Journal of the American Pharmacists Association最新文献

{"title":"The environmental price tag of medications: Pharmacists’ perspective on the medication life cycle","authors":"Ruimeng (Raymonda) Zheng,&nbsp;Caitlin Roy,&nbsp;Zack Dumont","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is a critical global health threat, expected to cause an additional 250,000 deaths annually and costing up to $4 billion/y by 2030. Health care contributes 8.5% of the United States’ total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, of which 20% are from pharmaceuticals and chemicals, the largest of any category. This article describes the cradle-to-grave pharmaceutical life cycle to bring awareness to the environmental impacts and inform decisions about medication management. A cradle-to-grave medication life cycle assessment evaluates the environmental impact through all stages—sourcing raw materials, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, prescribing and use, and disposal—including resource consumption, GHG emission, and ecotoxicity. Each stage of the life cycle has a pronounced impact on the environment. Opportunities for pharmacy professionals to mitigate these effects include the following: (1) educate (learn about the environmental impacts of medications), (2) act (select medications with lower environmental impact and implement sustainable operational practices), and (3) advocate (encourage the pharmaceutical industry to offer greener alternatives and provide more accessible and transparent data on pharmaceutical production). Through these actions, pharmacy professionals can mitigate the harmful effects of climate change and contribute to optimal patient care for their patients and the public.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 2","pages":"Article 103031"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146088795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perception of diabetes care provided to patients with vision impairment: Insights from nationwide surveys","authors":"Cambrey B. Nguyen","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>According to the National Diabetes Statistics report, 29.7 million people in the United States have been diagnosed as having diabetes, which is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in adults aged 18-64 years. Adults with vision disabilities frequently encounter barriers that prevent access to health care and other services in the pharmacy setting.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to obtain the perception of diabetes care provided by pharmacists to patients with vision impairment or disabilities.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Patients and pharmacists were recruited by Dynata to complete an anonymous, nationwide, online survey from April 22 to May 16, 2025, and provide their perception of care provided by pharmacists, barriers faced in self-management of diabetes, and suggestions to improve care delivered. Survey responses were reported using descriptive statistics for demographics and the Likert portion.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 610 respondents, with a median age of 54 years and 57% female, accessed the patient survey, and 102 respondents, with a median age of 37 years and 59.8% female, accessed the pharmacist survey. Most patients with vision impairment or disabilities were satisfied with the overall diabetes care delivered by their pharmacist. More than 50% of pharmacists stated that they were confident in providing culturally responsive care to these patients. Barriers identified by both patients and pharmacists were a lack of accessible medical devices and educational materials for diabetes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Pharmacists requested more resources and guidance on delivering diabetes care to patients with vision impairment along with learning about the difficulties these patients may face with self-management of their diabetes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 2","pages":"Article 103018"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145937383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why do sleep disorders remain undermanaged? Insights from pharmacists and physicians using the COM-B framework","authors":"Raya Aljobowry,&nbsp;Lujain Aloum,&nbsp;Amna M. Othman,&nbsp;Elizabeth Manias,&nbsp;Rana M. Ibrahim,&nbsp;Safa Ziad Alawad,&nbsp;Hamzah Alzubaidi","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>There is limited understanding of how community pharmacists and physicians support sleep health management in Arabic-speaking countries.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aims to utilize the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behavior (COM-B) model to explore the perspectives and practices of pharmacists and physicians in addressing sleep health issues and identify the drivers and barriers influencing these practices.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of pharmacists and physicians in the United Arab Emirates. Interview guides were developed based on the COM-B framework. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were coded using NVivo software Version 14 (formerly QSR International) and analyzed deductively based on the theoretical framework.