Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus最新文献

{"title":"Changes in PAX7 Positive Satellite Cells in Extraocular Muscle After Strabismus Surgery.","authors":"Eunseok Kang, Suk-Gyu Ha","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20241210-02","DOIUrl":"10.3928/01913913-20241210-02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the effects of recession or re-section surgery on PAX 7 positive satellite cells of the extraocular muscle (EOM) in rabbits.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 20 rabbits (40 eyes) were included in this study. The superior rectus muscle of the right eye was either recessed or resected. Recession surgeries were performed at a distance of 5 mm (5 rabbits) and 10 mm (5 rabbits) from the original insertion, whereas resection surgeries were performed at a distance of 4 mm (5 rabbits) and 8 mm (5 rabbits). The superior rectus (operated muscle), inferior rectus (antagonist muscle), and superior rectus of the contralateral eye (control) were extracted 4 weeks after surgery. The number of PAX7 positive satellite cells was analyzed using immunohistochemistry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The number of PAX7 positive satellite cells in the operated and antagonist muscles was higher than that in the control muscle after all surgeries (<i>P</i> < .05, all). The number of PAX7 positive satellite cells in the operated and antagonist muscles after resection surgery was higher than that after recession surgery (<i>P</i> < .05, all). Howerver, there were no significant differences of PAX7 positive satellite cells in the operated and antagonist muscles in recession and resection surgery according to the surgical amount (<i>P</i> > .05, all).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PAX7 positive satellite cells in the operated and antagonist muscles showed an increase after resection surgery compared to recession surgery. This suggests that the extent of EOM regeneration may vary depending on the surgical method used for strabismus surgery. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 2025;62(3):190-195.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"190-195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143015248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-Muscle Surgery for Large- and Medium-Angle Intermittent Exotropia.","authors":"Yuval Cohen, Leah Attal, Aviv Vidan, Yehuda Greenberger, Yair Morad, Otzem Chassid","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20250312-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20250312-03","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine the success rate and the dose-response ratio of three-muscle compared to two-muscle surgery for the treatment of medium- and large-angle (20 to 45 prism diopters [PD]) intermittent exotropia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Medical records of patients who underwent strabismus surgery for treatment of intermittent exotropia were reviewed. Patients with exodeviation of 20 to 45 PD who underwent either bilateral lateral rectus recession (BLRc; two-muscle group) or BLR recession and unilateral medial rectus resection (BLRc+UMR; three-muscle group) were selected. Preoperative and postoperative deviation and amount of recessed and resected muscles were assessed. Successful surgery was defined as postoperative deviation of 10 PD or less of orthophoria at the last visit. Dose-response ratio was analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-four patients were included. The mean age of patients at surgery was 11.85 ± 10.82 years (range: 4 to 54 years) and was comparable in both groups. The mean far preoperative deviation was lower for the two-muscle than the three-muscle group, and measured 29.7 ± 5.9 and 34.4 ± 7.1 PD, respectively (<i>P</i> = .019). At the last follow-up, successful motor outcomes for both distance and near were achieved in 70.5% and 84.6% in the two-muscle and three-muscle group, respectively. At the last follow-up, mean dose-response ratio was significantly higher for the three-muscle group (1.82 ± 0.58 and 2.72 ± 0.72 PD/mm for the two-muscle and three-muscle group, respectively; <i>P</i> < .0001). Overcorrections were similar in both groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Primary repair surgery of intermittent exotropia with three-muscle surgery is an effective method of resolving 20 to 45 PD with excellent outcomes and a low risk of overcorrection. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 20XX;XX(X):XXX-XXX.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144003629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges and Complications in the Management of Systemic Diseases in Congenital Cataract Surgery.","authors":"Semih Çakmak, Tuğçe Özdemir, Basri Akdoğan, Nihan Aksu Ceylan, Emre Altinkurt","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20250312-02a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20250312-02a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine the effects of accompanying systemic diseases on surgery preparation and follow-up in congenital and infantile cataract cases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The files of patients aged 0 to 12 months presenting to one clinic between January 2010 and January 2024 and scheduled for cataract surgery were retrospectively scanned. The patients' demographic data, gestational age, age at admission and surgery, accompanying systemic diseases, and systemic complications that developed before, during, and after surgery were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 142 patients (75 girls, 67 boys) were included in the study. The average follow-up period was 30.6 ± 33.9 months (range: 2 to 159 months). Unilateral cataract surgery was performed in 45 (31.7%) patients and bilateral cataract surgery was performed