Journal of the American Pharmacists Association最新文献

{"title":"Mapping pharmacy deserts in North Carolina: a geospatial analysis and its implications for University of North Carolina Health’s catchment population","authors":"Nivedha Poondi,&nbsp;Andrew Douglas,&nbsp;Philip McDaniel,&nbsp;Kate Naper,&nbsp;Kamakshi Rao,&nbsp;Stephanie Kiser,&nbsp;Ina Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Pharmacy deserts represent areas where residents face notable challenges to accessing pharmacies. North Carolina (NC) presents an intriguing case study due to its diverse geographic landscape yet lacks extensive research regarding its pharmacy deserts.</p></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>This study aims to map pharmacy deserts in NC using pharmacy location and social determinants of health (SDOH) data measured using the social vulnerability index (SVI) and descriptively characterize health care utilization statistics for University of North Carolina (UNC) Health’s catchment population.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Pharmacy location data was compiled from the NC Board of Pharmacy. Pharmacy deserts were defined based on SVI &gt; 0.75 and distance thresholds aligned to United States Department of Agriculture standards. Residential characteristics were retrieved from PolicyMap and Social Explorer databases. UNC Health patient utilization data were collected by UNC Pharmacy Data Analytics group for 3 NC counties.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Two thousand and two NC pharmacies met inclusion criteria. 17.2% urban tracts (1.3M residents) and 4.25% rural tracts (0.14M residents) were identified as pharmacy deserts (adj. <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). Those residing in deserts had significantly less internet access, annual medical cost per capita, and access to homeless relief services as well as significantly higher food insecurity rates and Medicare cost per capita (adj. <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). UNC-specific health care utilization statistics for the 3 assessed counties were all poorer in deserts compared to nondeserts within the same counties (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>A geospatial map with the location of pharmacy deserts in NC was created to highlight differences in patient health care utilization, affecting rural and urban areas. By incorporating SDOH predictors, this study provides a more nuanced map of NC pharmacy deserts compared to reviewing distance to pharmacies alone. Higher rates of emergency department and inpatient visits in counties with more residents in pharmacy deserts suggests potential health outcomes associated with limited pharmacy access.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"64 6","pages":"Article 102215"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142019379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Borne of necessity: pharmacy-based harm reduction and express sexually transmitted infection services","authors":"Whitney Dickson,&nbsp;Jinny Meyer,&nbsp;Jessica Leston,&nbsp;Brigg Reilley","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), and substance use disorder are interrelated epidemics. Augmented services to respond to this “syndemic” are hampered by shortages of health care workers, especially in rural areas. In an Indian Health Service hospital in rural Minnesota, the pharmacy sought to integrate harm reduction and express STI services into its scope of practice.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Provide pharmacy-based harm reduction and express STI services to increase access to care for community members, especially those without a primary care provider.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The program was designed with input from tribal counterparts and internal medical staff. The pharmacy window was made the intake point for services for patient education, harm reduction materials, and STI testing and treatment. Collaborative practice agreements and standing orders greatly expanded the pharmacy’s ability to deliver care. Later in the program, the pharmacy was able to introduce patient incentives.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From October 2022 to November 2023, the program had 500 visits from 101 unique patients with a median age of 36. Among users of the service, 71% did not have a primary care provider. Once patient incentives were introduced, express STI testing increased over 10-fold. The laboratory panels had a 44% positivity rate for either an STI or HCV.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Pharmacy can be an accessible and effective means of delivering harm reduction, STI, and HCV services. Patient incentives may greatly increase testing and detection of infectious diseases among patients who may otherwise not seek care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"64 6","pages":"Article 102213"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142019378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Culturally competent approaches in addressing hypertension control disparities in African Americans: The pharmacist's perspective","authors":"Nana Entsuah-Boateng,&nbsp;Michelle Phuong Nguyen,&nbsp;Parmis Khatibi,&nbsp;Connie Abdo","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the United States, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death. Despite advancements in the identification of risk factors and management of CVD leading to improved mortality over the years, disparities in outcomes persist among racial/ethnic groups. In this commentary, we discuss the multifaceted nature of this issue, including structural barriers and historical injustices that lead to healthcare mistrust. Emphasizing culturally appropriate approaches, we explore the pharmacist's role in providing culturally competent care and propose policy recommendations to improve disparities in blood pressure outcomes. The paper underscores the importance of collaborative efforts among healthcare providers, policymakers, and communities to address this critical public health challenge.