Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus最新文献

{"title":"Out-of-Pocket Expense for Surgical Chalazion Removal.","authors":"Taimur Siddiqui, Jay Jaber, Ryan Sorensen, Patrick J Hunt, Richard C Allen, Katherine J Williams","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20250227-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20250227-04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To provide an improved accounting of the economic burden of chalazion removal for patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study approved by the institutional review board of patients who underwent surgical incision and drainage of a chalazion at a tertiary academic center from January 2011 to December 2020 was conducted. Patients were younger than 18 years with a diagnosis of chalazion requiring excision. Out-of-pocket expenses were defined as sum of procedure cost, facility fees, and anesthesia. Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) physician fee schedule data and the study hospital's cost estimator were used. Out-of-pocket expenses were calculated and adjusted to 2020 dollars. The cumulative cost was calculated by factoring in the average rate of surgical re-intervention for a chalazion recurrence. Cost trends were tabulated and visualized.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The unadjusted, average total incision and drainage cost for chalazion from 2011 to 2020 was $543.42, increasing from $513.89 to $563.48 (+9.7%). Using costs adjusted to 2020 dollars, cost declines from $591.27 (2011) to $563.48 (2020, -4.93%) were uncovered. Using an averaged recurrence rate of 24.3%, the cumulative adjusted total cost of incision and drainage decreased from $734.95 (2011) to $700.41 (2020, -4.70%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Chalazion treatment costs declined from 2011 to 2020, suggesting potentially greater affordability for families. However, families should be counseled up front on potential future expenses with surgical intervention for a recurring chalazion. Understanding total costs for recurring chalazion by accounting for potential surgical re-intervention will help pediatric ophthalmologists provide more informed counseling regarding the total cost of treatment with an appreciation for potential future costs if surgical re-intervention is required. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 20XX;XX(X):XXX-XXX.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Botulinum Toxin A Versus Bilateral Medial Rectus Recession for Partially Accommodative Esotropia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Sara Hira, Claudia Avilés Covarrubias, Andres Bravo-Gonzalez, Carlos Eduardo de Menezes E Souza Filho, Mariana Tosato Zinher","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20250227-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20250227-08","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the efficacy of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) and bilateral medial rectus recession (BMR) surgery for partially accommodative esotropia (PAET).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane database were searched on May 29, 2024 for studies comparing BTX-A and BMR in patients with PAET, reporting at least one outcome of interest. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI were used for binary outcomes. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics. The analysis was performed using R software version 4.3.2. The Risk of Bias Summary for Non-randomized Studies tool was used to assess the risk of bias.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four observational studies comprising 521 patients were eligible for inclusion. BTX-A and BMR groups had comparable motor success rates (OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 0.27 to 4.81; <i>P</i> = .861; I² = 88%). However, consecutive exotropia was reported exclusively after BMR only (OR: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.46; <i>P</i> = .004; I² = 0%). All studies accounted for heterogeneity in the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis. Two studies were judged as moderate risk of bias and two as serious. Assessment of Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation resulted in moderate certainty in the outcome of motor success rates.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>BTX-A might be a good alternative to BMR in patients with PAET. Randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes and longer duration of follow-up are needed. Studies should also focus on sensory outcomes in addition to motor outcomes. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 20XX;XX(X):XXX-XXX.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-Year Results of 0.01% and 0.05% Atropine Eye Drops in Childhood Myopia Progression.","authors":"Sibel Coşkun Akdemir, Irfan Akalın, Betul Önal Günay","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20250227-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20250227-07","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare 0.01% and 0.05% atropine eye drops with every other day treatment for slowing myopia progression in children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Children aged 5 to 15 years who had myopia of -1.00 to 8.00 diopters (D), astigmatism less than -2.50 D, and myopic progression of at least 1.00 D in the past year were included in the retrospective study. The 0.01% and 0.05% atropine eye drops were applied every other day. At each visit, all patients underwent complete ophthalmic examination including cycloplegic refraction, axial length (AL), and photopic-mesopic pupil sizes. Spherical equivalent (SE), AL, and photopicmesopic pupil sizes were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 92 eyes of 46 patients were included in the study (22 in the 0.01% atropine group and 24 in the 0.05% atropine group). At the end of the 12-month follow-up period, the mean SE changes were -0.41 ± 0.28 and -0.19 ± 0.22 D in the 0.01% and 0.05% atropine groups, respectively (<i>P</i> < .001). The AL changes were 0.19 ± 0.16 and 0.16 ± 024 mm in the 0.01% and 0.05% atropine groups, respectively (<i>P</i> = .52). Side effects such as photophobia and blurred near vision were not observed in the 0.01% atropine group, but in the 0.05% atropine group, photophobia was observed in 3(12.5%) cases and blurred near vision was observed in 8 (33%) cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The 0.01% and 0.05% atropine eye drops significantly slowed the progression of myopia with every other day use. The 0.01% atropine was better tolerated than 0.05% atropine. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 20XX;X(X):XXX-XXX.