Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Bioactive alkaloids from the venom of Dendrobatoidea Cope, 1865: a scoping review.","authors":"Débora Regina Dos Santos Arraes, Alex Bruno Lobato Rodrigues, Patrick Ribeiro Sanches, Carlos Eduardo Costa Campos, Sheylla Susan Moreira da Silva de Almeida, Janaina Reis Ferreira Lima, Jucivaldo Dias Lima, Gabriel Araujo da Silva","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2023.2270408","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10937404.2023.2270408","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioactive compounds derived from secondary metabolism in animals have refined selectivity and potency for certain biological targets. The superfamily Dendrobatoidea is adapted to the dietary sequestration and secretion of toxic alkaloids, which play a role in several biological activities, and thus serve as a potential source for pharmacological and biotechnological applications. This article constitutes a scoping review to understand the trends in experimental research involving bioactive alkaloids derived from Dendrobatoidea based upon scientometric approaches. Forty-eight (48) publications were found in 30 journals in the period of 60 years, between 1962 and 2022. More than 23 structural classes of alkaloids were cited, with 27.63% for batrachotoxins, 13.64% for pyridinics, with an emphasis on epibatidine, 16.36% for pumiliotoxins, and 11.82% for histrionicotoxins. These tests included <i>in vivo</i> (54.9%), <i>in vitro</i> (39.4%), and <i>in silico</i> simulations (5.6%). Most compounds (54.8%) were isolated from skin extracts, whereas the remainder were obtained through molecular synthesis. Thirteen main biological activities were identified, including acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (27.59%), sodium channel inhibitors (12.07%), cardiac (12.07%), analgesic (8.62%), and neuromuscular effects (8.62%). The substances were cited as being of natural origin in the \"Dendrobatidae\" family, genus \"<i>Phyllobates</i>,\" \"<i>Dendrobates</i>,\" and seven species: <i>Epipedobates tricolor</i>, <i>Phyllobates aurotaenia</i>, <i>Oophaga histrionica</i>, <i>Oophaga pumilio</i>, <i>Phyllobates terribilis</i>, <i>Epipedobates anthonyi</i>, and <i>Ameerega flavopicta</i>. To date, only a few biological activities have been experimentally tested; hence, further studies on the bioprospecting of animal compounds and ecological approaches are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61566060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug induced liver injury - a 2023 update.","authors":"Rebecca Allison,&nbsp;Asha Guraka,&nbsp;Isaac Thom Shawa,&nbsp;Gyan Tripathi,&nbsp;Wolfgang Moritz,&nbsp;Ali Kermanizadeh","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2023.2261848","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10937404.2023.2261848","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) constitutes hepatic damage attributed to drug exposure. DILI may be categorized as hepatocellular, cholestatic or mixed and might also involve immune responses. When DILI occurs in dose-dependent manner, it is referred to as intrinsic, while if the injury occurs spontaneously, it is termed as idiosyncratic. This review predominately focused on idiosyncratic liver injury. The established molecular mechanisms for DILI include (1) mitochondria dysfunction, (2) increased reactive oxygen species levels, (3) presence of elevated apoptosis and necrosis, (4) and bile duct injuries associated with immune mediated pathways. However, it should be emphasized that the underlying mechanisms responsible for DILI are still unknown. Prevention strategies are critical as incidences occur frequently, and treatment options are limited once the injury has developed. The aim of this review was to utilize retrospective cohort studies from across the globe to gain insight into epidemiological patterns. This review considers (1) what is currently known regarding the mechanisms underlying DILI, (2) discusses potential risk factors and (3) implications of the coronavirus pandemic on DILI presentation and research. Future perspectives are also considered and discussed and include potential new biomarkers, causality assessment and reporting methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"442-467"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41118274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Buthionine sulfoximine and chemoresistance in cancer treatments: a systematic review with meta-analysis of preclinical studies.","authors":"Camila Dos Reis Oliveira,&nbsp;Joedna Cavalcante Pereira,&nbsp;Andressa Barros Ibiapina,&nbsp;Italo Rossi Roseno Martins,&nbsp;João Marcelo de Castro E Sousa,&nbsp;Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira,&nbsp;Felipe Cavalcanti Carneiro da Silva","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2023.2246876","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10937404.2023.2246876","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) is a synthetic amino acid that blocks the biosynthesis of reduced glutathione (GSH), an endogenous antioxidant cellular component present in tumor cells. GSH levels have been associated with tumor cell resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and platinum compounds. Consequently, by depleting GSH, BSO enhances the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents in drug-resistant tumors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis of preclinical studies