results show that the performance degradation induced by distribution deviation is negligible under the OBTB and 20 km conditions. The experimental results presented in this paper verify that MTO-based DP-PS-PAM4 can achieve superior performance, and it might be a promising solution for very-high-speed PON in the future.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 7","pages":"686-694"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148433234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust GSNR estimation in dynamic C + L-band optical networks: benchmarking a DNN and an Edge-GAT under adversarial attacks","authors":"Jia Chen;Yingbo Fan;Rongrong Ruan;Wei Wang;Yajie Li;Yongli Zhao;Jie Zhang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.593347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.593347","url":null,"abstract":"In dynamic <tex>$text{C}+text{L}$</tex>-band optical networks, digital twins (DTs) enable accurate quality of transmission (QoT) estimation, serving as a cornerstone for autonomous network management. However, reliable estimation becomes increasingly challenging in large-scale topologies, where conventional deep neural networks (DNNs) ignore optical multiplex section (OMS)-level topological dependencies and show limited robustness under input-power perturbations. To address this issue, we propose a robust generalized signal-to-noise ratio (GSNR) estimation framework based on an edge-based graph attention network (Edge-GAT) with joint adversarial training, using GNPy-generated OMS-level full-network snapshots. The proposed framework is evaluated on both six-node and NSFNet topologies. Results show that the robust Edge-GAT achieves clean/adversarial mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 0.028/0.035 dB on the six-node topology and 0.036/0.051 dB on NSFNet. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of topology-aware robust training for reliable DT-assisted GSNR estimation in dynamic <tex>$text{C}+text{L}$</tex> optical networks.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 7","pages":"695-709"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148442972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transmitter IQ impairment estimation and calibration with a time-interleaved preamble for 256 Gb/s coherent TFDM PON downstream","authors":"Guangying Yang;Yixiao Zhu;Xiaokai Guan;Mengyue Shi;Lilin Yi;Weisheng Hu","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.589794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.589794","url":null,"abstract":"Coherent passive optical networks (PONs) enabled by digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM) provide a highly flexible and low-latency access solution for optical network units (ONUs). However, in-phase and quadrature (IQ) impairments induced by transceiver imperfections (e.g., IQ skew, IQ amplitude imbalance, and IQ phase imbalance) cause severe image crosstalk on symmetric subcarriers. In the downstream of time- and frequency-division multiplexing (TFDM) PON, the estimation of IQ impairments becomes particularly challenging because partial reception results in the loss of symmetric subcarrier information. In this paper, we propose a time-domain-interleaved preamble (TDIP) scheme to estimate and pre-calibrate transmitter (Tx) IQ impairments. In addition, receiver (Rx) IQ skew is estimated using a modified frequency-domain phase detector (FDPD), while Rx IQ amplitude and phase imbalance are estimated using an improved Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization procedure (GSOP). Numerical simulations and experimental demonstrations are conducted to validate the excellent robustness of the proposed scheme under challenging conditions, including edge-subcarrier transmission, varying degrees of impairments, multiple coexisting impairments, and low received optical power (ROP). Specifically, for preset transceiver IQ skew ranging from <tex>$ - 15$</tex> to 15 ps and IQ amplitude imbalance from <tex>$ - 3$</tex> to 3 dB, the proposed scheme achieves estimation errors within <tex>${pm}0.6;text{ps}$</tex> and <tex>${pm}0.4;text{dB}$</tex>, respectively. Consequently, BER performance is significantly improved after the calibration of transceiver IQ impairments, particularly for the edge subcarrier. For 256 Gb/s downstream coherent TFDM PON over 20 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) transmission, the compensated receiver sensitivity reaches <tex>$ - 22.2;{rm dBm}$</tex>, corresponding to a 30.2 dB power budget. This work offers a promising solution for precise transceiver IQ impairment monitoring in future flexible coherent TFDM PON.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 7","pages":"710-723"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-stage machine learning for modulation-robust soft-failure detection and localization in optical fiber transmission links","authors":"Efrain San Martin;Ariel Leiva;Cristobal Melo;Gabriel Saavedra","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.589949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.589949","url":null,"abstract":"Soft failures cause gradual quality-of-transmission degradation in optical links and difficult fault management. We experimentally demonstrate a two-stage machine-learning pipeline on a 200 km coherent link used to detect and localize soft-failures. Stage 1 detects anomalies from 60 s window statistics of the received pre-FEC BER and OSNR. An autoencoder trained only on normal DP-QPSK data with per-format min–max scaling and P99 normal-error thresholds achieves <tex>${text{F1}} = 1.00$</tex> on DP-QPSK and <tex>${ge} 0.99$</tex> when transferred to DP-8QAM and DP-16QAM. Stage 2 classifies and localizes failures using EDFA power-telemetry delta features, reaching 100% accuracy. Results support practical, modulation-robust soft-failure management.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 7","pages":"674-685"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148433088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pluggable control and the role of Transport API [Invited Tutorial]","authors":"Ramon Casellas;Ricardo Martinez;Ricard Vilalta;Raul Munoz","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.591121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.591121","url":null,"abstract":"This tutorial presents an overview of the recent developments of Transport API (TAPI, versions 2.5–2.6) as an open and standard north-bound interface for optical networks and its evolution and challenges to address the control of (coherent) pluggable devices as, for example, per TIP MANTRA reference architectures, along with an in-depth overview of the technologies, abstractions, and control-plane mechanisms required to operate such networks. We first review the softwarization of networks thanks to SDN, the adoption of model-driven development, the transition from discrete transponders to coherent pluggables, and the role of standardized interfaces such as OpenConfig or CMIS. Next, we elaborate on the foundations of TAPI, including its multi-layer information model, recent developments such as impairment extensions, and the representation of transceiver operational modes through TAPI profiles. The key challenge addressed is the control of coherent pluggables within packet–optical devices, where single/dual south-bound interfaces, Open-XR architectures, and MANTRA-inspired IPoWDM control models introduce coordination and synchronization requirements. We consider the role of TAPI in such control models along with the role of streaming telemetry for aspects such as distributed state synchronization and the use of PCE/digital twins for enabling closed-loop and autonomous operation.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 7","pages":"C92-C106"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}