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"64 6","pages":"Article 102217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standardizing a transitions of care pharmacist workflow for tobacco cessation efforts","authors":"Rachel C. Moehlenbrock,&nbsp;Amanda K. Kuszmaul,&nbsp;Kimber L. Woodrum,&nbsp;Brittany V. Wyatt","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease, disability, and death. Pharmacists can aid in smoking cessation through pharmacotherapy recommendations, patient counseling, and follow-up.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Describe a standardized transitions of care (TOC) pharmacist workflow for patients' tobacco cessation efforts at hospital discharge and to secondarily evaluate patient participation, impact on cessation outcomes, and pharmacist effort to provide the service.</p></div><div><h3>Practice description</h3><p>TOC pharmacists provide medication optimization and education to patients admitted to and discharged from Norton Healthcare hospitals. Medication optimization for tobacco cessation occurs through a provider recommendation or by utilizing the Kentucky Board of Pharmacy–authorized protocol.</p></div><div><h3>Practice innovation</h3><p>A standardized workflow was created for TOC pharmacists to identify patients who use tobacco, assess patients’ current tobacco use and willingness to quit, select appropriate pharmacotherapy, document, and follow up after discharge.</p></div><div><h3>Evaluation methods</h3><p>A retrospective descriptive study was performed for adult patients assessed by TOC pharmacists for tobacco cessation between November 2021 and April 2022, with follow-up visits completed through December 2022.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The pharmacists assessed 357 patients and 252 (70.6%) stated they were interested in tobacco cessation. Of those interested, 117 patients (46.4%) indicated they were interested in receiving follow-up from TOC pharmacists and refills from a Norton pharmacy. Of the 117 patients interested in follow-up, 73 patients (62.4%) completed at least 1 follow-up visit with the TOC pharmacist. At the last completed follow-up visit, 26 patients (35.6%) reported complete tobacco cessation. Of the 47 patients who did not have complete cessation, they reported using 39% less tobacco on average compared with their initial assessment at hospital discharge. The mean time spent by TOC pharmacists using this workflow was 13.5 minutes per follow-up visit.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This project formalized a standardized and sustainable TOC pharmacist workflow that demonstrated a positive impact on tobacco cessation efforts for participating patients.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"64 6","pages":"Article 102203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141903418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing the conversation: Empowering community pharmacists to address pneumococcal vaccine hesitancy","authors":"Darius Ramrattan ,&nbsp;Danielle Nagy ,&nbsp;Dean Eurich,&nbsp;Christine Hughes,&nbsp;Darren Lau,&nbsp;Scot Simpson","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Although pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for everyone 65 years of age and older, only 58% of Canadians in this age group have been vaccinated, well below the Public Health Agency of Canada’s target of 80%. To improve uptake, a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial testing the effectiveness of a community pharmacist intervention was developed.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This prespecified sub-study aimed to uncover and quantify factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy by exploring the nature of patient-pharmacist conversations about pneumococcal vaccine.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Beginning each month (April– August 2023), participating pharmacies were randomly selected to receive an education package designed to enhance pharmacists’ knowledge, skills, and abilities in promoting pneumococcal vaccination. Pharmacists provided usual care (control stage) until they received the educational package and transitioned to the intervention stage. Weekly scorecards tracked patient-pharmacist conversations about pneumococcal vaccination. Chi-squared tests compared time taken for each conversation and patient-reported reason(s) for refusal between control and intervention stages.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Thirteen pharmacies from across Alberta were included in the analysis, reporting 656 patient-pharmacist conversations (control stage n = 271, intervention stage n = 385). Time taken for pneumococcal vaccine conversations decreased after pharmacies received the education package (65% of conversations resulting in vaccination took &lt;20 minutes in the control stage, compared to 88% in the intervention stage (<em>P</em> = 0.004)). The most common patient-reported reason for refusal, <em>needing more time to think about the vaccine</em>, remained similar between stages (<em>P</em> = 0.23). However, during the intervention stage, fewer patients refused vaccination due to <em>lack of time to receive it today</em> (<em>P</em> = 0.016) and <em>perceived lack of benefit</em> (<em>P</em> = 0.035), but more patients refused vaccination due to <em>cost barriers</em> (<em>P</em> = 0.026).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The education provided in this study changed the reasons for refusing vaccines, suggesting the nature of patient-pharmacist conversations became more efficient and informed. Similar interventions could be adopted across Canada and the United States to help combat vaccine hesitancy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"64 6","pages":"Article 102202"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S154431912400222X/pdfft?md5=93c6a02f31d2b824bc4ff17944f2114f&pid=1-s2.0-S154431912400222X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141894777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing mental health friendly pharmacies to assist in the early identification and support of older adults at risk of depression: The EMPATHISE pilot study","authors":"Duha N. Gide,&nbsp;Sarira El-Den,&nbsp;Lisa Kouladjian O’Donnell,&nbsp;Kevin Ou,&nbsp;Simone Diamandis,&nbsp;Natasa Gisev,&nbsp;Claire L. O’Reilly","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Late-life depression (LLD) often goes underdiagnosed and undertreated. Community pharmacists are one of the most accessible and trusted healthcare professionals (HCPs) and may play a significant role in LLD screening.