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Surgical Success in Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction: A Comprehensive Analysis of Demographic Influences and Outcomes.","authors":"Yusuf B Akbaş, Gamze Öztürk Karabulut, Inanç Tuncel, Şenay Aşık Nacaroğlu, Kübra Şerefoğlu Çabuk, Korhan Fazıl, Berkay Ö Karaca","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20250227-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20250227-05","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the surgical outcomes of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) in pediatric patients, focusing on the impact of demographic characteristics and the age at surgery on success rates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study analyzed a cohort of pediatric patients diagnosed as having CNLDO and undergoing surgical intervention at a tertiary care center between 2011 and 2022. Data on patient demographics, age at diagnosis, age at surgery, surgical technique used, perioperative findings, postoperative complications, and follow-up results were collected from medical records. Success was defined as the resolution of symptoms without the need for further surgical intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 588 patients were included in the study. The median age at diagnosis was 7 months, whereas the median age at surgery was 23 months. Surgical success was achieved in 92.2% of cases. A significant correlation was observed between the age at surgery and the success rate. Those surgeries performed earlier demonstrated a higher success rate compared to those performed later. The presence of systemic disease, Rosenmüller's valve stenosis, postoperative dacryocystitis, and tube dislocation was significantly higher in the restenosis group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Early surgical intervention for CNLDO yields higher success rates, underscoring the importance of timely diagnosis and management. This study highlights the efficacy of surgical treatment for CNLDO in pediatric patients, with minimal risk of complications. Future research should focus on long-term outcomes and the development of standardized guidelines for the management of CNLDO to further improve patient care. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 20XX;XX(X):XXX-XXX.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Effect Observation of Surgery on Congenital Fibrovascular Pupillary Membrane.","authors":"Zheng Shao, Feijia Xie, Yusen Huang","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20250227-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20250227-06","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcomes of congenital fibrovascular pupillary membrane (CFPM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve children (13 eyes) diagnosed as having CFPM between November 2017 and January 2024 in Qingdao Eye Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Basic information and ophthalmic examination results were analyzed. Different treatment outcomes were monitored. Pathological analysis was performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three eyes (25%) received conservative treatment, whereas 10 eyes (83.3%) underwent membranectomy. Compared to fellow eyes, the affected eyes exhibited increased central corneal and lens thickness, with decreased central anterior chamber depth (all <i>P</i> < .05). No significant difference was observed in mean pre-operative intraocular pressure between the affected and fellow eyes, both within normal range. The median best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) for non-surgical cases was 0.9 llogarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (og-MAR) (Snellen equivalent of 0.125) with miosis. Surgical treatment improved the natural pupil size and median BCVA to 0.4 logMAR (Snellen equivalent of 0.4). Postoperative amblyopia was 100% and 33.3% in patients who underwent surgery after age 3 years and at or before 3 years, respectively (<i>P</i> = .035). No surgery-induced cataracts or recurrence in cases of unilateral involvement was noted. Histopathological analysis revealed that the excised tissue consisted of proliferative fibrous and vascular tissues with infiltrated inflammatory cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Affected eyes in CFPM exhibit a thickened cornea and lens with a shallow anterior chamber, typically without glaucoma. Surgery is a safe and effective treatment with low recurrence and fewer complications compared to limited conservative treatment. Performing surgery before age 3 years reduces amblyopia risk. CFPM may be linked to chronic inflammation from incomplete degeneration of fetal eye vasculature. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 20XX;XX(X):XXX-XXX.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis and Refractive Amblyopia Risk Factors in Children With Chalazia: Safety Considerations in Telehealth Management.","authors":"Elyssa Dionne, Daniel Henick, Jill Rotruck","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20250227-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20250227-03","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine the prevalence of corneal changes and refractive amblyopia risk factors (ARFs) associated with blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC) to evaluate the safety of remote pediatric chalazion management.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The authors retrospectively reviewed 381 in-person patients with chalazia 0 to younger than 18 years. The prevalence of corneal changes associated with BKC in all patients with chalazion 0 to younger than 18 years was compared with the population prevalence. Patient-reported symptoms were compared in patients with chalazion with and without corneal findings associated with BKC. The 2021 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) ARF and visually significant refractive error failure level definitions were used to compare population prevalence of refractive ARFs to prevalence in patients with chalazia younger than 9 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten of 381 patients with a chalazion (2.62%) had simultaneous active corneal changes associated with BKC, with a relative risk compared to the population of 444.9739 (<i>P</i> < .0001); 90% reported eye pain, eye redness, photophobia, or blurred vision. The prevalence of patients with a chalazion who concurrently met the 2021 AAPOS ARF and visually significant refractive error failure level definitions was 9.89% in 71 patients younger than 48 months and 21.79% in 78 patients 48 months to younger than 9 years. The relative risk of refractive ARFs was 1.7871 (<i>P</i> = .1397) in patients with chalazion younger than 48 months and 1.8014 (<i>P</i> = .0261) in those 48 months to younger than 9 years compared to the general population.