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Politics, Techno-Science, and the Environment: The Late Twentieth-Century Challenges of Locust Control in Post-Colonial Southern Africa.
IF 0.9 3区 哲学
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/jrae040
Admire Mseba
{"title":"Politics, Techno-Science, and the Environment: The Late Twentieth-Century Challenges of Locust Control in Post-Colonial Southern Africa.","authors":"Admire Mseba","doi":"10.1093/jhmas/jrae040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrae040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article tells the history of the management of invasive locust swarms in southern Africa in the 1970s and early 1980s. It examines the threats the pests posed to African livelihoods and the challenges in combating them. The article argues that in the 1970s, postcolonial southern African states' attempts to manage the environment with the help of international organizations were intimately tied to the region's experiences under colonial rule, their commitment to ensure the whole region's independence, and the new realities of their dependence on international donor support. This support entrenched a reliance on techno-chemical interventions at a time when the global environmental movement against pesticides was particularly strong. Southern Africa's international collaborators ultimately ignored this global movement, and locust control in the region continued to depend on the application of organochlorines. However, faith in techno-science failed to address the social, political, and ecological conditions that allowed locusts to flourish. Consequently, the pests remained a threat.</p>","PeriodicalId":49998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142808120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fearing Meningitis: Disease, Emotions and the Spotted Fever Epidemics of 1904-1907.
IF 0.9 3区 哲学
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/jrae039
Ian Miller
{"title":"Fearing Meningitis: Disease, Emotions and the Spotted Fever Epidemics of 1904-1907.","authors":"Ian Miller","doi":"10.1093/jhmas/jrae039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrae039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The meningitis (or spotted fever) outbreaks (c.1904-1907) caused worldwide alarm but remain largely forgotten. This article uses these outbreaks as an invaluable case study for understanding early twentieth-century responses (individual and collective) to a mysterious, potentially deadly infection. More specifically, it focuses on the social production of fear until physicians and medical scientists devised new ways of making meningitis more manageable, with reference to a range of actors who shaped public responses and feelings. Ultimately, the article argues that initial attempts to warn and educate about meningitis usually promoted fear and avoidance, but as meningitis became more manageable, emotional responses to its outbreaks altered significantly. Emotions were constructed and experienced in the context of a new medical modernity optimistic about public health and clinical interventions. Exploring the physical and emotional in tandem takes us to the heart of societal and personal experience of disease outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":49998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142808059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Correction to: Safe Sex and the Debate over Condoms on Campus in the 1980s: Sperm Busters at Harvard and Protection Connection at the University of Texas at Austin. 更正：安全性行为与 20 世纪 80 年代校园中关于安全套的争论：哈佛大学的 "精子克星 "与德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校的 "保护联系"。
IF 0.9 3区 哲学
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/jrae038
{"title":"Correction to: Safe Sex and the Debate over Condoms on Campus in the 1980s: Sperm Busters at Harvard and Protection Connection at the University of Texas at Austin.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/jhmas/jrae038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrae038","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142650552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Utopia of Safe Air: How Soviet Research Challenged Western Air Quality Norms, 1950s-1960s. 安全空气的乌托邦：20 世纪 50 年代至 60 年代苏联研究如何挑战西方空气质量标准》（Utopia of Safe Air: How Soviet Research Challenged Western Air Quality Norms, 1950s-1960s.