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study aimed to develop and pilot a pharmacist-delivered depression screening and referral service for older adults (≥65 years) at risk of depression, within community pharmacy.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Community pharmacists across New South Wales, Australia, were recruited to participate in a prospective pilot study. Pharmacists/pharmacy staff received specialized training before recruiting and screening patients aged ≥65 years using the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15). Patients scoring ≥6 were referred to another HCP, e.g., general practitioner, and followed-up by the pharmacist 1-week postscreening. Patients were also followed-up by a research team member 6-weeks postscreening to explore outcomes of the screening. Semi-structured interviews with pharmacists and patients were undertaken following completion of the pilot study to explore their experiences delivering/receiving the screening service. A thematic inductive analysis approach was used to analyze interview data.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 39 community pharmacies participated in this study. In total, 113 participants attended the training sessions. Pharmacists screened 15 patients from 8 pharmacies, of which 67% were female. Two thirds of patients (67%) received a GDS-15 score of ≥6, indicating possible depression and requiring referral. Pharmacists referred 80% of patients to another HCP. One patient was diagnosed with depression and commenced antidepressant therapy. Five patients and 6 pharmacists participated in semi-structured interviews. Barriers to screening included lack of time and mental illness stigma. Facilitators included pharmacist-patient relationships and training.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Pharmacist-delivered LLD screening was found to be acceptable by both pharmacists and patients, with pharmacists reporting training improved their comfort and confidence with depression screening. These pilot study findings may inform future work into service delivery models to support early identification and treatment of LLD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"64 6","pages":"Article 102199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of PrEP and PEP furnishing in San Francisco Bay Area pharmacies: An observational cross-sectional study","authors":"Grace Herron,&nbsp;Ashley Leong,&nbsp;Keya Patel,&nbsp;Keanna Rasekhi,&nbsp;Dorie E. Apollonio","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Over 1 million people in the United States are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As of 2021, pharmacists in California can prescribe PrEP and PEP without establishing a collaborative practice agreement in an effort to reduce HIV transmission. However, in 2021 less than 3% of independent pharmacies in the San Francisco Bay Area did so. To our knowledge, there has been no follow-up research assessing potential changes in pre-exposure prophylaxis/postexposure prophylaxis (PrEP/PEP) furnishing rates in the region.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Assess the extent of PrEP/PEP furnishing in San Francisco Bay Area pharmacies 3 years after policy implementation.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study to identify independent community and mail-order pharmacies furnishing PrEP/PEP in the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area in 2024. Furnishing pharmacies were identified via phone calls and the findings were validated with in-person visits. We also identified the number of retail chain pharmacies furnishing PrEP/PEP in San Francisco County.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We contacted 202 independent community and mail order pharmacies in the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area by telephone; of these, 16 reported furnishing PEP/PrEP and all confirmed their ability to furnish when visited in person. We contacted 67 retail chain pharmacies in San Francisco County; of these, 11 pharmacies reported furnishing PrEP/PEP (10 Safeway; 1 Walgreens).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>More pharmacies furnished PrEP/PEP in the 9-county San Francisco Bay Area in 2024 (8%) than in 2021 (3%); in addition, one retail chain pharmacy had instituted a furnishing protocol. However, furnishing rates remained low. Past research suggests that advertising and the development of furnishing protocols may help increase furnishing and increase medication access.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"64 6","pages":"Article 102201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1544319124002218/pdfft?md5=d386911af41a5fa492e283dfd35ef3a6&pid=1-s2.0-S1544319124002218-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary care team member’s perceptions of credentialed and privileged clinic pharmacists and impact on clinic workload in a pediatric primary care network","authors":"Cheryl A. Maslouski,&nbsp;Sonya J. Sebastian,&nbsp;Addie Brown,&nbsp;Mahmoud Abdel-Rasoul,&nbsp;Anna Gehres","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pharmacists provide increased access to care, vaccinations, and medication management for patients. Credentialing and privileging of pharmacists allow pharmacists to practice at the top of their licenses and elevate pharmacy practice.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The primary objective of this study was to assess the perception of health care team members of credentialed and privileged pharmacists working in a pediatric primary care network (PCN) before and after implementation of pharmacist privileges. The secondary objective was to determine team members’ perceptions on the amount of time spent refilling medications, resolving medication access issues, and ordering vaccines before and after implementation of pharmacist privileges.