Journal of Optical Communications and Networking最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of distributed and centralized quantum key management systems for meshed QKD networks","authors":"Mario Wenning;Jonas Berl;Tobias Fehenberger;Carmen Mas-Machuca","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.542054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.542054","url":null,"abstract":"Recent developments in quantum key distribution (QKD) demonstrate the maturity of securing sensitive data against the emerging quantum computing threat. For QKD-secured long-haul and meshed optical transport networks (OTNs), quantum key management systems (QKMSs) are essential to overcome current distance limitations of available QKD devices. In this work, we present and compare two implementations of QKMSs, analyzing their scalability with an emulated QKD network (QKDN) utilizing recorded performance metrics from deployed QKD devices. First, we use a state-of-the-art Internet routing scheme, i.e., open shortest path first (OSPF), demonstrating that key management entities (KMEs) can solve the key routing problem utilizing distributed routing. Second, we apply software-defined networking (SDN) to implement centralized routing with a SDN controller. This paper compares distributed with centralized key routing regarding scalability, throughput, and latency. Both schemes facilitate up to six key relays between any pair of nodes in parallel with average key relay durations per hop below 300 ms given the Nobel-Germany topology and any-to-any demand matrix. With a network-wide joint key routing optimization in the SDN controller, up to 16.7% higher demands can be served compared to distributed key routing. Within the inherent compatibility of our study to network-function virtualization (NFV), we guideline future integration of QKMSs into deployed OTNs.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 2","pages":"A224-A233"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the OFC 2024 Special Issue","authors":"Andrew Lord","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.557965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.557965","url":null,"abstract":"Welcome to this year’s OFC conference special issue. I am thrilled to introduce a bumper crop of papers that were originally either invited or top-scoring papers at OFC 2024. I can’t refer to all of them in this introduction, but I will point out the highlights and major trends.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 2","pages":"OFC1-OFC1"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10862986","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extended network applications of coherent pluggable transceivers [Invited]","authors":"Joao Pedro;Mohammad M. Hosseini;Antonio Napoli","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.537601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.537601","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past 15 years, coherent optical transceiver evolution has been driving the increase of capacity in optical networks, enabling the cost-effective transport of higher traffic volumes across submarine, long-haul, regional, and (a fraction of) metro networks. Until recently, these devices have been proprietary and embedded in dedicated line cards, which are deployed and managed within the transport network domain. With the emergence of both implementation and multi-source agreements for coherent optical transceivers in pluggable form factors, significant savings in cost, power consumption, and footprint are now achievable, e.g., in high-speed data center interconnect (DCI) and metro applications. Furthermore, by installing these transceivers directly in routers/switches, the long-envisioned IP over-DWDM architecture can be materialized. Importantly, recent progress in coherent pluggable transceivers’ performance and feature sets is expanding the number of network segments where their benefits can be leveraged. This paper overviews the range of applications of coherent pluggable optical transceivers and investigates in detail how they can (i) meet the stringent requirements of regional/long-haul networks and (ii) further simplify and reduce the capital expenditures of metro-aggregation networks. Particularly, it reports a comparison of the deployment in a reference regional network of coherent pluggable transceivers that retain full interoperability (at the expense of limited performance) and coherent pluggable transceivers designed for best-in-class performance. The network simulation analysis focuses on the key design metrics in this network segment—usable capacity and number of required transceivers—and highlights the importance of adopting high-performance devices. Moreover, it describes how a low-cost filterless architecture can be combined with coherent pluggable transceivers featuring point-to-multipoint (P2MP) capabilities via digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM) to reduce capital expenditures in metro-aggregation networks. It is shown that, by exploiting a transmitter-based launch power control, the number of optical amplifiers can be minimized while guaranteeing that the power unbalance associated with the different paths traversed by upstream subcarriers (SCs) can be kept below a target threshold.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 2","pages":"A210-A223"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing telemetry forwarding for distributed failure recovery in packet-optical networks","authors":"Piotr Lechowicz;Carlos Natalino;Filippo Cugini;Francesco Paolucci;Paolo Monti","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.534559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.534559","url":null,"abstract":"Fast network recoverability from hard and soft failures is crucial for network operators to deliver uninterrupted services. Streaming telemetry has been studied as a solution for enabling fast and accurate failure detection in optical networks. However, significant delay is incurred when relying on a centralized entity (e.g., software-defined network controller) to collect, process, and act on telemetry data. Programmable switches (e.g., P4-based) allow telemetry data to be processed at line speed, enabling local on-device (distributed) decisions. These devices can be used to deploy quick and local mitigation to failures while a global solution is being computed on a longer time scale. However, designing network-wide streaming telemetry with distributed decisions remains an open challenge. In this work, we specify the joint optimization of packet-optical networks with on-device failure recovery, considering multiple aspects of the problem. The problem is modeled using linear programming and solved for multiple network realizations. The solutions can be used to program each switch in the network to detect failures and quickly recover the traffic. Results show that the proposed model decreases the required number of register entries to store telemetry data while assuring high recoverability and a minimized number of wavelengths.