IF 0.9 3区 哲学
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/jrae035
Janne Mäkiranta
{"title":"Utopia of Safe Air: How Soviet Research Challenged Western Air Quality Norms, 1950s-1960s.","authors":"Janne Mäkiranta","doi":"10.1093/jhmas/jrae035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrae035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the mid-twentieth century, the Soviet Union developed ambitious hygiene standards for clean air that were grounded in extremely sensitive methods of physiological research. As Western experts sought to develop universal standards for environmental regulation, Soviet hygiene research posed a challenge. This article examines the discussions surrounding the Soviet approach at international conferences on air pollution and industrial hygiene during the mid-twentieth century. The article shows that although the Soviet approach was rejected especially by United States experts, many of its qualities resonated with the ongoing discussions about environmental health in the US. The sensitive and holistic methods of the Soviets were compelling in the effort to reveal the most subtle effects environments had on human health. This article shows how the rejection of Soviet standards stemmed not from different scientific methods but from the differences in the overall ideals of environmental regulation. I argue that Soviet hygiene can be seen as an extreme version of technocratic expertise, and its failure highlights the limits of scientific expertise in managing environmental pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":49998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
"Nerves Need Nourishment": Advertising Phospho-Energon Pills in Early Twentieth-Century Sweden. "神经需要营养"：二十世纪初瑞典的磷精力丸广告。
IF 0.9 3区 哲学
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/jrae033
Lauren Alex O'Hagan, Leif Runefelt
{"title":"\"Nerves Need Nourishment\": Advertising Phospho-Energon Pills in Early Twentieth-Century Sweden.","authors":"Lauren Alex O'Hagan, Leif Runefelt","doi":"10.1093/jhmas/jrae033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrae033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper offers the first case study of Phospho-Energon - an early twentieth-century Swedish patent medicine believed to cure nervousness. Using a large dataset of newspaper advertisements, it explores how the product was presented through scientific and medical language, which drew upon a range of visual and verbal rhetoric to convince consumers of its benefits. It finds that pseudoscientific discourse focusing on self-help was regularly used to sell Phospho-Energon, with consumers warned that their nerves were \"not allowed to fail\" and required \"protection\" in order to remain healthy. Furthermore, the \"science\" supporting this discourse gradually shifted over time as neurosis replaced neurasthenia as a diagnostic category and the concept of spring lethargy became popularised. Overall, this study argues that Phospho-Energon stands as an important example of how partial scientific/medical claims can be used as a rhetorical device to sell products to consumers looking for a quick-fix cure for their perceived mental health conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142367164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Prescribing Information: Elizabeth B. Connell, the Pill, and the (Woman) Patient's Peace of Mind. 处方信息：伊丽莎白-B-康奈尔、避孕药和（女性）患者的安心。
IF 0.9 3区 哲学
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/jrae032
Jiemin Tina Wei
{"title":"Prescribing Information: Elizabeth B. Connell, the Pill, and the (Woman) Patient's Peace of Mind.","authors":"Jiemin Tina Wei","doi":"10.1093/jhmas/jrae032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrae032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, commercialized reproductive technologies experienced a reputational crisis as news about the hormonal birth control pill's possible side effects reportedly caused 18-30% of women to stop taking it. While secondary literature has followed patients' and legislatures' actions, few histories have focused on physicians' responses. How did physicians manage this public crisis of confidence? This article contributes to existing literature through a backstage look at the work of Elizabeth B. Connell (1925-2018), whose wide-ranging career in medicine, academia, government, industry consulting, and popular writing embroiled her at the center of these controversies. To counter critique from legislatures and consumer reformers, Connell became a mediator for medicine in the public sphere, dispensing select information and arguing for limits on others - for the patient's sake. If legislative inquiry's primary havoc was unleashing information, Connell would help the profession moderate it. Because Connell was a woman doctor whom health feminists who were her contemporaries denied was a feminist doctor, the existing scholarship has occluded her. This article reconstructs the contributions of this important and flawed doctor, illuminating how she contorted herself to suit her various public messages, constrained by her conflicting, dual identities as woman and doctor.</p>","PeriodicalId":49998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142331350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Out of Breath: Toward a New Origin Story of Public Health. 喘不过气来：迈向公共卫生的新起源故事》。
IF 0.9 3区 哲学
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/jrae013
Jim Downs
