Journal of the American Pharmacists Association最新文献

{"title":"Leading vaccine gap closure with community health workers: The CPESN Missouri health equity approach","authors":"Mark E. Patterson,&nbsp;Annie Eisenbeis,&nbsp;Ashley Stone,&nbsp;John A. Galdo","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Backbround</h3><div>The Missouri Pharmacy Association (MPA), Community Pharmacy Enhanced Services Network (CPESN) of Missouri, and CPESN Health Equity launched the Missouri Pharmacy Vaccine Gap Closure Program aimed to improve vaccine coverage by integrating community health workers (CHWs) into pharmacy settings. Preliminary findings indicate 6.6% gap closure rate, $700,000 in increased revenue, and $2.5 million in reduced costs.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of integrating CHW-trained pharmacy technicians into existing workflows for immunization services, evaluate staff perceptions and acceptance, and identify facilitators and barriers to implementation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Pharmacy technicians trained as CHWs or Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) specialists worked with pharmacists to conduct immunization and SDOH screenings, tailored educational sessions, and patient follow-ups aligned with medication synchronization workflows. Data on vaccine eligibility, patient demographics, and health status were collected prospectively and surveys administered to staff assessed barriers and facilitators.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Staff from pharmacies participating rated the program highly in value for both the pharmacy and patients, feeling comfortable addressing vaccine hesitancy. Integration with Med Sync workflows received moderate scores, while the Basecamp support portal was highly valued, along with positively rated but less utilized regional facilitators (RF). Key facilitators included cross-training, integration with Med Sync, and robust resources and training. Barriers included staff shortages, low patient engagement, and difficulties in stores lacking a dedicated workflow champion.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The Missouri Pharmacy Vaccine Gap Closure Program has demonstrated positive impact and initial success in the first 6 months, integrating well into pharmacy workflows and receiving strong support and value recognition from pharmacies' staff. Key success factors include the cross-training of technicians as CHW/SDoH specialists and robust technical support from MPA and CPESN. Growth opportunities include enhancing awareness of RFs' value among pharmacy sites and further analyzing medication synchronization workflow variations to establish best practices to optimize program implementation and delivery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"65 5","pages":"Article 102429"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144228405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Employment and wage trends among pharmacists and other health care professionals: 2014–2022","authors":"M.O. Faruk Khan,&nbsp;Suhila Sawesi,&nbsp;Mohamed Rashrash,&nbsp;Baleigh A. Goddard","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The health care employment landscape has significantly changed over the past decade, particularly among pharmacists.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to explore employment trends among pharmacists across various industries from 2014 to 2022 and compare them with other health care professionals (HCPs), including physicians, nurse practitioners, nurse midwives, and physician assistants.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Employment and wage data for these professions from 2014 to 2022 were obtained from Data USA, while projections for 2033 were sourced from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The analysis focused on the top 10 industries for each profession. Microsoft Excel was used for statistical and trend analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All health care professions have experienced significant employment growth and wage increases since 2014. Pharmacist employment in community pharmacies has gradually declined (from 60% in 2014 to 54% in 2022), while hospital pharmacist employment remained stable. However, pharmacists had a notable increase in employment in food and beverage retailers, general merchandise retailers, ambulatory care, government, wholesale trade, outpatient care centers, federal government, and finance and insurance sectors. The adoption of health informatics tools, such as clinical decision support systems and electronic health records, has facilitated the diversification of pharmacist roles. In contrast, employment trends in other HCPs remained relatively stable.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The pharmacy profession has experienced a shift, with pharmacists moving beyond traditional community pharmacy roles to more diverse sectors. This trend contrasts with the stability in employment trends for other HCPs, underscoring the evolving nature of the pharmacy profession in response to health care needs and legislative support.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"65 5","pages":"Article 102428"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144210742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacy closures and the expansion of pharmacy deserts in Ohio: A 2021–2024 analysis","authors":"Odysseas P. Chatzipanagiotou,&nbsp;Giovanni Catalano,&nbsp;Mujtaba Khalil,&nbsp;Timothy M. Pawlik","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The financial implications of the pandemic, the continuous decline in reimbursement rates, and the rise of online pharmacies have contributed to the closure of many pharmacies in the United States, turning more and more neighborhoods into pharmacy deserts.