Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science最新文献

The making of early modern eye models 早期现代眼睛模型的制作

3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2023.0020

Wenrui Zhao

引用次数: 0

Anthropological Glimpses of Japan in Nineteenth-Century Britain 19世纪英国对日本的人类学一瞥

3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2023.0056

Efram Sera-Shriar

{"title":"Anthropological Glimpses of Japan in Nineteenth-Century Britain","authors":"Efram Sera-Shriar","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2023.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2023.0056","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores two early anthropological works on Japan that were produced in Britain during the nineteenth century. The first is James Cowles Prichard's chapter on Japanese culture from the third edition of his Researches into the physical history of mankind (1844) . It represents the first formative study by a leading ethnologist to tackle the subject. The second is Edward Burnett Tylor's essay on Japanese belief for the Journal for the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1877). During the later decades of the nineteenth century, information about Japanese society still remained relatively incomplete. When Tylor wrote his important essay about Japan in the 1870s, he still drew on the same sources Prichard had used three decades earlier. Very little new ethnographic information had travelled back to England by the second half of the nineteenth century. As a result, researchers continued to struggle when writing about Japanese culture. What we get in these nineteenth-century writings is best described as anthropological ‘glimpses’ of Japan. By exploring these early sketches of Japan, a more textured disciplinary history emerges that helps to complexify and challenge the heroic and teleological narratives of British anthropology's supposed success story.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135161364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Minakata Kumagusu in London: Challenging Eurocentrism in the pages of Nature Kumagusu在伦敦:在《自然》杂志上挑战欧洲中心主义

3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2023.0053

Bernard Lightman, Ruselle Meade

{"title":"Minakata Kumagusu in London: Challenging Eurocentrism in the pages of <i>Nature</i>","authors":"Bernard Lightman, Ruselle Meade","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2023.0053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2023.0053","url":null,"abstract":"The Japanese biologist and ethnologist Minakata Kumagusu has achieved a degree of celebrity in Japan for being the first Asian contributor to the British scientific magazine Nature . However, although Minakata's many contributions to Nature from 1893 to 1914 provided British readers with rare insight into Asian scientific achievements, he is seldom discussed in history of science scholarship produced by American, British and European researchers. In this article we examine Minakata's Nature articles to gain insight into how his encounter with the Eurocentrism of British culture while living in London from 1892 to 1900 affected his intellectual development. We argue that having his articles published in Nature to gain scientific recognition was not Minakata's real goal. Rather, we demonstrate that his Nature articles were connected to a larger project that inspired Minakata for much of his life, a descriptive sociology of Japan. For this descriptive sociology, Minakata wished to construct a new form of historical analysis that drew on past Asian sources, as well as anthropological and sociological perspectives learned from British philosopher of evolution Herbert Spencer and British anthropologists such as Edward Clodd, Edward Tylor and Andrew Lang. Minakata's writings reveal him to be much more than a conduit of information about Asia. He was also a pioneering global intellectual who demonstrated how Asian science complemented Western science.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135161365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gassendi's second thought. From a materialistic picture of cognition to the defence of dualism: the lasting influence of the polemic with descartes 伽森迪的第二个想法。从唯物主义认识论到为二元论辩护:与笛卡儿争论的持久影响

3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2023.0006

Rodolfo Garau

{"title":"Gassendi's second thought. From a materialistic picture of cognition to the defence of dualism: the lasting influence of the polemic with descartes","authors":"Rodolfo Garau","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2023.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2023.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Whether matter could engender cogitation was a very divisive topic of early modern reflection. In his polemic with Descartes, Gassendi appeared to endorse a ‘materialistic’ understanding of cognition. Two objections by Gassendi were particularly relevant to this claim: he challenged the distinction between imagination and intellect, and argued that animal and human cognition only differed quantitatively. Since the intellect was traditionally seen as immaterial, while the imagination was understood as a bodily faculty, these claims appeared to entail a naturalized image of the human soul, and the potential that matter could generate cogitation. Here, I argue that Gassendi's claims were not only a result of his polemical vein against Descartes; rather, they were part of an intellectual agenda that Gassendi had been pursuing since the early 1620s. I then analyse Gassendi's change of perspective in Animadversiones (1649) and Syntagma philosophicum (1658), where Gassendi presented arguments for the immateriality of the intellect and its true distinction from the imagination. I argue that Gassendi's early objections against Descartes provided him with material to revise his own position on these subjects. I then show some of the implications of such a change of heart. Lastly, I address some hypotheses of its cause.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135216201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mendel's closet: genetics, eugenics and the exceptions of sex in Edwardian Britain 《孟德尔的衣橱:遗传学、优生学和爱德华七世时代英国的性别例外》