utilizing BSO in cancer treatments. The systematic search was carried out using the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EMBASE up until March 20, 2023, in order to collect preclinical studies that evaluated BSO, alone or in association, as a strategy for antineoplastic therapy. One hundred nine investigations were found to assess the cytotoxic potential of BSO alone or in combination with other compounds. Twenty-one of these met the criteria for performing the meta-analysis. The evidence gathered indicated that BSO alone exhibits cytotoxic activity. However, this compound is generally used in combination with other antineoplastic strategies, mainly chemotherapy ones, to improve cytotoxicity to carcinogenic cells and treatment efficacy. Finally, this review provides important considerations regarding BSO use in cancer treatment conditions, which might optimize future studies as a potential adjuvant antineoplastic therapeutic tool.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"417-441"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10030531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of carbon tetrachloride.","authors":"Samuel M Cohen,&nbsp;Christopher Bevan,&nbsp;Bhaskar Gollapudi,&nbsp;James E Klaunig","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2023.2220147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2023.2220147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) has been extensively used and reported to produce toxicity, most notably involving the liver. Carbon tetrachloride metabolism involves CYP450-mediated bioactivation to trichloromethyl and trichloromethyl peroxy radicals, which are capable of macromolecular interaction with cell components including lipids and proteins. Radical interaction with lipids produces lipid peroxidation which can mediate cellular damage leading to cell death. Chronic exposure with CCl₄ a rodent hepatic carcinogen with a mode of action (MOA) exhibits the following key events: 1) metabolic activation; 2) hepatocellular toxicity and cell death; 3) consequent regenerative increased cell proliferation; and 4) hepatocellular proliferative lesions (foci, adenomas, carcinomas). The induction of rodent hepatic tumors is dependent upon the dose (concentration and exposure duration) of CCl₄, with tumors only occurring at cytotoxic exposure levels. Adrenal benign pheochromocytomas were also increased in mice at high CCl₄ exposures; however, these tumors are not of relevant importance to human cancer risk. Few epidemiology studies that have been performed on CCl₄, do not provide credible evidence of enhanced risk of occurrence of liver or adrenal cancers, but these studies have serious flaws limiting their usefulness for risk assessment. This manuscript summarizes the toxicity and carcinogenicity attributed to CCl₄, specifically addressing MOA, dose-response, and human relevance.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":"26 6","pages":"342-370"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10334952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties of sucralose-6-acetate and its parent sucralose: <i>in vitro</i> screening assays.","authors":"Susan S Schiffman,&nbsp;Elizabeth H Scholl,&nbsp;Terrence S Furey,&nbsp;H Troy Nagle","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2023.2213903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2023.2213903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties of sucralose-6-acetate, a structural analog of the artificial sweetener sucralose. Sucralose-6-acetate is an intermediate and impurity in the manufacture of sucralose, and recent commercial sucralose samples were found to contain up to 0.67% sucralose-6-acetate. Studies in a rodent model found that sucralose-6-acetate is also present in fecal samples with levels up to 10% relative to sucralose which suggest that sucralose is also acetylated in the intestines. A MultiFlow® assay, a high-throughput genotoxicity screening tool, and a micronucleus (MN) test that detects cytogenetic damage both indicated that sucralose-6-acetate is genotoxic. The mechanism of action was classified as clastogenic (produces DNA strand breaks) using the MultiFlow® assay. The amount of sucralose-6-acetate in a single daily sucralose-sweetened drink might far exceed the threshold of toxicological concern for genotoxicity (TTC_genotox) of 0.15 µg/person/day. The RepliGut® System was employed to expose human intestinal epithelium to sucralose-6-acetate and sucralose, and an RNA-seq analysis was performed to determine gene expression induced by these exposures. Sucralose-6-acetate significantly increased the expression of genes associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancer with greatest expression for the metallothionein 1 G gene (MT1G). Measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability in human transverse colon epithelium indicated that sucralose-6-acetate and sucralose both impaired intestinal barrier integrity. Sucralose-6-acetate also inhibited two members of the cytochrome P450 family (CYP1A2 and CYP2C19). Overall, the toxicological and pharmacokinetic findings for sucralose-6-acetate raise significant health concerns regarding the safety and regulatory status of sucralose itself.