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We sought to assess the trends in pharmacy closures in Ohio from 2021 to 2024 and evaluate the characteristics of neighborhoods that have become pharmacy deserts.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional study utilized pharmacy license data from the Ohio Board of Pharmacy to evaluate census-tract level pharmacy closures and pharmacy deserts in Ohio. In total, 2206 and 1854 pharmacies were included in the analysis for 2021 and 2024, respectively. The Ohio Opportunity Index (OOI), the Digital Divide Index (DDI), and Health Professional Shortage Area status were assessed relative to pharmacy desert status.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 3168 census tracts in Ohio, pharmacy deserts increased from 106 in 2021 to 139 in 2024. Large-chain pharmacies accounted for the vast majority (n = 309; 62.3%) of the 496 pharmacy closures. Of note, pharmacy deserts had a higher proportion of non-Hispanic Black individuals (pharmacy deserts: 40.6%, interquartile range [IQR] 8.8–77.9 vs. nonpharmacy deserts: 3.5%, IQR 0.7–15.2). Moreover, census tracts designated as pharmacy deserts had lower OOI (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.17-9.65) and higher DDI (aOR 2.08, 95%CI 1.08–4.18; <em>P</em> = 0.033) compared with nonpharmacy desert tracts.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The number of pharmacy deserts in Ohio has been increasing in recent years, particularly affecting communities with less opportunity and limited broadband access, thus exacerbating existent inequalities regarding access to pharmacy services.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"65 5","pages":"Article 102422"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144201331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of the essential medicines lists of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and the World Health Organization","authors":"Miranda Lynn Janvrin,&nbsp;Amandari Kanagaratnam,&nbsp;Victor A. Suarez,&nbsp;David Y. Light,&nbsp;Irwin Lucki,&nbsp;Tracey Pérez Koehlmoos","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>An inability to obtain high-quality essential medications for U.S. warfighters constitutes a significant national security concern. An essential medicines list (EML) contains the medicines that a functioning health system must always have available to satisfy priority health needs.</div></div><div><h3>Objective(s)</h3><div>A comparison of EMLs across U.S. agencies will facilitate focused decision-making for policymakers who are working to provide solutions to strengthen the U.S. pharmaceutical supply chain by highlighting the national and international competition for essential medicines.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We identified and obtained EMLs from the Department of Health and Human Services (2022), the Department of Defense (2023), the Food and Drug Administration (2020), and the World Health Organization (2023). Each EML was categorized to compare characteristics across EMLs. We then compared EML data between lists. Items that were present on all EMLs were classified as Tier 1 medicines and items that were present on any 3 EMLs were classified as Tier 2 medicines. We compared our list of Tier 1 and Tier 2 medicines with both the FDA and ASHP lists of current drug shortages as of May 9, 2025.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We identified 25 Tier 1 medicines and 74 Tier 2 medicines. Nineteen Tier 1 medicines (76%) and 27 Tier 2 medicines (36%) were currently in shortage. Twelve Tier 1 and 8 Tier 2 medicines have formulations that have been in shortage for over 5 years.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>For medicines essential for operational readiness, a secure domestic supply chain is vital to minimize risk to national security. Identification of these high-priority medicines are intended to facilitate focused decision-making for policymakers who are working to provide solutions to strengthen the pharmaceutical supply chain both within the DoD and throughout the U.S.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"65 5","pages":"Article 102427"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144188808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining structural characteristics for implementing opioid use disorder services in community-based pharmacies","authors":"Juliet Nowak,&nbsp;Tamera D. Hughes,&nbsp;Elizabeth Sottung,&nbsp;Stefanie P. Ferreri","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Opioid use disorder (OUD) has become a national public health crisis, affecting millions of people in the United States over the last decade. At the same time, the role of community-based pharmacies in addressing the opioid crisis continues to evolve and the implementation of OUD services is on the rise.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study identified and analyzed the structural characteristics underlying successful pharmacist-led OUD services within community-based pharmacies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic review was conducted. Articles included were written in English in the United States and published in peer-reviewed journals. The articles were sought via PubMed, Embase, and Scopus using permutations of terms such as “opioid use disorder,” “opiate substitution treatment,” and “pharmacy OR pharmacist OR pharmacy services.” The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was selected to synthesize the data. Articles were examined for structural characteristics to expose common themes when implementing OUD services.