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 45 health care providers (29 pharmacists and 16 physicians) were interviewed. Participants perceived sleep-related concerns in the general population to be insufficiently addressed. Shared barriers to addressing sleep concerns included limited time, lack of knowledge, and formal training, and stigma surrounding sleep. Pharmacists referred chronic cases to physicians and dispensed sedating antihistamines or herbal products to acute cases and were hindered by the lack of private counseling areas and limited therapeutic options. Physicians were reluctant to prescribe medications due to possible dependency and insurance concerns. Both provider groups recognized the importance of sleep to overall health and expressed motivation to help their patients.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study provides shared and profession-specific barriers and enablers that shape sleep health care provision practices of pharmacists and physicians in the region. It provides avenues for targeted interventions to improve sleep health care delivery in primary care and community settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 2","pages":"Article 103026"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146032580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How individuals choose medications: Tool development for a discrete choice experiment on eye allergy treatment decisions","authors":"Laura Formosa,&nbsp;Ruben Vargas,&nbsp;Leslie Wilson","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.103010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.103010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Allergic conjunctivitis affects nearly 40% of the U.S. population, triggered by allergens like pollen or pet dander. Since only 10% of individuals seek medical attention, most rely on over-the-counter (OTC) treatments. The condition can be managed with OTC and prescription (Rx) medications, depending on symptom severity. However, little is known about how individuals decide between treatment approaches.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to develop and pilot-test a choice-based conjoint (CBC) tool to measure preferences for 3 treatment approaches: 1) self-selected OTC treatment, 2) pharmacist-advised OTC treatment, and 3) physician-prescribed Rx treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We developed a CBC tool following ISPOR guidelines for conjoint analysis and discrete choice experiments. Key steps included identifying relevant attributes through literature review, validating them through interviews (n = 9), and designing the CBC in Sawtooth Software (Sawtooth Software, Inc) with 10 random and 3 fixed scenarios. Validity testing was conducted with 22 participants to evaluate the tool's ability to capture variability across preference responses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The CBC tool included 7 attributes: speed of access to treatment, first treatment decision, accuracy of treatment, ease and comfort of administration, cost, time and duration of relief, and side effects, each with 2–3 levels. Validity results showed capture of variability in responses and ability to respond to fixed questions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This research developed a CBC tool using discrete choice methods to measure how individuals make trade-offs among access, symptom relief, and other factors when selecting treatment approaches for allergic conjunctivitis. The tool offers a replicable framework for measuring individual's treatment management decisions in health care across the health care continuum. This tool will allow measurement of individual preferences for medication choices across the spectrum from self- or pharmacy-assisted OTC, to physician prescribed treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 2","pages":"Article 103010"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of multimorbidity and sociodemographic factors on cost-related medication nonadherence","authors":"Michelle Asiedu-Danso,&nbsp;Kelly R. Ylitalo,&nbsp;Gabriel A. Benavidez","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Access to prescription medications is a key determinant of chronic disease management and outcomes, yet cost can be a major barrier.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to quantify cost-related medication nonadherence (CRMNA) and determine how CRMNA varied by sociodemographic and health factors.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The 2021, 2022, and 2023 adult samples of the National Health Interview Survey were used. CRMNA was self-reported and defined at 3 intensity levels: high, some, and low. Sociodemographic and health factors included age, race, education, income, multimorbidity, and geography. Chi-square tests were used to assess CRMNA differences by key sociodemographic and health factors, and a cumulative logit model was used to evaluate associations between sociodemographic and health factors and CRMNA levels.