Journal of the American Pharmacists Association最新文献

{"title":"An assessment of pharmacist perceptions and experiences with community health workers","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The American Public Health Association defines a community health worker (CHW) as “a trusted member of and/or has an unusually close understanding of the community served.” Both CHWs and pharmacists have shown they are well-equipped to produce positive outcomes in chronic disease management, but there is still a gap in the literature regarding the CHW-pharmacist relationship.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The objective of this study was to assess and describe pharmacist perceptions and experiences with CHWs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An online survey was distributed to pharmacists via state and national pharmacy organizations in the following states: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Wisconsin. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographics and pharmacist experiences with CHWs.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The survey received 241 responses and 212 (88.0%) met inclusion criteria. Of the 212 eligible respondents, the survey was sufficiently completed by 163 (76.9%). These 163 complete responses were included in the data analysis. Fifty-eight (35.6%) respondents reported working with a CHW and 105 (64.4%) reported never working with a CHW. Fifty-two (89.7%) respondents who previously worked with a CHW were strongly interested or interested in continuing to work with a CHW. Sixty-one (58.1%) respondents without experience were strongly interested or interested in working with a CHW. The reported improvements seen with the addition of a CHW to the healthcare team included: improved patient empowerment, improved clinical patient outcomes, decreased workload of other health care professionals, increased healthcare knowledge, increased healthcare utilization, and increased medication and/or treatment plan adherence.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Pharmacists recognize the benefit of working with a CHW and their contributions to patient care and want to continue working collaboratively. Collaborative pharmacist-CHW relationships should be a priority for optimizing care through community pharmacies and will require a shift in the current structure of community pharmacy services.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140865597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost analysis of one-time intravenous antibiotic doses in the emergency department","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Research shows that one-time doses of intravenous (IV) antibiotics do not improve resolution of infection. However, providers continue to use them—especially in the emergency department (ED). Very few studies have aimed to quantify the cost of this practice.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The primary objective was to evaluate the difference in average total cost of ED stay between patients who received a one-time dose of IV antibiotics in the ED before discharging on oral antibiotics and patients who were just discharged on oral antibiotics. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the differences in durations of stay between the 2 groups, as well as the differences in adverse drug effects and need for health care contact after discharge.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Chart review was conducted to identify patients who received and did not receive a one-time dose of IV antibiotics in the ED between April 30, 2020, and April 30, 2022. A microcosting approach was used to determine ED-associated costs per patient. Comparisons in primary and secondary outcomes were performed using statistical inferential tests.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 102 patients were analyzed in each group. Patients who received a one-time dose of IV antibiotics in the ED before being discharged on oral antibiotics had an average length of stay of 4.55 hours, as opposed to patients who did not receive a one-time dose of IV antibiotics before being discharged on oral antibiotics who had an average length of stay of 2.82 hours (absolute difference 1.73 hours, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). One-time dosing of IV antibiotics in the ED incurred an additional cost of approximately $556 per patient, totaling to more than $56,000 in our study cohort.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The use of one-time IV antibiotics in the ED did not confer any additional benefits to patients. The use of one-time doses resulted in statistically significant reduced throughput in the ED and statistically significant increased health care costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140858720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reprint of: Determining the association between grocery nutrition scores and number of medications taken for metabolic syndrome: A pilot study","authors":"Alexandra Q. Dawson,&nbsp;Andrew G. Azzi,&nbsp;Scott Schimmel,&nbsp;Mitchell S. Howard","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of disease states that increases an individual’s risk of developing diabetes or cardiovascular disease. When treating metabolic syndrome, lifestyle and diet are primary areas for interventions. A dietician-led grocery nutrition system scoring patients’ purchases may correlate to better control of metabolic health.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To compare the number of medications taken for metabolic syndrome for patients with grocery nutrition scores at goal versus those below goal as pre-defined by the dietician team.</div></div><div><h3>Practice Description</h3><div>This exploratory, retrospective cohort pilot study took place in a single pharmacy within a large community pharmacy chain in Northwest Ohio.</div></div><div><h3>Practice Innovation</h3><div>This retrospective cohort study compared the number of medications taken for metabolic syndrome between two groups: patients with a grocery nutrition score at a dietician-set goal and patients not at goal.</div></div><div><h3>Evaluation Methods</h3><div>Data were collected from May 2022 to March 2023, with patients completing a questionnaire collecting information on demographics. In addition, the questionnaire, grocery nutrition scores, and patient medication records were collected. Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographic items. A number of medications taken for metabolic syndrome by patients at dietician-set grocery nutrition score goal and not at goal were compared using a Mann-Whitney U test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 40 patients were enrolled in this study. There was not a significant difference in a number of medications taken for metabolic syndrome between groups, with patients who had a grocery nutrition score at goal taking an average of 1.20 medications compared to 1.96 for those with grocery nutrition scores below goal.