in 97 (68.3%) patients. The average number of gestational age was 37.2 ± 3.4 week (range: 23 to 41 weeks). The average age at presentation was 4.22 ± 3.20 months (range: 1 to 12 months). Systemic pathology was present before surgery in 40 patients (28.2%). Neuromuscular system diseases were the most common accompanying systemic pathology (15 patients), followed by genetic diseases (13 patients). Eleven (7.7%) patients had facial anomalies, and 21 (14.8%) were at risk of malignant hyperthermia during anesthesia. Eighteen (12.7%) were defined as having difficult intubation, and 46 patients (32.4%) required postoperative pediatric intensive care. One patient died due to pneumonia during surgery preparations, and 4 patients died due to systemic complications unrelated to the surgery during the follow-up period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Congenital cataract cases require a multi-disciplinary approach to surgical planning that considers systemic comorbidities, anesthesia management, and postoperative follow-up. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 20XX;XX(X):XXX-XXX.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144047920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing Normative Data for Pediatric Corneal Sensitivity.","authors":"Pelin Akçay, Pelin Kiyat, Timur Köse, Ozlem Barut Selver","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20250312-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20250312-02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To define the normative data of corneal sensitivity in the pediatric age group, which currently lacks existing literature.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included 122 children aged 5 to 18 years who had applied for a routine ophthalmological examination at the Ege University Department of Ophthalmology. A total of 122 right eyes were included in the study. The study excluded children with any ocular pathologies, any previous ocular surgery, a history of contact lens use, and systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Corneal sensitivity values were determined by means of a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer, applied to five distinct regions of the cornea (central, superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age was 11.29 ± 4.6 years (range: 2 to 18 years), and the female/male ratio was 63/59. The mean corneal sensitivity values of the central cornea and four corneal regions (superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal) were 5.16 ± 0.47, 5.16 ± 0.48, 5.19 ± 0.47, 5.18 ± 0.46, and 5.18 ± 0.45 cm, respectively. A negative correlation was identified between age and corneal sensitivity. No statistically significant difference was observed in corneal sensitivity when comparing quadrants or genders (<i>P</i> > .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Data delineating the typical values have been identified in adults and have been demonstrated to serve as a valuable diagnostic instrument, particularly in the context of neuropathy in diabetes. Nevertheless, to date, no normative data have been published for the pediatric age group. Therefore, this study makes a significant contribution to the field by pioneering the establishment of normative data for the pediatric age group regarding corneal sensitivity, as detected with the Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 20XX;XX(X):XXX-XXX.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144029826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Out-of-Pocket Expense for Surgical Chalazion Removal.","authors":"Taimur Siddiqui, Jay Jaber, Ryan Sorensen, Patrick J Hunt, Richard C Allen, Katherine J Williams","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20250227-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20250227-04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To provide an improved accounting of the economic burden of chalazion removal for patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study approved by the institutional review board of patients who underwent surgical incision and drainage of a chalazion at a tertiary academic center from January 2011 to December 2020 was conducted. Patients were younger than 18 years with a diagnosis of chalazion requiring excision. Out-of-pocket expenses were defined as sum of procedure cost, facility fees, and anesthesia. Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) physician fee schedule data and the study hospital's cost estimator were used. Out-of-pocket expenses were calculated and adjusted to 2020 dollars. The cumulative cost was calculated by factoring in the average rate of surgical re-intervention for a chalazion recurrence. Cost trends were tabulated and visualized.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The unadjusted, average total incision and drainage cost for chalazion from 2011 to 2020 was $543.42, increasing from $513.89 to $563.48 (+9.7%). Using costs adjusted to 2020 dollars, cost declines from $591.27 (2011) to $563.48 (2020, -4.93%) were uncovered. Using an averaged recurrence rate of 24.3%, the cumulative adjusted total cost of incision and drainage decreased from $734.95 (2011) to $700.41 (2020, -4.70%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Chalazion treatment costs declined from 2011 to 2020, suggesting potentially greater affordability for families. However, families should be counseled up front on potential future expenses with surgical intervention for a recurring chalazion. Understanding total costs for recurring chalazion by accounting for potential surgical re-intervention will help pediatric ophthalmologists provide more informed counseling regarding the total cost of treatment with an appreciation for potential future costs if surgical re-intervention is required. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 20XX;XX(X):XXX-XXX.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Botulinum Toxin A Versus Bilateral Medial Rectus Recession for Partially Accommodative Esotropia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Sara Hira, Claudia Avilés Covarrubias, Andres Bravo-Gonzalez, Carlos Eduardo de Menezes E Souza Filho, Mariana Tosato Zinher","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20250227-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20250227-08","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the efficacy of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) and bilateral medial rectus recession (BMR) surgery for partially accommodative esotropia (PAET).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane database were searched on May 29, 2024 for studies comparing BTX-A and BMR in patients with PAET, reporting at least one outcome of interest. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI were used for binary outcomes. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics. The analysis was performed using R software version 4.3.2. The Risk of Bias Summary for Non-randomized Studies tool was used to assess the risk of bias.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four observational studies comprising 521 patients were eligible for inclusion. BTX-A and BMR groups had comparable motor success rates (OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 0.27 to 4.81; <i>P</i> = .861; I² = 88%). However, consecutive exotropia was reported exclusively after BMR only (OR: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.46; <i>P</i> = .004; I² = 0%). All studies accounted for heterogeneity in the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis. Two studies were judged as moderate risk of bias and two as serious. Assessment of Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation resulted in moderate certainty in the outcome of motor success rates.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>BTX-A might be a good alternative to BMR in patients with PAET. Randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes and longer duration of follow-up are needed. Studies should also focus on sensory outcomes in addition to motor outcomes. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 20XX;XX(X):XXX-XXX.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-Year Results of 0.01% and 0.05% Atropine Eye Drops in Childhood Myopia Progression.","authors":"Sibel Coşkun Akdemir, Irfan Akalın, Betul Önal Günay","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20250227-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20250227-07","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare 0.01% and 0.05% atropine eye drops with every other day treatment for slowing myopia progression in children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Children aged 5 to 15 years who had myopia of -1.00 to 8.00 diopters (D), astigmatism less than -2.50 D, and myopic progression of at least 1.00 D in the past year were included in the retrospective study. The 0.01% and 0.05% atropine eye drops were applied every other day. At each visit, all patients underwent complete ophthalmic examination including cycloplegic refraction, axial length (AL), and photopic-mesopic pupil sizes. Spherical equivalent (SE), AL, and photopicmesopic pupil sizes were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 92 eyes of 46 patients were included in the study (22 in the 0.01% atropine group and 24 in the 0.05% atropine group). At the end of the 12-month follow-up period, the mean SE changes were -0.41 ± 0.28 and -0.19 ± 0.22 D in the 0.01% and 0.05% atropine groups, respectively (<i>P</i> < .001). The AL changes were 0.19 ± 0.16 and 0.16 ± 024 mm in the 0.01% and 0.05% atropine groups, respectively (<i>P</i> = .52). Side effects such as photophobia and blurred near vision were not observed in the 0.01% atropine group, but in the 0.05% atropine group, photophobia was observed in 3(12.5%) cases and blurred near vision was observed in 8 (33%) cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The 0.01% and 0.05% atropine eye drops significantly slowed the progression of myopia with every other day use. The 0.01% atropine was better tolerated than 0.05% atropine. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 20XX;X(X):XXX-XXX.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Surgical Success in Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction: A Comprehensive Analysis of Demographic Influences and Outcomes.","authors":"Yusuf B Akbaş, Gamze Öztürk Karabulut, Inanç Tuncel, Şenay Aşık Nacaroğlu, Kübra Şerefoğlu Çabuk, Korhan Fazıl, Berkay Ö Karaca","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20250227-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20250227-05","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the surgical outcomes of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) in pediatric patients, focusing on the impact of demographic characteristics and the age at surgery on success rates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study analyzed a cohort of pediatric patients diagnosed as having CNLDO and undergoing surgical intervention at a tertiary care center between 2011 and 2022. Data on patient demographics, age at diagnosis, age at surgery, surgical technique used, perioperative findings, postoperative complications, and follow-up results were collected from medical records. Success was defined as the resolution of symptoms without the need for further surgical intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 588 patients were included in the study. The median age at diagnosis was 7 months, whereas the median age at surgery was 23 months. Surgical success was achieved in 92.2% of cases. A significant correlation was observed between the age at surgery and the success rate. Those surgeries performed earlier demonstrated a higher success rate compared to those performed later. The presence of systemic disease, Rosenmüller's valve stenosis, postoperative dacryocystitis, and tube dislocation was significantly higher in the restenosis group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Early surgical intervention for CNLDO yields higher success rates, underscoring the importance of timely diagnosis and management. This study highlights the efficacy of surgical treatment for CNLDO in pediatric patients, with minimal risk of complications. Future research should focus on long-term outcomes and the development of standardized guidelines for the management of CNLDO to further improve patient care. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 20XX;XX(X):XXX-XXX.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Effect Observation of Surgery on Congenital Fibrovascular Pupillary Membrane.","authors":"Zheng Shao, Feijia Xie, Yusen Huang","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20250227-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20250227-06","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcomes of congenital fibrovascular pupillary membrane (CFPM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve children (13 eyes) diagnosed as having CFPM between November 2017 and January 2024 in Qingdao Eye Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Basic information and ophthalmic examination results were analyzed. Different treatment outcomes were monitored. Pathological analysis was performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three eyes (25%) received conservative treatment, whereas 10 eyes (83.3%) underwent membranectomy. Compared to fellow eyes, the affected eyes exhibited increased central corneal and lens thickness, with decreased central anterior chamber depth (all <i>P</i> < .05). No significant difference was observed in mean pre-operative intraocular pressure between the affected and fellow eyes, both within normal range. The median best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) for non-surgical cases was 0.9 llogarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (og-MAR) (Snellen equivalent of 0.125) with miosis. Surgical treatment improved the natural pupil size and median BCVA to 0.4 logMAR (Snellen equivalent of 0.4). Postoperative amblyopia was 100% and 33.3% in patients who underwent surgery after age 3 years and at or before 3 years, respectively (<i>P</i> = .035). No surgery-induced cataracts or recurrence in cases of unilateral involvement was noted. Histopathological analysis revealed that the excised tissue consisted of proliferative fibrous and vascular tissues with infiltrated inflammatory cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Affected eyes in CFPM exhibit a thickened cornea and lens with a shallow anterior chamber, typically without glaucoma. Surgery is a safe and effective treatment with low recurrence and fewer complications compared to limited conservative treatment. Performing surgery before age 3 years reduces amblyopia risk. CFPM may be linked to chronic inflammation from incomplete degeneration of fetal eye vasculature. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 20XX;XX(X):XXX-XXX.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis and Refractive Amblyopia Risk Factors in Children With Chalazia: Safety Considerations in Telehealth Management.","authors":"Elyssa Dionne, Daniel Henick, Jill Rotruck","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20250227-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20250227-03","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine the prevalence of corneal changes and refractive amblyopia risk factors (ARFs) associated with blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC) to evaluate the safety of remote pediatric chalazion management.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The authors retrospectively reviewed 381 in-person patients with chalazia 0 to younger than 18 years. The prevalence of corneal changes associated with BKC in all patients with chalazion 0 to younger than 18 years was compared with the population prevalence. Patient-reported symptoms were compared in patients with chalazion with and without corneal findings associated with BKC. The 2021 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) ARF and visually significant refractive error failure level definitions were used to compare population prevalence of refractive ARFs to prevalence in patients with chalazia younger than 9 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten of 381 patients with a chalazion (2.62%) had simultaneous active corneal changes associated with BKC, with a relative risk compared to the population of 444.9739 (<i>P</i> < .0001); 90% reported eye pain, eye redness, photophobia, or blurred vision. The prevalence of patients with a chalazion who concurrently met the 2021 AAPOS ARF and visually significant refractive error failure level definitions was 9.89% in 71 patients younger than 48 months and 21.79% in 78 patients 48 months to younger than 9 years. The relative risk of refractive ARFs was 1.7871 (<i>P</i> = .1397) in patients with chalazion younger than 48 months and 1.8014 (<i>P</i> = .0261) in those 48 months to younger than 9 years compared to the general population.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The elevated risk of corneal changes associated with BKC in patients with chalazia 0 to younger than 18 years and refractive ARFs in patients with chalazia 48 months to younger than 9 years should prompt screening for these conditions in association with teleophthalmology encounters. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 20XX;XX(X):XXX-XXX.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}