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":"26 6","pages":"307-341"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9965394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug development, Brazilian biodiversity and political choices: Where are we heading?","authors":"Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira,&nbsp;Daniel Dias Rufino Arcanjo,&nbsp;Ana Paula Peron","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2023.2193762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2023.2193762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this review was to (i) acknowledge structural advantages of natural products (NPs) for designing therapeutic drugs; (ii) emphasize how wildlife conservation is socially and economically necessary for scientific and commercial progress in Brazilian regions; and (iii) show how decisions by governmental regulations exert damaging effects on safeguarding of biodiversity. Natural products (NPs) from animals (e.g.: bufadienolides as marinobufagin), plants (diterpenes: casearin X and paclitaxel; triterpenes: betulinic acid) and microorganisms (depsipeptides: geodiamolides; antraciclines: doxorubicin) are the main source of oral drugs and have innate advantages for enteral and parenteral drug design, synthesis and combinational chemistry using novel techniques, including green chemistry. NPs possess high chemical diversity, binding flexibility to biological targets, chiral centers, aliphatic systems, hydrogen-bond acceptors and donors, and/or heteroatoms, and broad-spectrum pharmacological properties, including against malign disorders. Nonetheless, all Brazilian biomes and connected ecosystems have been systemically threatened since 2019 by the following fire, deforestation, monocultures, cattle raising, mining and/or oil spills mainly as consequence of financial cuts in key institutions which oversee environmental stability for terrestrial and marine Brazilian fauna and flora. Nevertheless, natural chemical entities, broad traditional knowledge on agrobiodiversity, fishing, fire management, and pioneering processes of economic interest play a vital role for \"Science of Biodiversity,\" which arises as business bioeconomy opportunities to convert Brazil into a self-sufficient country for production of pharmaceutical supplies, cosmeticsand foods. Hence, Brazil needs sustainable development projects supported by government and scientific input if one wishes to use the chemical and biological biodiversity to treat individuals and improve the quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":"26 5","pages":"257-274"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9513156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal models and mechanisms of tobacco smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).","authors":"Priya Upadhyay, Ching-Wen Wu, Alexa Pham, Amir A Zeki, Christopher M Royer, Urmila P Kodavanti, Minoru Takeuchi, Hasan Bayram, Kent E Pinkerton","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2023.2208886","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10937404.2023.2208886","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide, and its global health burden is increasing. COPD is characterized by emphysema, mucus hypersecretion, and persistent lung inflammation, and clinically by chronic airflow obstruction and symptoms of dyspnea, cough, and fatigue in patients. A cluster of pathologies including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and cardiovascular disease in the form of hypertension and atherosclerosis variably coexist in COPD patients. Underlying causes for COPD include primarily tobacco use but may also be driven by exposure to air pollutants, biomass burning, and workplace related fumes and chemicals. While no single animal model might mimic all features of human COPD, a wide variety of published models have collectively helped to improve our understanding of disease processes involved in the genesis and persistence of COPD. In this review, the pathogenesis and associated risk factors of COPD are examined in different mammalian models of the disease. Each animal model included in this review is exclusively created by tobacco smoke (TS) exposure. As animal models continue to aid in defining the pathobiological mechanisms of and possible novel therapeutic interventions for COPD, the advantages and disadvantages of each animal model are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":"26 5","pages":"275-305"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10718174/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10197550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro data for fire pollutants: contribution of studies using human cell models towards firefighters' occupational.","authors":"Maria João Bessa,&nbsp;Bruno Sarmento,&nbsp;Marta Oliveira,&nbsp;Francisca Rodrigues","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2023.2187909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2023.2187909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Firefighters are the principal line of defense against fires, being at elevated risk of exposure to health-relevant pollutants released during fires and burning processes. Although many biomonitoring studies exist, only a limited number of human <i>in vitro</i> investigations in fire risk assessment are currently available. <i>In vitro</i> studies stand out as valuable tools to assess the toxicity mechanisms involved following exposure to fire pollutants at a cellular level. The aim of the present review was to contextualize existing <i>in vitro</i> studies using human cell models exposed to chemicals emitted from fire emissions and wood smoke and discuss the implications of the observed toxic outcomes on adverse health