3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2023.0036

Ross Brooks

{"title":"Mendel's closet: genetics, eugenics and the exceptions of sex in Edwardian Britain","authors":"Ross Brooks","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2023.0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2023.0036","url":null,"abstract":"This article situates formative Mendelian and chromosomal precepts and rhetoric as an integral part of ‘reproductive’ physiology and the broader sexological terrain in Edwardian Britain. Alongside the discovery of ‘internal secretions’ (hormones), the discovery of the sex chromosomes, made around the same time as the rediscovery of Mendel's laws of heredity at the turn of the twentieth century, transformed the ways in which questions about sex determination and sex development were considered. Approaches were diverse as leading biologists including William Bateson, Leonard Doncaster, Reginald Crundall Punnett, Geoffrey Watkins Smith and their interlocutors negotiated the multiple, often conflicting, sociopolitical interpretations, uses and abuses that Mendelian approaches to sex were amenable to. Most contentiously, it was recognized that any credible model of sex biology had to account for all manner of sex phenomena, including parthenogenesis, intersexualities and transformations of sex, and that it was the variations of sex that best provided insights into the otherwise hidden mechanisms that shaped sex characteristics. Such a move, however, embroiled the new sexological genetics and the developing discipline of ‘reproductive’ physiology with vexed debates about feminism, homosexuality and eugenics. The article charts how the ensuing tensions played out across scholarly and popular platforms, including Britain's newspapers.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134974200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Plant alchemy, Paracelsianism and internal signature theory in the writings of Guy de La Brosse (1586–1641) 植物炼金术、帕拉塞尔学说和内部签名理论在盖伊·德拉布罗斯(1586-1641)著作中的应用

3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2023.0031

Georgiana D. Hedesan

引用次数: 0

R. A. Fisher on J. A. Cobb's The problem of the sex-ratio R. A. Fisher对J. A. Cobb的《性别比例问题》的评论

3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2023.0067

Andy Gardner

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Classification, Observational Practice, and Henry Seebohm’s The Birds of the Japanese Empire in Late-Victorian Britain 分类、观察实践与亨利·西博姆的《维多利亚晚期英国日本帝国的鸟类》

3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2023.0059

Nathan Bossoh

{"title":"Classification, Observational Practice, and Henry Seebohm’s <i>The Birds of the Japanese Empire</i> in Late-Victorian Britain","authors":"Nathan Bossoh","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2023.0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2023.0059","url":null,"abstract":"In the latter months of 1890 the ornithologist Henry Seebohm (1832–1895) published his transnationally well-received The birds of the Japanese Empire . However, although travelling widely to places such as Greece, South Africa and Siberia, Seebohm never visited Japan. Instead, his knowledge of Japanese birds was gathered through second-hand methods including knowledge and network building, specimen acquiring and comparing and the adoption of a novel classification system. These observational methods of Seebohm as an ‘armchair’ practitioner served to enhance his name as an authority on Japanese birds. Despite an increase in scholarship surrounding the emergence of professionalized twentieth-century Japanese imperial ornithology, little attention has been paid to the various Victorian naturalists who were central to its nineteenth-century origins. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to document the importance of one such naturalist by focusing on Seebohm’s active years between 1878 and 1890. Through this analysis I argue that Seebohm’s observational practices, particularly his use of a novel trinomial classification, were central to securing his credibility on Japanese birds despite never visiting Japan, and that consequently his 1890 book became a landmark in the development of ornithology in the Japanese Empire.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135824216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

‘Tarzan of the sciences’: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in the communication jungle, CA 1970 “科学的泰山”:瑞典皇家科学院在通信丛林，CA 1970

3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2023.0050

Jenny Beckman

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Decolonizing Veterinary History: On the benefits of telling the story of Dr Jotello Soga, the first South African veterinarian 非殖民化兽医历史:讲述第一位南非兽医Jotello Soga博士的故事的好处

3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2023.0047

Diana K. Davis

{"title":"Decolonizing Veterinary History: On the benefits of telling the story of Dr Jotello Soga, the first South African veterinarian","authors":"Diana K. Davis","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2023.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2023.0047","url":null,"abstract":"Although nearly erased from history, the first formally trained South African veterinarian was the little-known Dr Jotello Festiri Soga (1865–1906), son of the Xhosa Reverend Tiyo Soga and his Scottish wife. By detailing Soga's remarkable trajectory, this paper helps to decolonize the history of veterinary medicine, long dominated by the ‘great deeds’ of a succession of white men, and only recently beginning to diversify. This sort of knowledge decolonization has been increasingly advocated by numerous scholars and a growing number of students globally. Dr Soga qualified as a Member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in 1886, after studying at the Royal (Dick's) Veterinary School in Edinburgh. Appointed Assistant Veterinary Surgeon for Cape Colony in 1889, he made pioneering contributions to veterinary toxicology and vaccination methods over the next decade. Soga was also one of the earliest to warn of the impending disaster of rinderpest, and he played an instrumental role in the containment and eventual eradication of this devastating disease. He provided essential help in communicating with indigenous South Africans about livestock diseases, although his feelings about his countrymen were sometimes conflicted. The processes of decolonization are complex, and frequently difficult, but the benefits are great.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135590802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0