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>While no statistical difference in mean medication use was identified, grocery nutrition scores may help understand patients’ dietary habits. Larger studies are required to test the relationship between grocery nutrition scores, patient-specific factors, and medications taken for metabolic syndrome.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141914398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of an enhanced depression and anxiety screening with targeted pharmacist intervention","authors":"Shelby Reid,&nbsp;Robert Nichols,&nbsp;Stevie Veach,&nbsp;Eilan Alhersh,&nbsp;Matthew Witry","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Depression is a major source of morbidity but often goes undiagnosed. Broader screening is recommended, and pharmacists could contribute.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to assess the feasibility of community pharmacy depression and anxiety screening and describe the medication-related problems (MRPs) identified, pharmacist interventions, and provider responses for high-risk patients.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This pilot was conducted between October 2022 and January 2023 at an independently owned community pharmacy in the Midwest United States. Patients aged 18-45 years with ready prescriptions were identified through weekly reports, and tags were placed on prescription bags. A convenience sample of patients fluent in English were offered the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ2) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD2), with follow-up PHQ9 and GAD7 for at-risk individuals. High-risk individuals met with the pharmacist for consultation and recommendations were discussed. Descriptive statistics were calculated for participant demographics, questionnaire responses, MRPs, and provider responses. Patient profiles were examined 2 months after the workup to identify medication changes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 29 patients volunteered to be screened for anxiety and depression; of these, 41% scored in the high-risk category for depression or anxiety and met with the pharmacist for the consultation. The pharmacist identified multiple MRPs. The most common was the need for additional therapy and inadequate dosages. Patients were reluctant for the pharmacist to follow up with their prescriber and were unreachable for telephone follow-up. Profiles reviewed 2 months after assessment showed half of the at-risk patients had one or more mental health medication changes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Community pharmacists may have a role in the screening and management of patient mental health, although there were challenges with screening uptake and follow-up. The pharmacist identified multiple MRPs for this high-risk group for which greater routine monitoring and follow-up may be beneficial. More work seems needed to engage both patients and prescribers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141914394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reprint of: Impact of outpatient pharmacist dispensing in an opioid use disorder clinic","authors":"Emma Piehl,&nbsp;Stevie Veach,&nbsp;Amanda Powers,&nbsp;Rachel Otting,&nbsp;Jess Smith,&nbsp;Linnea A. Polgreen,&nbsp;Kaley Wolff,&nbsp;Matthew J. Witry","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Medications for opioid use disorder are effective in reducing opioid deaths, but access can be an issue. Relocating an outpatient pharmacist for weekly buprenorphine dispensing in an outpatient clinic may facilitate coverage for buprenorphine and mitigate access and counseling barriers.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate whether staffing an outpatient resident pharmacist to dispense in the buprenorphine clinic had a positive impact on (1) mean cost per prescription charged to charity care and (2) basic elements of patient satisfaction with the on-site pharmacist.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Patient demographics, buprenorphine formulation, insurance type, and uncovered costs were abstracted from dispensing records in the 16 weeks before the pharmacist clinic presence and 16 weeks with the pharmacist present. The difference in insurance types across the 2 periods was tested using a chi-square test, and the mean uncovered prescription costs charged to charity care for the 2 periods was compared using an independent-samples <em>t</em> test. A brief survey was administered while the pharmacist was on-site to evaluate satisfaction, which was analyzed with frequencies of “yes” responses and free-text comments.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 38 patients received buprenorphine during both the pre- and postperiods. Once the pharmacist was on-site, more patients used Medicaid or private insurance, decreasing the mean uncovered cost per prescription from $55.00 (SD 68.7) to $36.97 (SD 60.1) (<em>P</em> = 0.002). Patients reported high levels of satisfaction with most reporting they were more likely to ask questions, pick up their prescriptions, and take their medicine with the pharmacist in the clinic.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The pharmacist successfully transitioned a portion of prescriptions previously covered by charity care to Medicaid or private insurance. This shift led to a decrease in charity care costs by $2950.20 and a reduction in the average uncovered cost per prescription. The pharmacist’s presence in the clinic seemed to reduce barriers especially related to inconvenience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141996793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reprint of: Impact of altered mental status on antibiotic prescribing and outcomes in hospitalized patients presenting with pyuria","authors":"Haley N. Boerckel,&nbsp;Lacy J. Worden,&nbsp;Lisa A. Salvati,&nbsp;Andrew P. Jameson,&nbsp;Lisa E. Dumkow","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pyuria is nonspecific and may result in over-treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB). The Infectious Diseases Society of America recommends against antibiotic treatment of ASB for most patients including those presenting with altered mental status (AMS). Close observation is recommended over treatment to avoid missing alternative causes of AMS and overuse of antibiotics resulting in adverse events and resistance.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The purpose of this study was to evaluate patient outcomes associated with antibiotic treatment of pyuria in patients presenting with AMS at hospital admission without specific urinary tract infection (UTI) symptoms. The primary objective was to compare 30-day readmission rates of patients with pyuria and AMS treated with antibiotics (AMS+Tx) versus those who were not treated (AMS-NoTx). Secondary outcomes included identifying risk factors for antibiotic treatment, comparing alternative diagnoses for AMS, and comparing safety outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective cohort study evaluated adult patients with AMS and pyuria (10 WBC/hpf) admitted between February 1, 2020 and October 1, 2021, in a 350-bed community teaching hospital. Patients with documented urinary symptoms were excluded. Additional exclusion criteria included admission to critical care, history of renal transplant, urological surgery, coinfections, pregnancy, and neutropenia.