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This was a prospective pre-post study using surveys to capture health care team members’ perceptions of credentialed and privileged ambulatory care pharmacists. Surveyed participants included attending physicians, advanced practice nurses, registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, medical assistants, and patient care assistants. Summary statistics are reported as frequencies and percentages. Statistical analysis was conducted using SAS version 9.4.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Fifty-eight preprivileging and 56 postprivileging surveys were distributed. The return rate was 79.3% (n = 46) for preprivileging and 80.4% (n = 45) for postprivileging surveys. More than 90% of respondents had a favorable perception of credentialed and privileged pharmacists in the clinic. There was a significant difference in the perception of the amount of time spent on medication access issues after pharmacist privileges were implemented (<em>P</em> = 0.0296).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Credentialed and privileged pharmacists in a pediatric PCN are viewed favorably by clinic team members and can have a positive impact on clinic workload.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"64 6","pages":"Article 102200"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing English- and Spanish-Reading Patients' Comprehension of the Drug Facts Label for a New Over-The-Counter Oral Contraceptive.","authors":"Aishwarya G Venkatachalam, Brock T Davis, Michelle A Adgalanis, Gicella Garcia, Ashley H Meredith","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2024.102197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health literacy is known to impact health outcomes in a multitude of ways and is impacted by language barriers. Lower health literacy is also associated with higher rates of unintended pregnancies. A progestin-only oral hormonal contraception product, norgestrel (Opill-Perrigo), was approved for over-the-counter (OTC) use in the United States in July 2023.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>(s): The objective was to utilize a knowledge assessment survey to determine participants' comprehension of norgestrel from its drug facts label and compare the comprehension between primarily English- and Spanish-reading participants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 7-item knowledge assessment was developed and distributed to English and Spanish readers at one site within a network of federally qualified health centers. English-reading participants completed the English survey alongside use of an English copy of norgestrel's drug facts label. Spanish-reading participants completed the Spanish survey and were randomized in a 1:1 fashion to either receive an English or Spanish copy of norgestrel's drug facts label.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The English-reading/English label (E/E) group had a higher level of comprehension of norgestrel's drug facts label compared to the Spanish-reading/English label (S/E) or Spanish-reading/Spanish label (S/S) groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Differences exist in OTC label comprehension for norgestrel based on primary language able to be read. Advocacy for OTC labels to be readily available in languages other than English is imperative to mitigate unintended pregnancies associated with lower levels of health literacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":" ","pages":"102197"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring perspectives on vaccinations delivered in complementary nonclinical settings and by nonphysician health professionals: A qualitative interview study","authors":"Amanda L. Eiden,&nbsp;Claire Cagle,&nbsp;Kaitlyn Esselman,&nbsp;Richard Murphy,&nbsp;Erik Muther,&nbsp;Suepattra G. May,&nbsp;Rozanne Wilson,&nbsp;Alexandra Bhatti","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2024.102193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Although vaccines are an effective solution for preventing infectious disease, some vaccination rates remain below national targets, creating a need to increase vaccination access and uptake. A potential solution to improve vaccination rates is the implementation of policies that allow for more convenient vaccination access, such as the expansion of vaccination delivery by nonphysician healthcare providers (NPHPs) outside of traditional clinical settings.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To understand perspectives on vaccine administration at complementary sites (such as pharmacies, mobile clinics, and pop-up clinics) by NPHPs, and the barriers surrounding administration.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We performed interviews with healthcare providers and vaccination policy experts to elicit perspectives on including vaccination program scope, facilitators and barriers to NPHPs administering vaccines, and recommendations for improvement of vaccine administration. Eligible participants were required to either work directly in vaccination administration or work in vaccination policy.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Thirty-eight participants completed interviews. Participants reported that U.S. individuals have a positive view of vaccination at complementary sites and by NPHPs, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic, where vaccination was often performed by NPHPs at complementary sites. Concerns expressed by participants included language barriers, out-of-pocket costs, and mistrust among marginalized communities. Participants described the complexity of state and local regulations, particularly scope of practice laws, as a barrier to implementation of NPHP vaccination programs at complementary sites.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>NPHPs and vaccination advocates report that complementary sites represent a potentially important step to ensuring broader, more equitable vaccination service in the United States.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"64 6","pages":"Article 102193"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1544319124002139/pdfft?md5=4f759e10562871a08b73ae61c3855846&pid=1-s2.0-S1544319124002139-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141876485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}