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From 2021 to 2023, the prevalence of any CRMNA increased from 9.62% to 10.76%. In multivariable models, each additional chronic disease medication was associated with 36% higher odds of experiencing a greater level of CRMNA (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.36 [95% CI 1.30–1.42], <em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001). Adults of 2 or more races had higher odds of CRMNA than non-Hispanic white adults (aOR 1.59 [95% CI 1.22–2.08], <em>P</em> = 0.0007). Compared with adults aged 18-24 years, adults aged 25-34 years had the highest odds of CRMNA (aOR 1.76 [95% CI 1.37–2.28], <em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001), whereas adults aged 65 years and older had the lowest (aOR 0.53 [95% CI 0.41–0.67], <em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001). Compared with privately insured individuals, those with public insurance had 21% lower odds of CRMNA (aOR 0.79 [95% CI 0.70–0.90], <em>P</em> = 0.0004), whereas uninsured individuals had more than twice the odds (aOR 2.58 [95% CI 2.16–3.09], <em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study highlights the disproportionate burden of CRMNA among racial minorities and multimorbid privately insured young adults. These groups are most vulnerable to the cumulative costs of chronic disease medications and may thus require clinical and policy strategies to minimize cost burden and improve adherence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 2","pages":"Article 103035"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146097686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation and outcomes of a pharmacist-led social determinants of health screening and intervention program in an integrated health system specialty pharmacy model","authors":"Irfana Lakada,&nbsp;Martha Stutsky,&nbsp;Carolkim Huynh,&nbsp;Shreevidya Periyasamy,&nbsp;Andrea Idusuyi","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.103008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.103008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Social determinants of health (SDOH) are nonmedical factors that impact health outcomes. Pharmacists within integrated health system specialty pharmacies (HSSPs) are positioned to identify and address SDOH barriers.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The objective was to implement and evaluate a pharmacist-led SDOH program for HSSP patients.</div></div><div><h3>Practice description</h3><div>The practice innovation was implemented within 4 health systems in Michigan and Massachusetts with associated HSSPs and a standard specialty pharmacy clinical management model incorporating initial patient counseling and periodic reassessments.</div></div><div><h3>Practice innovation</h3><div>A SDOH screening and intervention program was developed and piloted at 4 health systems with associated HSSPs. Patients with HIV, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and hyperlipidemia meeting pre-defined inclusion criteria were enrolled in the program from September 2023 through September 2024. After screening patients for SDOH barriers, pharmacists offered targeted interventions and structured follow-ups to ensure resolution of challenges.</div></div><div><h3>Evaluation methods</h3><div>Patients enrolled in the program were analyzed using data extracted from the electronic medical record and patient management platform. The primary outcome was intervention acceptance rate; secondary outcomes included intervention categories, patient-perceived value of interventions, ongoing support needs, pharmacist time spent, and clinical outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 50 patients (HIV: n = 6; RA: n = 27; hyperlipidemia: n = 17) enrolled, 56% completed screening and 79% of those accepted interventions. Of the 19 patients who received follow-up, 63% found the interventions beneficial, and 4 required ongoing support. The most frequent interventions included food security/nutrition (46%) and physical activity (25%). The average time per intervention was 60 min (range: 15-180 min). Patients with interventions demonstrated clinical outcomes improvements, including a mean Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 score reduction of 3 points (range: 1.3-27.3) and mean low-density lipoprotein reduction of 29.8 mg/dL (range: 44-137) for RA and hyperlipidemia, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These pilot results suggest that a pharmacist-led SDOH program may be effective in addressing patient barriers, demonstrated by high acceptance rate and perceived benefit of interventions and improved clinical outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 2","pages":"Article 103008"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145800950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When pharmacist becomes patient","authors":"Jordan R. Covvey","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 2","pages":"Article 103028"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146042199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disparity implications of machine-learning-based MTM eligibility criteria","authors":"Chi Chun Steve Tsang,&nbsp;Yan Cui,&nbsp;William C. Cushman,&nbsp;Catherine M. Crill,&nbsp;Katherine Stracner,&nbsp;Junling Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.103015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.103015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Although Medicare Medication Therapy Management (MTM) programs have demonstrated clinical and economic benefits, racial/ethnic minority groups face challenges meeting eligibility criteria for enrollment. In 2017, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services launched the 5-year Enhanced MTM demonstration, granting Part D plans flexibility in identifying eligible beneficiaries. However, because participating plans adopted predictive modeling to determine eligibility, concerns persist that this approach may perpetuate existing racial/ethnic disparities.