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 2","pages":"152-162"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unified monitoring and telemetry platform supporting network intelligence in optical networks","authors":"Sen Shen;Jing Han;Klodian Bardhi;Haiyuan Li;Ruizhi Yang;Yiran Teng;Vaigai Yokar;Shuangyi Yan;Dimitra Simeonidou","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.538552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.538552","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, machine-learning (ML) applications have generated considerable interest and shown great potential in optimizing optical network management, such as quality of transmission estimation, traffic prediction, and resource allocation. However, these applications often require large datasets for training, inference, and updating, while network operators are generally reluctant to disclose their data due to privacy concerns and the sensitivity of operational information. Most open-source datasets typically lack transparency regarding network specifics, such as topology details and device configurations, making data acquisition and ML model training more difficult. In response, this paper presents a unified monitoring and telemetry platform that leverages distributed and centralized time-series databases on InfluxDB, a Kafka-based telemetry pipeline, and advanced ML applications. The separation of distributed and centralized databases improves data management flexibility and scalability. The Kafka-based telemetry pipeline ensures high-throughput, low-latency data streaming with end-to-end latency under 0.05 s through optimized partitioning. Additionally, integrating Kafka and InfluxDB allows for real-time data visualization from multiple sources, improving transparency and supporting real-time data streaming for network applications. By implementing this advanced telemetry and ML architecture, network operators can build a more intelligent, responsive, and resilient optical network infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 2","pages":"139-151"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eavesdropping-aware survivable routing in physical-layer secured optical networks","authors":"Tianhe Liu;Wei Wang;Fan Ouyang;Yurou Hao;Yajie Li;Yongli Zhao;Jie Zhang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.541885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.541885","url":null,"abstract":"With tapping attacks gradually occurring, optical networks are facing the risk of eavesdropping. To defend against attackers and protect service transmission, physical-layer security is emerging as a new technique for optical networks. From the survivability perspective, the protection and restoration approaches will need to cover not only failures but also security attacks. Therefore, this work studies the survivable routing problem considering eavesdropping risk. After defining the shared eavesdropping risk link group based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation theory, the symbiosis protection that allows two kinds of services to be mutually working paths and backup paths is designed. Following the symbiosis protection scheme, a heuristic algorithm with two schemes is proposed. Simulation results show that the algorithm with security first could lower path risks to zero but block more services, and the algorithm with capacity first improves the network capacity by about 37.072% but keeps 32.335% of links at high risk in a path.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 2","pages":"127-138"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview on the state of polarization sensing: application scenarios and anomaly detection algorithms","authors":"Saverio Pellegrini;Leonardo Minelli;Lorenzo Andrenacci;Giuseppe Rizzelli;Dario Pilori;Gabriella Bosco;Luca Della Chiesa;Claudio Crognale;Stefano Piciaccia;Roberto Gaudino","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.537881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.537881","url":null,"abstract":"Given the ubiquity of optical fiber networks in both terrestrial and submarine environments, leveraging these facilities for sensing anomalous conditions alongside telecommunications can provide significant added value. In this context, distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) systems have been widely employed and discussed due to their sensitivity and ability to locate events. However, integrating them within existing networks is complex and expensive. On the other hand, the received state of polarization (SOP) is also sensitive to external factors, and it can be used for sensing: in this case, no extra hardware would be required since the SOP is already estimated in coherent receivers for data demodulation. The sensing information is provided “for free” by the already installed hardware, potentially requiring only a software upgrade. In this work, we analyze the feasibility of using polarization-based sensing to detect anomalous conditions in metropolitan environments. A polarimeter was used to evaluate SOP noise induced by urban factors, while a commercial coherent transceiver was employed to assess SOP estimation noise. We propose two algorithms for processing polarization data: a time-based method called SOP angular speed (SOPAS) and an adaptive, frequency-based approach named SOP-power spectral density gap (SOP-PSDG). These algorithms were compared by processing Stokes vector samples from the polarimeter when different sinusoidal vibrations are applied to the fiber through a mechanical shaker. Results demonstrate that a sampling rate of just a few tens of Hz is sufficient to effectively identify various hazardous conditions, with SOP-PSDG consistently outperforming SOPAS. Additionally, preliminary findings on the performances of these algorithms using SOP samples from a commercial coherent receiver are discussed.