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Full-text screening resulted in 115 articles being included. The articles described 3 broad elements: physical infrastructure (n = 29), information technology infrastructure (n = 42), and work infrastructure (n = 68). Many articles emphasized having a defined process for workflow and prescription drug monitoring program technology to implement successful OUD services in their pharmacies.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study contributes to the growing need for analysis of structural characteristics when implementing OUD services in community-based pharmacies. Continued progression is needed within the work infrastructure, such as training pharmacy staff, and physical infrastructure, such as stocking medications for OUD treatment, to successfully implement these services. This review may serve as a blueprint for community-based pharmacies to implement OUD services within their own communities. Future research should expand on other CFIR domains to evaluate other factors that have an impact on the implementation of new OUD services.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"65 5","pages":"Article 102425"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144176444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Centralized monitoring for diversion prevention decreases controlled substance variances","authors":"Michael Van Ornum,&nbsp;Melissa Wilson","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Controlled substance (CS) stewardship is essential for regulatory compliance, mitigating diversion, and supporting patient safety. The development of a comprehensive CS diversion prevention program (CSDPP) is resource intensive and may take years to mature.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We rapidly address CS variances through monitoring as an initial step toward comprehensive CSDPP development.</div></div><div><h3>Practice description</h3><div>Diversion management software (DMS) was used for 2 years across the twelve acute care facilities of the integrated delivery network before implementation of the centralized team. During this time, inconsistent practices in reconciling CS variances created a backlog of 28,000 unreconciled variances in 2023.</div></div><div><h3>Practice innovation</h3><div>We created a cost-efficient centralized multidisciplinary team as the first step of developing a CSDPP to rapidly and efficiently monitor CS variances and through that monitoring, strengthen regulatory compliance while promoting CS stewardship practices.</div></div><div><h3>Evaluation methods</h3><div>We compared early data from the DMS with later data to evaluate apparent loss variances and accountability of drug disposition. Computer-based training provided education completion metrics. Pharmacy leaders reported regulatory agency contacts for 2023 which was compared with recorded contacts in 2024.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Centralized, daily review of CS variances resulted in 100% review of all variant CS transactions within 3 months of team creation. CS stewardship improved. After 1 year, apparent loss variances decreased by 41%, accountability for drug disposition improved from 62% to 93%, and regulatory reporting decreased 41%.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Improving the monitoring portion of a CSDPP realized significant benefits within 6 months which extended and improved over a year: a significant reduction in apparent loss variances, enhanced regulatory compliance, and improved regulatory reporting. This initial foundation of centralized monitoring captured critical incremental benefits while establishing a structure within which to grow and expand the CSDPP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"65 5","pages":"Article 102426"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144153295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of classifying reproductive medications as controlled substances: A deep dive into the Louisiana law.","authors":"Karen Berger, Andrew S Kaplan, Cheri R Briggs, Jeffery D Evans, Malcolm J Broussard","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2025.102424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Supreme Court's decision in Dobbs v Jackson's Women's Health Organization overruled Roe v Wade and eliminated the federal right to an abortion. This left the regulation of abortion to the states and opened new avenues for state legislatures to modify abortion access. In one such example, the Louisiana legislature passed a law which designated misoprostol and mifepristone, two reproductive medications that are used for abortion, as controlled substances. This article describes the implications of classifying reproductive medications as controlled substances. The impacts of such a designation may impede patient access, delay care, affect privacy, and impose logistical burdens on healthcare systems. Education and advocacy to prevent undue burden is crucial.</p>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":" ","pages":"102424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144133259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of work activities for pharmacists in community pharmacy settings","authors":"Courtney V. Schenkelberg,&nbsp;Brianne K. Bakken,&nbsp;Vibhuti Arya,&nbsp;Caroline A. Gaither,&nbsp;David H. Kreling,&nbsp;David A. Mott,&nbsp;Jon C. Schommer,&nbsp;Matthew J. Witry,&nbsp;William R. Doucette","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>To meet the demands of patients and communities during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, community pharmacists expanded their time spent on various work activities. It is unknown how community pharmacists are spending their workday in practice activities after the pandemic.