Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science最新文献_第8页

Seventeenth-Century ‘double writing’ schemes, and a 1676 letter in the phonetic script and real character of John Wilkins 17世纪的“双重书写”方案，以及1676年约翰·威尔金斯的拼音文字和真实字符中的一个字母

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2018-03-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0041

W. Poole

引用次数: 2

Living with, learning from and managing scientific failure 与科学失败共存、学习和管理科学失败

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2018-03-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2018.0001

B. Marsden

引用次数: 0

Managing failure: Sir Peter Brian Medawar's transplantation research. 管理失败:彼得·布莱恩·梅达沃爵士的移植研究。

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2018-03-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0020

Hyung Wook Park

{"title":"Managing failure: Sir Peter Brian Medawar's transplantation research.","authors":"Hyung Wook Park","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sir Peter Medawar experimentally demonstrated immunological tolerance through his tissue transplantation experiment in the early and mid-1950s. He made a central contribution to modern biomedicine by showing that genetically distinct cells introduced into a body during its foetal phase could not only be permanently tolerated but also make the host accept any subsequent skin grafts from the original cell donors. However, this discovery had only a limited clinical applicability. None could practise Medawar's method on human foetuses in preparation for their future need for organ or skin transplantation. I analyse this problem by focusing on his management of 'failures' during the tissue transplantation experiments. Through statistical, material, theoretical and rhetorical strategies, he managed unsatisfactory findings of his research, including unexpected skin infection, sudden animal death and irregularities in homograft survival times. I argue that these strategies and their inherent ambiguities constituted the course of Medawar's research, enabling him to delineate the temporal dimensions of tolerance and a clinical relevance, which were mutually contradictory. This paper thus illustrates the multiple roles that failures play in scientific research as well as the conflicting outcomes of investigators' efforts to manage them.</p>","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10062208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Natural knowledge in the 1660s: probing an iconic image 17世纪60年代的自然知识:探索一个标志性的形象

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2018-03-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0053

L. Jordanova

{"title":"Natural knowledge in the 1660s: probing an iconic image","authors":"L. Jordanova","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0053","url":null,"abstract":"Michael Hunter, The image of Restoration science: the frontispiece to Thomas Sprat's History of the Royal Society (1667). With a chapter on the instruments by Jim Bennett . Routledge, London and New York, 2017. Pp. xvi+150. £115 (hardback). ISBN 978-1-4724-7872-6.\u0000\u0000Take one iconic image, add two distinguished historians and a huge amount of painstaking research and what results is a fascinating, interdisciplinary account of a single printed frontispiece, its origins and afterlife that is of the widest possible interest. Read this as a detective story for anyone intrigued by the second half of the seventeenth century, the friendships, collaborations, cultural buzz and intellectual quests that characterized it. Hunter and Bennett deserve the heartfelt appreciation not just of historians of science, but of anyone who researches the history of collecting and connoisseurship, print makers and their techniques, seventeenth-century culture, intellectual networks and visual culture.\u0000\u0000The book's full title provides a neat summary. The print that shows a bust of Charles II being crowned by fame, and flanked by Francis Bacon on one side and the first President of the Royal Society on the other, is well known (figure 1). There is a lot going on here, visually speaking, and the authors explicate all aspects of the figures, their setting and the many accoutrements in so far as this is possible. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Figure 1. \u0000Frontispiece to The history of the Royal Society of London, for the improving of Natural Knowledge, by Thomas Sprat (printed by T. R. for J. Martyn, London, 1667). Presentation copy, The Royal Society of London. …","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49074202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Newton's financial misadventures in the South Sea Bubble 牛顿在南海泡沫中的金融灾难

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2018-02-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3068542

A. Odlyzko

{"title":"Newton's financial misadventures in the South Sea Bubble","authors":"A. Odlyzko","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3068542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3068542","url":null,"abstract":"A very popular investment anecdote relates how Isaac Newton, after cashing in large early gains, staked his fortune on the success of the South Sea Company of 1720 and lost heavily in the ensuing crash. However, this tale is based on only a few items of hard evidence, some of which are consistently misquoted and misinterpreted. A superficially plausible contrarian argument has also been made that he did not lose much in that period, and John Maynard Keynes even claimed Newton successfully surmounted the South Sea Bubble. This paper presents extensive new evidence that while Newton was a successful investor before this event, the folk tale about his making large gains but then being drawn back into that mania and suffering large losses is almost certainly correct. It probably even understates the extent of his financial miscalculations. Incidental to the clarification of this prominent issue, a controversy between Dale et al. and Shea about an aspect of market rationality during that bubble is settled. Some new information is also presented about Thomas Guy, famous for making a fortune out of the Bubble that paid for the establishment of Guy's Hospital, and other investors. The work reported here suggests new research directions and perspectives on bubbles.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2139/ssrn.3068542","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47386368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 19