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The elevated risk of corneal changes associated with BKC in patients with chalazia 0 to younger than 18 years and refractive ARFs in patients with chalazia 48 months to younger than 9 years should prompt screening for these conditions in association with teleophthalmology encounters. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 20XX;XX(X):XXX-XXX.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intravitreal Methotrexate and CAR-T Therapy for Anterior Segment B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Relapse.","authors":"Chathuranka De Silva, Alan Connor, Wing Roberts","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20250117-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20250117-01","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The authors present a child with a rare case of unilateral pseudo-hypopyon and raised intraocular pressure as the only manifestation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia recurrence. This was treated with intravitreal methotrexate and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) with subsequent remission. This case demonstrates intravitreal methotrexate is a safe and effective adjunct to use with CAR-T therapy for relapsing acute lymphoblastic leukemia with ocular involvement. Further research should be sought on both CAR-T therapy and intravitreal methotrexate for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with ocular involvement. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 2025;62(2):e18-e21.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":"62 2","pages":"e18-e21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143694285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surgical Options for Intermittent Exotropia.","authors":"Darron Bacal, Alina Dumitrescu, Daniel Weaver, Rudolph S Wagner","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20241210-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20241210-01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":"62 2","pages":"81-83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143694287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surgical Treatment of Strabismus in Children With Developmental Delay: A Review of the Literature and Results of Personal Experience.","authors":"Aldo Vagge, Andrea Lembo, Paolo Nucci","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20241001-01","DOIUrl":"10.3928/01913913-20241001-01","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To review the current literature, to provide a foundation of knowledge on strabismus surgery in patients with developmental delay, and to present results from the authors' personal experience.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The following terms were searched on PubMed: strabismus surgery, mental delay, developmental delay, Down syndrome, Angelman syndrome, cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, Williams syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and fetal alcohol syndrome. Surgical outcomes were analyzed and discussed; only English articles were included. Medical records of 183 patients with developmental delay who underwent strabismus correction surgery from 2001 to 2020 were examined and discussed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Articles were reviewed and analyzed, categorized based on the disease. The authors' experience included 183 patients with various diseases or syndromes: 44 Down syndrome, 40 fetal alcohol syndrome, 36 Williams syndrome, 9 fragile X syndrome, 12 Angelman syndrome, 11 Cohen syndrome, and 31 cerebral palsy. Surgical results at 3 and 18 months of follow-up were analyzed. Regarding esotropia surgery, 83.9% had a deviation of less than 8 prism diopters at 3 months and 53.8% at 18 months of follow-up. Hypocorrection was seen in 7.7% and 3.5% and hypercorrection was observed in 8.4% and 52.7% at 3 and 18 months, respectively. For exotropia, 60% had a deviation of less than 8 prism diopters at 3 months and 22.5% at 18 months. Hypocorrection occurred in 35% and 75%, whereas hypercorrection was found in 5% and 2.5%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A higher prevalence of strabismus was found in these patients and the surgical outcomes were more difficult to predict. Patients with esotropia were more hypercorrected, whereas those with exotropia were more hyporcorrected. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 2025;62(2):96-104.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"96-104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability in the Evaluation and Treatment of Healthy Neonates With Uncomplicated Conjunctivitis.","authors":"Camden Nelson, Bailee J Deshler, Brittany Bernstein, Stephen Aronoff","doi":"10.3928/01913913-20241121-04","DOIUrl":"10.3928/01913913-20241121-04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To explore the current state of diagnosis and management of neonatal conjunctivitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cosmos, an EHR-based, de-identified data set including more than 200 million patients, was used for this study. Neonates born between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2022, discharged from the hospital by day 3 of life, and with an ambulatory visit within the first 4 weeks of life associated with a new diagnosis of neonatal conjunctivitis (SNOMED) or conjunctivitis (ICD-10 H10.*) were included. Cosmos slicer/dicer software was used to extract demographic, diagnostic, etiologic, and therapeutic data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1,870 of 7,325,276 (0.0255%) neonates with a hospital stay of 3 days or less met criteria for inclusion: 96.5% were from the United States, 16.2% were admitted to the hospital, and bacterial cultures were obtained from 21.3%. Congenital lacrimal duct stenosis was causative in 2.7% of patients. Important infectious agents included staphylococcal, streptococcal, or enterococcal species (2.5%), <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> (1.6%), and <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> (0.6%). No herpesviral or <i>Pseudomonas</i> infections were identified. Antimicrobial agents were prescribed to 93.7% of patients and given ophthalmically (79.5%), orally (11.4%), and parenterally (7.7%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The evaluation and management of neonatal conjunctivitis within United States ambulatory settings are highly variable. Diagnostic studies are underused, resulting in limited etiologic data and a lack of susceptibility-guided treatment. <b>[<i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i>. 2025;62(2):143-149.]</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"143-149"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142923847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}