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 2","pages":"A196-A209"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scheduled lightpath demand provisioning in fiber space division multiplexing optical networks","authors":"Shudan Han;Yongcheng Li;Gangxiang Shen;Biswanath Mukherjee","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.544246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.544246","url":null,"abstract":"Space division multiplexing (SDM) and spatial super-channel (Spa SCh) technology offer scalable solutions to meet the increasing capacity demands in optical networks. This study focuses on multi-fiber optical networks integrated with the innovative Spa SCh technology, which creates different granularities of Spa SChs by spatially combining the same spectrum across multiple fibers, known as fiber-SDM (FSDM). Most existing studies have concentrated on provisioning dynamic or static lightpath demands in FSDM networks. However, for several applications in real-world networks, scheduled lightpath demands—where setup and teardown times are pre-determined—are more common. To address this, we consider the provisioning of scheduled lightpath demands in FSDM networks and aim to solve the routing, fiber, spectrum, and time-slot assignment (RFSTA) problem for these demands. We propose two integer linear programming (ILP) models: one optimizing only the spectrum resource utilization (SRU) and the other jointly optimizing both SRU and capital expenditure (CAPEX). In addition, we develop several efficient heuristic algorithms for large-scale optical networks, based on the concepts of the spatial spectrum window (SSW), SSW plane, and time-slot window (TW). Furthermore, an evolutionary joint optimization strategy is introduced to explore optimal Spa SCh configurations, aiming to jointly optimize network SRU and CAPEX. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms closely match the performance of ILP models in small networks. Among the heuristic approaches, the adaptive least-load algorithm performs best under an optimal Spa SCh configuration, which bundles half of the fibers to form link fiber bundles.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 2","pages":"110-126"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the cross-layer restoration to address packet layer failures in P2MP-TRX-based WSONs","authors":"Meihan Wu;Xiaoliang Chen;Francesco Musumeci;Ruoxing Li;Yuxiao Zhang;Qian Lv;Zuqing Zhu","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.537282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.537282","url":null,"abstract":"Digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM)-based coherent point-to-multipoint transceivers (P2MP-TRXs) are promising for addressing the shift in traffic patterns from point-to-point (P2P) to hub-and-spoke (H&S), and their application in wavelength-switched optical networks (WSONs) can potentially offer enhanced flexibility and efficiency in handling the mixed traffic therein. In this paper, we study how to secure the survivability of P2MP-TRX-based WSONs against packet layer failures with cross-layer restoration (CLR). By analyzing the unique features of P2MP-TRXs, we first design three CLR strategies to restore the traffic affected by packet layer failure(s) and then formulate an integer linear programming (ILP) model to leverage them for cost-effective CLR, i.e., minimizing the cost introduced during the CLR process. Next, we propose a time-efficient heuristic, namely, hHAG-DP, which leverages hybrid dynamic programming (DP) and a hierarchical auxiliary graph (HAG) to find cost-effective CLR schemes quickly. Extensive simulations confirm the effectiveness of our proposals.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 2","pages":"95-109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SHAP-assisted EE-LightGBM model for explainable fault diagnosis in practical optical networks","authors":"Chunyu Zhang;Yu Chen;Min Zhang;Zhuo Liu;Danshi Wang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.527872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.527872","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable fault diagnosis is crucial for ensuring the stable operation of optical networks. Recently, data-driven techniques have demonstrated significant advantages in fault diagnosis due to their outstanding data-processing capabilities and adaptive learning abilities. However, as equipment faults in practical optical networks are rare events, the data collected often faces severe data imbalance issues, greatly limiting the accuracy of traditional data-driven models. To address this challenge, a SHAP-assisted EE-LightGBM scheme is proposed for explainable fault diagnosis in practical optical networks. The EE-LightGBM model integrates undersampling strategies at the data level and hybrid ensemble strategies at the model level, enabling the full utilization of fewer fault samples and effectively alleviating the impact of data imbalance on model training. Furthermore, the SHAP method is used to explain the EE-LightGBM model. This method quantifies the contributions of input features to the model’s decision outputs, facilitating a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying faults in the equipment and improving the model’s explainability. Through SHAP analysis, we can determine key features highly correlated with equipment faults, thereby inferring the causes of equipment faults. Evaluation using data from backbone network equipment managed by operators shows excellent detection performance of the EE-LightGBM model at a data imbalance rate of 5.61%, with accuracy and F1 scores of 0.9968 and 0.9711, and false negative and false positive rates of 0.0033 and 0.0032, respectively. Moreover, the cause identification results are consistent with diagnostic expertise. We also explore the impact of data imbalance rates on the detection performance of the EE-LightGBM model. The model’s low false negative rate under data imbalance further demonstrates its effectiveness in practical optical network fault diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 2","pages":"81-94"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}