Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating pollinator exposures to sulfoxaflor via bee-relevant matrices: a systems-level approach using semi-probabilistic methods for assessing hazards; sulfoxaflor environmental science review part IV.","authors":"K R Solomon, J R Purdy, V J Kramer, J P Giesy","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2025.2478970","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10937404.2025.2478970","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sulfoxaflor (SFX) is a newly registered IRAC Group 4C nAChR-receptor-agonist systemic insecticide that is used to control sap-sucking insects in a variety of crops. SFX has a short half-life (< 2 days) in agricultural soil and is only used as a foliar-applied product. Pollinators such as honey bees could be exposed directly to spray if application occurs shortly before or during blooming of flowers, or, as SFX is systemic, via oral exposures to nectar and pollen collected by bees. Guided by a Weight-of-Evidence rubric, this paper critically assessed studies on the fate of SFX in bee-relevant matrices submitted by the registrant in several jurisdictions as well as a few studies published in the open scientific literature. These studies provided data for residues in pollen and/or nectar from 16 crops grown in several countries in both hemispheres. SFX and transformation products were detected in nectar and pollen. Transformation products have low hazard to honeybees, so the focus was on the parent material, SFX, which was observed to dissipate rapidly from pollen and nectar after application. Dietary No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Concentrations (NOAEC) derived from results of 10-day continuous feeding studies of adult (0.50 mg kg^-1 diet d^-1) and larval honeybees (1.69 mg kg^-1 diet d^-1) were used as precautionary toxicity benchmarks to characterize hazards. In this paper, we used a tiered process. The initial screening tier was based on the greatest concentration measured in the matrix. For scenarios that did not pass Tier-1, a second tier based on the 10-day time-weighted average (area under the curve, AUC) concentration in the matrix was used as a more realistic measure of exposure. Of the 90 scenarios of use that were characterized, 36 did not pass the initial screening benchmark based on ≥1concentration of SFX exceeding the 10-day NOAEC. When the 10-day AUC of exposure was estimated for these scenarios, 3 of 90 did not pass the more realistic toxicity benchmark. These three scenarios were for residues in pollen or anthers for alfalfa grown in California, strawberries grown in France, peaches grown in Michigan. The two-tier screening procedure for hazard assessment lessened the need for further assessment for 97% of the exposure scenarios and reduced the need for characterizing hazards in field-level whole-hive tests conducted under controlled conditions of exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"350-373"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Properties, mode of insecticidal action, environmental exposure pathways, and uses of the insecticide sulfoxaflor; sulfoxaflor environmental science review part I.","authors":"K R Solomon, J R Purdy, V J Kramer, J P Giesy","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2025.2478963","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10937404.2025.2478963","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sulfoxaflor (SFX, CAS# 946578-00-3) is marketed by Corteva Agrisciences Inc. as Isoclast®. SFX is a Group 4C, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist and is a systemic insecticide that is most active against sucking insects. This paper critically reviews and characterizes the physical and chemical properties of SFX to facilitate development of conceptual models that identify environmental compartments with the greatest potential concentrations and organisms most likely to be exposed. These conceptual models were assessed in a Weight of Evidence (WoE) framework to identify scenarios and organisms at greatest risk. The solubility of SFX in water is approximately 550 mg L^-1 and the P_OW of 0.8, so it will not bioconcentrate or undergo trophic transfer. It has the potential to move in soils, but this is unlikely because of the short half-life (hours to 2-5 days) in agricultural soils where bacteria mediate dissipation. Some of the transformation products of SFX have longer half-lives (months) in soil and are more mobile but are less toxic and not a concern for adverse effects. SFX does not undergo significant photolysis or hydrolysis in water, but this does not lead to a risk in aquatic systems because it is not approved for over-water use and the label recommends buffer zones to protect sensitive aquatic areas. Overall, use of SFX under good agricultural practices is unlikely to result in biologically relevant exposures in non-target species or areas in the environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"269-292"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives on safety of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs).","authors":"T G Osimitz, W Droege","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2025.2503784","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10937404.2025.2503784","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely used to kill pathogenic microbes (including COVID-19), providing a substantial public health benefit. This review is an update to our previous publications that summarized and interpreted the current knowledge of the safety of the two most widely used QACs, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) and didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC). A literature search was conducted for studies published since 2000 that addressed possible toxicity of ADBAC and DDAC as well as investigations into human exposure. The current database of high-quality animal toxicology studies with ADBAC/DDAC showed that adverse cellular changes are limited to effects at the point of contact. (1) Non-guideline animal toxicology investigations, (2) studies of the effect of QACs on subcellular functions, and (3) the sole report of systemic effects in humans might not be informative for human health risk assessment. Because of their widespread use, human exposure to QACs is frequent. Various reports measured QACs in media in the home and workplaces. Risk calculations performed based upon these exposure estimates performed as part of this review demonstrated that none of the exposure scenarios examined are predicted to pose adverse health risks to exposed individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"535-560"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144152683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hazard classification of manganese salts based on animal neurotoxicity data: case study for specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure (STOT-RE).","authors":"David C Dorman, Doreen McGough, Michael Aschner, Len Levy, Peggy Gross","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2025.2476418","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10937404.2025.2476418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Specific Target Organ Toxicity - Repeated Exposure (STOT-RE) is a hazard class in both Globally Harmonized System and Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) Regulation in the European Union (EU) legislation on hazard classification labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures. This legislation, used for the chemical safety assessment under the EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), evaluates long-term exposure of chemicals on human or animals and designates three categories of classification - STOT RE 1 (potential to produce significant toxicity to humans); STOT RE 2 (presumed to be toxic to humans), or not classified. Human epidemiologic studies identified neurologic effects as the most sensitive adverse health effect following repeated manganese (Mn) exposure. However, there are inadequate human studies to assess the neurotoxicity and STOT-RE classification of the chloride, sulfate, and nitrate forms of Mn. This review summarizes peer-reviewed studies with original data identified from searches of PubMed and OECD studies submitted as part of the REACH information requirement. This review included peer-reviewed studies that exhibited a duration of ≥21 days, including oral or inhalation exposure, and reported neurobehavioral, neurochemical or neuropathologic outcomes. A total of 75, 6, and 0 investigations met the inclusion criteria for this review for the chloride, sulfate, and nitrate forms of Mn, respectively. Based upon retrieved data or read-across principles a proposed classification of these Mn salts, following repeated oral or inhaled exposure, is STOT RE 2, target organ, the brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"475-530"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144058557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical review of the potential effects and risks to pollinators and aquatic organisms from the agricultural uses of sulfoxaflor; introductory comments.","authors":"Vincent J Kramer, Keith Solomon","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2025.2462285","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10937404.2025.2462285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The first paper in a series of seven serves as an overview of the initiation of the insecticide Sulfoxaflor Environmental Science review process and provides some regulatory background. The following papers are a series and describe a critical analysis of the data related to sulfoxaflor in terms of its uses, properties, environmental fate, and potential effects on aquatic organisms, and pollinators. The last paper describes a refined model for hazard and risk assessment of pesticides in pollinators.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"265-268"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weight of evidence assessment from field studies on effects of the insecticide sulfoxaflor on hymenopteran pollinators: sulfoxaflor environmental science review part V.","authors":"J R Purdy, K R Solomon, V J Kramer, J P Giesy","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2025.2478964","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10937404.2025.2478964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Field studies involve combinations of exposure, natural dynamics, and effects in natural and agricultural environments. To be more realistic, field studies focussed on pollinating insects must consider the details of biology, life history, behavior, and pollination ecology of the test species. While expensive and time-consuming, these tests provide the most realistic information, especially for social insects, but are valuable for solitary bee species as well. They are more realistic than laboratory studies because they determine the combined effects of natural stressors including weather, food availability, parasites, and pathogens with anthropogenic stressors, such as the pesticide treatment itself, within agroecosystem landscapes. Twenty-four field studies conducted with bees to support the registration of sulfoxaflor and published work are included, and a standardized rating system for the quality and relevance of the studies was used. The studies included <i>Apis mellifera</i> L., <i>Bombus terrestris</i> L., and <i>Osmia bicornis</i> L. The results show that, when SFX products are applied at the highest labeled application rate with bees actively foraging or fed in syrup at equivalent rates, the effects are minor and temporary. Sublethal effects included lethargy, disorientation, and reduced body mass at emergence. No new modes of action and no treatment-related effects on brood rearing were found.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"374-405"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143702054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weight of evidence assessment of effects of sulfoxaflor on aquatic invertebrates: sulfoxaflor environmental science review part II.","authors":"J P Giesy, K R Solomon, J R Purdy, V J Kramer","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2025.2478965","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10937404.2025.2478965","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Effects of sulfoxaflor (SFX) on aquatic invertebrates were assessed by comparing concentrations predicted to occur in or measured in surface waters to thresholds for adverse effects. Due to the specific mode of toxic action, fishes are relatively tolerant of the effects of SFX. <i>Daphnia magna</i> with an LC₅₀ of 378 mg SFX L^-1 (SD = 19.13) was similarly tolerant of the effects of SFX, while the LOEC was > 110 mg SFX L^-1. A threshold for effects on aquatic insects, based on the chironomid midge, <i>C. tentans</i>, had LOAEL and NOAEL values of 0.0455 and 0.0618 mg L^-1, respectively. The acute-to-chronic ratio was 18. Simulation models and parameters selected for a range of applications to crops predicted environmental concentrations (EECs) in surface waters to range from 2.2 to 7.7 µg L^-1. Based on these EECs, the maximum hazard quotient (HQ) was 0.11, which is less than