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To assess whether health cost-based MTM eligibility differs across race/ethnicity and whether machine learning models reproduce observed disparities in predicted eligibility.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study analyzed 2019 Medicare administrative data linked to the Area Health Resource File for a 10% random sample of fee-for-service beneficiaries. Outcomes were binary indicators of top-quartile medication and health care costs, each measured from the Medicare and health care system perspectives. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to assess racial/ethnic disparities in top-quartile costs, using 6 algorithms – regularized logistic regression, random forest, gradient boosted trees, support vector machine, multilayer perceptron, and a consensus model. Predicted probabilities were computed to assess disparities in model outputs using multivariable fractional logistic regression.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 1,848,654 Medicare beneficiaries, Black and Hispanic individuals had significantly lower adjusted odds of top-quartile costs across all cost outcomes compared to their non-Hispanic White counterparts. For instance, the odds of being in the top quartile for total medication costs were 28% lower for Black beneficiaries (odds ratio [OR] = 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.70–0.75) and 21% lower for Hispanic beneficiaries (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.74–0.84). Machine learning models reproduced these disparities in predicted probabilities, mirroring patterns in the empirical data.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Implementing cost-based MTM eligibility through predictive algorithms may perpetuate racial/ethnic disparities in MTM program access. Future research should explore strategies to mitigate such a potential when using such modeling to determine MTM eligibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 2","pages":"Article 103015"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145890920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Honoring our authors and peer reviewers","authors":"Pamela C. Heaton BSPharm, PhD, FAPhA","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103036","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 2","pages":"Article 103036"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanding pharmacogenomics in the community pharmacy setting: A survey of Alabama community pharmacists' confidence, perceptions, interest, and preparedness","authors":"Courtney S. Watts Alexander,&nbsp;Lucia G. Tocco,&nbsp;Lena D. McDowell,&nbsp;Lindsey A. Hohmann,&nbsp;Kimberly Braxton Lloyd,&nbsp;Olivia G. Chafe,&nbsp;Courtney E. Gamston","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.103012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.103012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pharmacogenomics (PGx) clinical decision support (CDS) is essential for effective PGx implementation, yet most tools remain confined to institutional settings. Community pharmacists, who make up nearly half of the U.S. pharmacy workforce, are among the most accessible health care providers, offering care without appointments and reaching patients across both urban and rural areas. This accessibility positions them as critical entry points for delivering PGx services and advancing equitable access. However, many lack the training and resources necessary to provide informed PGx care.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The purpose of this study was to survey Alabama community pharmacists to assess confidence in PGx knowledge and experiences, perceived benefits and barriers, and interest and preparedness for implementation, with attention to the role of CDS tools.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional survey was distributed via email to Alabama pharmacists between September and October 2024. Items included Likert-type scales, multiple-choice, yes/no, and open responses. Descriptive statistics characterized responses, and Mann-Whitney <em>U</em> tests compared responses between subgroups.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 1638 invited pharmacists, 233 responded (14.2%), with 135 included in the analysis. Participants were primarily female (70.9%), urban (81.5%), and averaged 45.4 years of age. Only 19% reported prior PGx training. Confidence in foundational knowledge was low (mean scale score = 2.74, standard deviation [SD] = 0.44). Perceived benefits were high (mean scale score = 4.06, SD = 0.17). Interest and preparedness varied (interest = 3.52 [SD = 0.15]; preparedness = 2.69 [SD = 0.32]). Fifty percent desired PGx-CDS tools, and 53% expressed interest in offering PGx services; however, few reported adequate site resources.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Alabama pharmacists expressed strong PGx interest and perceived benefits, but reported gaps in knowledge, confidence, and infrastructure. Given their accessibility, community pharmacists represent a critical bridge to equitable PGx adoption. Expanding PGx education, training, and CDS integration is essential to enable sustainable PGx delivery in community pharmacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 2","pages":"Article 103012"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145835824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}