{"title":"Out of Breath: Toward a New Origin Story of Public Health.","authors":"Jim Downs","doi":"10.1093/jhmas/jrae013","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jhmas/jrae013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Problems caused by overcrowding and the simple need to breathe represent one of the major consequences of medical racism. With few exceptions, histories of epidemics, disease prevention, and sanitation often focus on municipal reform efforts to clean up gritty urban centers from London to Paris to New York. This article traces how concerns about ventilation emerged during the transatlantic slave trade and continued to be a problem for Black people throughout the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The article emphasizes that Black people were not just the victims of medical racism but initiated many crusades in the United States to promote better ventilation throughout the twentieth century. This article highlights the work of Black reformers, doctors, and thinkers who fought to create healthy living conditions for Black people.</p>","PeriodicalId":49998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"316-330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141162923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Re-Writing Pandemic Histories: Introduction. 重写大流行病的历史：导言。
IF 0.9 3区 哲学
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/jrae005
Jacob Steere-Williams, Claire Edington
{"title":"Re-Writing Pandemic Histories: Introduction.","authors":"Jacob Steere-Williams, Claire Edington","doi":"10.1093/jhmas/jrae005","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jhmas/jrae005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"291-299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141076755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The End of the Beginning? Temporality and Bioagency in Pandemic Research. 起点的终点？大流行病研究中的时间性与生物代理。
IF 0.9 3区 哲学
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/jrae006
Mandisa Mbali
{"title":"The End of the Beginning? Temporality and Bioagency in Pandemic Research.","authors":"Mandisa Mbali","doi":"10.1093/jhmas/jrae006","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jhmas/jrae006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper deals with the ways in which the intellectual and political history of AIDS can assist in the chronological conceptualization of a pandemic such as COVID-19 as it is unfolding. It problematizes the idea of pandemic \"beginnings\" and \"ends\" to show that such definitions are shaped by the disciplinary location and thematic foci of relevant scholars. Central to this analysis is the notion that ethical and political contexts affect research on a pandemic in different ways at national and global levels at various points in its trajectory. The article develops this argument in relation to two main themes: firstly, with reference to the history of AIDS research in South Africa; secondly, with the philosophical concept of bioagency to understand the ways in which viruses and humans co-shape the course of epidemics over time. I first make the case for the development of historically informed, long-term ethnographic studies of COVID-19. Using bioagency as a point of departure to consider viruses as social actors, the essay then critiques the notion of bioinformationalism as catalyzing the widening accessibility of biomedical research. Instead, I discuss the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries as protagonists in the operation of biocapital. I argue that the history of AIDS in South Africa can provide methodological and theoretical insights into how to interpret an unfolding epidemic, outlining an ambitious transdisciplinary research agenda for thinking about the temporality of a pandemic spanning the different, interconnected, scales of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":49998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"380-394"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11421143/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140858718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
"Pandemics know no borders," but Responses to Pandemics Do: Global Health, COVID-19, and Latin America. "大流行病无国界，但应对大流行病有国界：全球健康、COVID-19 和拉丁美洲。
IF 0.9 3区 哲学
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/jrae010
Marcos Cueto
{"title":"\"Pandemics know no borders,\" but Responses to Pandemics Do: Global Health, COVID-19, and Latin America.","authors":"Marcos Cueto","doi":"10.1093/jhmas/jrae010","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jhmas/jrae010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article focuses on Brazil and Peru, the Latin American epicenter of the coronavirus pandemic during 2020 and 2021. The pandemic magnified the legacy of years of neoliberal policies, corruption and racism in these countries, the limitations of their poverty-reduction programs, the fragility of their democratic systems, and the insufficient political regard for public health and basic sanitation. I rely on the concepts of negligence and necropolitics. The first refers to the abdication of authorities in providing sufficient basic services to its citizens. The second - coined by Achille Mbembe before the pandemic - is used to explain the banalization by governments of preventable deaths of discriminated social groups. On a global level, the problematic access to medical equipment and vaccines was a failure because of the hoarding of vaccines by rich nations and the blaming of developing countries for their high mortality. The result was that national and international governmental reactions to COVID-19 worsened health asymmetries within countries and between the Global North and South.</p>","PeriodicalId":49998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"395-406"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141076834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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