the US EPA level of concern (LOC) of 0.5, which would normally be the threshold to trigger regulatory action or higher-tier assessments. The risks posed by SFX to aquatic organisms are predicted to be <i>de minimis</i>. Hazard quotients based on EEC values predicted in the standard, USEPA farm pond estimated by use of the Pesticides in Water Calculator (PWC version 1.52) for scenarios of maximum application rates for cotton and LOAEL and NOAEL values for aquatic insects for SFX were less than or similar to those for other insecticides including neonicotinoids and organophosphorus compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"293-321"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutrophils in toxicology: a forgotten field.","authors":"Pablo Scharf, Michael Aschner, Sandra Farsky","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2024.2431692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2024.2431692","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in humans and essential for innate immune responses despite a short lifespan in the bloodstream. A complex and tightly regulated production of neutrophils is required to maintain host defense. This process involves intricate signaling between the bone marrow, blood, and tissue clearance. Deficiency or excessive neutrophil infiltration impairs host defenses. Historically, neutrophils were viewed as initial effectors in innate immune responses. Recent discoveries have expanded our understanding of neutrophil biology, identifying multiple activation states and subsets. These subsets may switch phenotypes based on the composition of the microenvironment and might exhibit reverse migratory behavior, moving from inflamed tissues back into the bloodstream. This versatility poses neutrophils as key players in (1) signaling for host defenses, (2) trained immunity, (3) tissue repair, and (4) cancer biology. Disturbances in neutrophil production, responsiveness, apoptosis, and cell removal significantly affect inflammatory diseases and cancer progression. Environmental factors may directly affect the immune system and trigger the onset of many diseases; however, the precise mechanisms underlying the impact of xenobiotics on neutrophil production and functions remain unclear. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge on neutrophil ontogeny, plasticity, and roles in inflammation, tissue repair, and cancer, emphasizing their susceptibility to different sources of xenobiotic exposures.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1-32"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142689367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroendocrine contribution to sex-related variations in adverse air pollution health effects.","authors":"Devin I Alewel, Urmila P Kodavanti","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2024.2383637","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10937404.2024.2383637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Air pollution exposure is ranked as a leading environmental risk factor for not only cardiopulmonary diseases but also for systemic health ailments including diabetes, reproductive abnormalities, and neuropsychiatric disorders, likely mediated by central neural stress mechanisms. Current experimental evidence links many air pollution health outcomes with activation of neuroendocrine sympathetic-adrenal-medullary and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axes associated with resultant increases in adrenal-derived hormone levels acting as circulating mediators of multi-organ stress reactions. Epidemiological and experimental investigations also demonstrated sex-specific responses to air pollutant inhalation, which may be attributed to hormonal interactions within the stress and reproductive axes. Sex hormones (androgens and estrogens) interact with neuroendocrine functions to influence hypothalamic responses, subsequently augmenting stress-mediated metabolic and immune changes. These neurohormonal interactions may contribute to innate sex-specific responses to inhaled irritants, inducing differing individual susceptibility. The aim of this review was to: (1) examine neuroendocrine co-regulation of the HPA axis by gonadal hormones, (2) provide experimental evidence demonstrating sex-specific respiratory and systemic effects attributed to air pollutant inhalation exposure, and (3) postulate proposed mechanisms of stress and sex hormone interactions during air pollution-related stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"287-314"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12032588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141793934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local and systemic effects of microplastic particles through cell damage, release of chemicals and drugs, dysbiosis, and interference with the absorption of nutrients.","authors":"Eleonore Fröhlich","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2024.2406192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2024.2406192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastic particles (MPs) have been detected in a variety of environmental samples, including soil, water, food, and air. Cellular studies and animal exposures reported that exposure to MPs composed of different polymers might result in adverse effects at the portal of entry (local) or throughout the body (systemic). The most relevant routes of particle uptake into the body are oral and respiratory exposure. This review describes the various processes that may contribute to the adverse effects of MPs. Only MPs up to 5 µm were found to cross epithelial barriers to a significant extent. However, MPs may also exert a detrimental impact on human health by acting at the epithelial barrier and within the lumen of the orogastrointestinal and respiratory tract. The potential for adverse effects on human health resulting from the leaching, sorption, and desorption of chemicals, as well as the impact of MPs on nutritional status and dysbiosis, are reviewed. <i>In vitro</i> models are suggested as a means of (1) assessing permeation, (2) determining adverse effects on cells of the epithelial barrier, (3) examining influence of digestive fluids on leaching, desorption, and particle properties, and (4) role of microbiota-epithelial cell interactions. The contribution of these mechanisms to human health depends upon exposure levels, which unfortunately have been estimated very differently.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":"27 8","pages":"315-344"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142331320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}