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The specific objectives of this project were to describe the time community pharmacists are spending on work activities and their perceptions of whether this time is decreasing, increasing, or not changing. In addition, the proportion of services delivered with an appointment was described, along with pharmacists’ satisfaction with their time spent on these work activities.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The 2022 National Pharmacist Workforce Study was conducted via an online survey sent to a random sample of 93,990 licensed U.S. pharmacists. The survey allowed customization of questions based on the pharmacy practice setting. Community pharmacists were asked to report the percent of time spent, the number of hours in a week spent, the change in time spent since March 2020, the use of appointments, and satisfaction with time spent on work activities.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Usable responses were gathered from 1971 community pharmacists. More than 75% of respondents reported an increase in time spent administering vaccines, and approximately 90% of respondents reported the use of appointments when administering vaccines. Respondents also reported spending a considerable amount of time providing advisory services (e.g., assisting with insurance) with at least 35% of respondents reporting time spent on these services increased. Lower satisfaction with time spent on work activities was found among respondents who reported working in large chains, mass merchandisers, or grocery chains than those working in independents and or small chains.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Community pharmacists are increasing time spent on some work activities, such as vaccinations and advisory services, added to their normal workflow. Low satisfaction with time spent on work activities is a concern in some community pharmacy settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"65 5","pages":"Article 102423"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144133258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"After the storm: Reflections on interprofessional collaboration after Hurricane Helene in Western North Carolina","authors":"Mollie Ashe Scott,&nbsp;Olivia Caron","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102420","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"65 5","pages":"Article 102420"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144081788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cross-sectional look at rural pharmacists' perceptions on implementing a depression screening service in their pharmacies: A brief report","authors":"Brandy Davis,&nbsp;Salisa C. Westrick,&nbsp;Cherry Jackson,&nbsp;Chiahung Chou,&nbsp;Lindsey Hohmann,&nbsp;Kimberly Garza","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Rural areas are in desperate need of access to mental health care. Rural pharmacists can begin to fill these gaps by offering depression screening services. However, despite evidence suggesting improved patient outcomes and positive reception to pharmacist-led depression screening services, implementation has remained low. Research on barriers toward implementing depression screening services and preferred implementation strategies is necessary to increase the implementation of this service.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Investigate barriers, facilitators, and preferred implementation strategies to implementing a depression screening service in rural pharmacies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An exploratory cross-sectional survey was conducted electronically amongst rural pharmacists in Alabama and Mississippi. The survey was developed and pretested with a stakeholder panel to identify rural pharmacist confidence, barriers or facilitators, stigma toward patients with mental health conditions, and preferred implementation strategies toward implementing a depression screening service. Likert-type questions from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), a rank-choice question, and open-ended questions were used. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed descriptively, with qualitative data also analyzed thematically.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 84 rural pharmacists participated in the study. Confidence toward performing depression screenings and using a depression screening tool (the Patient Health Questionnaire-9) was low with a mean of 2.5 [SD = 1.1] and 2.0 [SD = 0.9] out of 5, respectively. The most strongly endorsed and highest ranked barrier was lack of time. Every implementation strategy was scored primarily as “helpful” or “very helpful.” The most cited qualitative theme was financial concerns.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Pharmacists have low confidence in performing a depression screening service and several structural barriers such as time and financial concerns. Future research should perform cost benefit analyses of implemented depression screening services and assess whether training programs improve confidence toward offering these advanced care services.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"65 5","pages":"Article 102421"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144081787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}