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Two-hundred patients were included (AMS+Tx, n = 162; AMS-NoTx, n=38). There was no difference in 30-day hospital readmission rate for AMS between groups (AMS+Tx 16.7% vs AMS-NoTx 23.7%, <em>P</em> = 0.311). An alternative diagnosis of AMS occurred more frequently when antibiotics were withheld (AMS+Tx 66% vs. AMS-NoTx 86.8%, <em>P</em> = 0.012). Urinalyses showing bacteria (odds ratio 2.52; 95% CI, 1.11-5.731) and positive urine culture (OR 3.36; 95% CI, 1.46-7.711) were associated with antibiotic prescribing.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Inappropriate antibiotic use is common among hospitalized patients presenting with AMS and pyuria; however, treatment of asymptomatic pyuria did not decrease rates of subsequent readmission for AMS or retreatment of symptomatic UTI. Patients who were monitored off antibiotics had higher rates of alternative AMS diagnosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141914404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102229","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142228540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacists perceptions of providing colorectal cancer screening in community-based practice","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common diagnosed cancer in the United States. Kentucky pharmacists can be instrumental in the CRC early detection process through board-authorized protocols (BAPs): a regulatory approach managed by the Kentucky Board of Pharmacy that allows pharmacists to increase access to care while saving lives through early detection screening. Determining the barriers and successes of implementing CRC screening can improve access to education and care for patients.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate community pharmacists’ perceptions of implementing a colorectal screening for patients via protocol and identify pharmacists’ confidence and potential barriers such as cost, staff support, and patient need for colorectal screening in community pharmacy settings.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A survey was sent electronically to a convenience sample of pharmacists throughout Kentucky. The survey collected demographics, opinions regarding implementation of the CRC screening protocol, pharmacists’ perceptions of knowledge, and the barriers and benefits associated with implementation of CRC services.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 207 responses were received and of those 151 were from community-based pharmacists; 34% of pharmacists agreed or strongly agreed to offer CRC screening. Overwhelmingly, 81.3% of pharmacists reported need for additional training. There were no statistically significant differences in support among demographic factors: practice setting (<em>P</em> = 0.937), gender (<em>P</em> = 0.973), age (<em>P</em> = 0.568), and years practicing (<em>P</em> = 0.870). In addition, the most common barriers reported were lack of reimbursement (97%), lack of willingness for patients to pay (98%), and time or workflow issues (97%). Most pharmacists stated that lack of trust in pharmacists was not a barrier (87%).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Overall, 34% of pharmacists either agreed or strongly agreed to offer CRC screening via the board-approved protocol. However, overwhelmingly the pharmacists believe that there is a need for additional training and opportunities for additional training on BAPs have increased drastically in Kentucky. Barriers such as lack of reimbursement, willingness to pay, and time or workflow issues need to be overcome before implementation. Finding solutions to these barriers will increase pharmacist’s support.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140900023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reprint of: An assessment of a sleep aid and sleep promotion practices in hospitalized medical patients","authors":"Marisa C. Rinehart,&nbsp;Sona Ghorashi,&nbsp;Mojdeh S. Heavner,&nbsp;Asha Tata,&nbsp;Matthew Bathula,&nbsp;Sean Kelly,&nbsp;Siu Yan A. Yeung,&nbsp;Kaitlin Landolf,&nbsp;Jennifer Y. So,&nbsp;Nidhi Goel,&nbsp;Brian E. Grover","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Half of patients admitted to medicine units report sleep disruption, which increases the risk of sleep deprivation. Non-pharmacological interventions are the first step to improving sleep. However, utilization of sleep aids continues to be prevalent. Limited data are available on sleep aid prescribing practices across transitions of care.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The aim of this study was to describe the current practices for assessing sleep and prescribing pharmacologic agents to promote sleep in the adult medicine population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study was designed as a single-center, retrospective, observational cohort study of all patients discharged by the general medicine teams over a 3-month period (September 2019- November 2019). Prior to admission, inpatient and discharge prescriptions for sleep aids were recorded, and documentation of sleep assessments and non-pharmacological interventions were evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 754 patients included, 211 (28%) were prescribed a sleep aid while inpatient. During hospitalization, 124 (16%) patients had at least one documented sleep assessment, and only 22 (3%) were ordered the institutional non-pharmacological sleep promotion order set. The most prescribed sleep aid in inpatients was melatonin (50%), as well as prior to admission (35%) and at discharge (25%). Overall, the relative reduction in sleep aid prescriptions between admission and discharge was 67%.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Inpatient sleep aid prescribing is common in medical patients. Despite this, sleep assessments and the standard of care of non-pharmacological interventions are rarely utilized. Future efforts should focus on implementation of strategies to make sleep assessments and non-pharmacological sleep promotion routine and consistent in the inpatient setting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141996791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When PharmDs pursue a PhD","authors":"Adati Tarfa,&nbsp;Taylor Watterson","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102097","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142228580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}