Victorian telegrams: the early development of the telegraphic despatch and its interplay with the letter post 维多利亚时代的电报：电报的早期发展及其与信件的相互作用

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2018-01-10 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0031

Jean-François Fava-Verde

{"title":"Victorian telegrams: the early development of the telegraphic despatch and its interplay with the letter post","authors":"Jean-François Fava-Verde","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0031","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines the early development of the Victorian inland telegraph, and more precisely the telegraphic despatches, or telegrams, as they became widely known. The first telegram service in Britain was launched by the Electric Telegraph Company two decades before nationalization of the telegraphs in 1870. It is argued that this service was not as innovative as the electric telegraph technology that underpinned it. Attention is drawn to the parallels between the telegram and mail services. To this end, the evolution of postal communication is first explored, with a focus on the nineteenth century, when innovations such as mail-trains and prepayment by stamp considerably accelerated the mail and increased the volume of letters from 67 million in 1839 to a staggering 741 million in 1865. It was in this context that the telegram service was introduced to the public. The operating model adopted by the Electric Telegraph Company to deliver this service is deconstructed to show the similarities with the mail service and to demonstrate that a telegram was not always faster than letter post.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46116552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Address of the president, Sir Venki Ramakrishnan, given at the anniversary meeting on 30 November 2017 文基·罗摩克里希南爵士在2017年11月30日周年纪念会议上的讲话

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0059

Venki Ramakrishnan, M. Barnier

引用次数: 0

Charles Blagden in revolutionary America: two unpublished letters to John Lloyd 查尔斯·布莱登在革命的美国:两封未发表的写给约翰·劳埃德的信

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-12-20 DOI: 10.1098/RSNR.2017.0017

P. Frame

引用次数: 0

Censoring Huxley and Wilberforce: A new source for the meeting that the Athenaeum ‘wisely softened down’ 对赫胥黎和威尔伯福斯的审查：雅典“明智地软化了”会议的新来源

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-12-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2016.0058

R. England

{"title":"Censoring Huxley and Wilberforce: A new source for the meeting that the Athenaeum ‘wisely softened down’","authors":"R. England","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2016.0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2016.0058","url":null,"abstract":"In mid July 1860, the Athenaeum published a summary of the discussions about Charles Darwin's theory that took place at the British Association meeting in Oxford. Its account omitted the famous exchange between Samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford, and Thomas Huxley, the rising man of science. A fuller report of the meeting was published a week later in a local weekly, the Oxford Chronicle, but this has gone unnoticed by historians. The Oxford Chronicle supplies a new version of Wilberforce's question to Huxley, with more material about religious objections to human evolution and the proper role of authority in popular scientific discussions. Excerpts from the Athenaeum and Oxford Chronicle accounts show that they likely had a common ancestor, and other sources corroborate details given only in the Oxford Chronicle. This discovery reveals that the Athenaeum narrative—until now the longest and best known—was censored to remove material that was considered objectionable. The Oxford Chronicle gives us a fuller story of what was said and how the audience reacted to the encounter between Huxley and Wilberforce.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2016.0058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41376804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

2016 Wilkins–Bernal–Medawar lecture The curious history of curiosity-driven research 2016 Wilkins–Bernal–Medawar讲座好奇心驱动研究的好奇历史

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-12-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0034

J. Agar

{"title":"2016 Wilkins–Bernal–Medawar lecture The curious history of curiosity-driven research","authors":"J. Agar","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0034","url":null,"abstract":"Curiosity has a curious place in the history of science. In the early modern period, curiosity was doubled-edged: it was both a virtue, the spring for a ‘love of truth’, but also the source of human error and even personal corruption. In the twentieth century, curiosity had become an apparently uncomplicated motivation. Successful scientists, for example Nobel Prize winners in their lectures and biographies, frequently attributed their first steps into science to a fundamental curiosity, an irrepressible desire to ask the question ‘why?’. The aside made by Albert Einstein in private correspondence in 1952—‘I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious’—has now become a meme. Yet in the twentieth century, science was shaped by many forces, and the practical utility of science in the real, messy problematic worlds of its formation seem far removed from the seeming innocence of curiosity-driven research. In my lecture and this paper, I ask why scientists say they ask ‘why?’, and trace the curious history of the idea of curiosity-driven science. In particular, I distinguish between a long and short history of curiosity in science, with the latter associated with the term ‘curiosity-driven science’ and the UK administration of Margaret Thatcher.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49507758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8