effects detected in firefighters. Most of the reported <i>in vitro</i> investigations focused on monocultures respiratory models and exposure to particulate matter (PM) extracts collected from fire effluents. Overall, (1) a decrease in cellular viability, (2) enhanced oxidative stress, (3) increased pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and (4) elevated cell death frequencies were noted. However, limited information remains regarding the toxicity mechanisms initiated by firefighting activities. Hence, more studies employing advanced <i>in vitro</i> models and exposure systems using human cell lines are urgently needed taking into consideration different routes of exposure and health-related pollutants released from fires. Data are needed to establish and define firefighters' occupational exposure limits and to propose mitigation strategies to promote beneficial human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":"26 4","pages":"238-255"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9287240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental models of chemically induced Parkinson's disease in zebrafish at the embryonic larval stage: a systematic review.","authors":"Paola Briñez-Gallego,&nbsp;Dennis Guilherme da Costa Silva,&nbsp;Marcos Freitas Cordeiro,&nbsp;Ana Paula Horn,&nbsp;Mariana Appel Hort","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2023.2182390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2023.2182390","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra that results in a decrease in dopamine levels, resulting in motor-type disturbances. Different vertebrate models, such as rodents and fish, have been used to study PD. In recent decades, Danio rerio (zebrafish) has emerged as a potential model for the investigation of neurodegenerative diseases due to its homology to the nervous system of humans. In this context, this systematic review aimed to identify publications that reported the utilization of neurotoxins as an experimental model of parkinsonism in zebrafish embryos and larvae. Ultimately, 56 articles were identified by searching three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar). Seventeen studies using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 4 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), 24 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 6 paraquat/diquat, 2 rotenone, and 6 articles using other types of unusual neurotoxins to induce PD were selected. Neurobehavioral function, such as motor activity, dopaminergic neuron markers, oxidative stress biomarkers, and other relevant parameters in the zebrafish embryo-larval model were examined. In summary, this review provides information to help researchers determine which chemical model is suitable to study experimental parkinsonism, according to the effects induced by neurotoxins in zebrafish embryos and larvae.","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":"26 4","pages":"201-237"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9226322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive overview of genotoxicity and mutagenicity associated with outdoor air pollution exposure in Brazil.","authors":"Vera Maria Ferrão Vargas,&nbsp;Flavio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior,&nbsp;Tatiana da Silva Pereira,&nbsp;Cristiane Silva da Silva,&nbsp;Mariana Vieira Coronas","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2023.2175092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2023.2175092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review examined the mutagenicity and genotoxicity associated with exposure to outdoor air pollutants in Brazil. A search was performed on the Web of Science database using a combination of keywords that resulted in 134 articles. After applying exclusion criteria, a total of 75 articles were obtained. The articles were classified into three categories: (1) studies with plants and animals, (2) <i>in vitro</i> studies, and (3) human biomonitoring. The investigations were conducted in 11 of 27 Brazilian states with the highest prevalence in the southeast and south regions. Only 5 investigations focused on the effects of burning biomass on the quality of outdoor air. Plants, especially <i>Tradescantia pallida</i>, were the main air pollution biomonitoring tool. When available, a significant association between levels of air pollutants and genetic damage was described. Among the <i>in vitro</i> studies, <i>Salmonella</i>/microsome is the most used test to evaluate mutagenesis of outdoor air in Brazil (<i>n</i> = 26). Human biomonitoring studies were the least frequent category (<i>n</i> = 18). Most of the investigations utilized micronucleus bioassay, in oral mucosa cells (<i>n</i> = 15) and lymphocytes (<i>n</i> = 5), and the comet assay (<i>n</i> = 6). The analysis in this study points to the existence of gaps in genotoxicity studies and our findings indicate that future studies need to address the variety of potential sources of pollution existing in Brazil. In addition to extent of the impacts, consideration should be given to the enormous Brazilian biodiversity, as well as the determination of the role of socioeconomic inequality of the population in the observed outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":49971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews","volume":"26 3","pages":"172-199"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9111420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}