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Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science最新文献

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Johann Peter Griess FRS (1829–88): Victorian brewer and synthetic dye chemist 约翰·彼得·格里斯FRS(1829-88):维多利亚酿酒师和合成染料化学家
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2015-12-16 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2015.0020
E. Yates, A. Yates
{"title":"Johann Peter Griess FRS (1829–88): Victorian brewer and synthetic dye chemist","authors":"E. Yates, A. Yates","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2015.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2015.0020","url":null,"abstract":"The German organic chemist Johann Peter Griess (1829–88), who first developed the diazotization of aryl amines (the key reaction in the synthesis of the azo dyes), and a major figure in the formation of the modern dye industry, worked for more than a quarter of a century at the brewery of Samuel Allsopp and Sons in Burton upon Trent, which, owing to the presence of several notable figures and an increase in the scientific approach to brewing, became a significant centre of scientific enquiry in the 1870s and 1880s. Unlike the other Burton brewing chemists, Griess paralleled his work at the brewery with significant contributions to the chemistry of synthetic dyes, managing to keep the two activities separate—to the extent that some of his inventions in dye chemistry were filed as patents on behalf of the German dye company BASF, without the involvement of Allsopp's. This seemingly unlikely situation can be explained partly by the very different attitudes to patent protection in Britain and in Germany combined with an apparent indifference to the significant business opportunity that the presence of a leading dye chemist presented to Allsopp's. Although his work for the brewery remained largely proprietary, Griess's discoveries in dye chemistry were exploited by the German dye industry, which quickly outpaced its British counterpart. One less well-known connection between brewing and synthetic dyes, and one that may further explain Allsopp's attitude, is the use of synthetic dyes in identifying microorganisms—the perennial preoccupation of brewers seeking to maintain yield and quality. Developments of Griess's original work continue to be applied to many areas of science and technology.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"70 1","pages":"65 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2015.0020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62043305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Engineering and technology of industrial water power at Castleford Mills from the seventeenth century to the twentieth century 17世纪至20世纪卡斯尔福德米尔斯的工业水力工程和技术
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2015-12-16 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2015.0044
A. Rollinson
{"title":"Engineering and technology of industrial water power at Castleford Mills from the seventeenth century to the twentieth century","authors":"A. Rollinson","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2015.0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2015.0044","url":null,"abstract":"This article tells the story of engineering and technology at Castleford Water Mills from the seventeenth century to the twentieth century through the presentation of recently discovered design plans and deeds, supplemented by other historical research. One of Castleford's mills was operated by Dr Thomas Allinson's Natural Food Company and therefore retained stoneground milling when fashions for white flour prompted other mills to switch to roller systems. The millstones were powered by a high-efficiency breastshot wheel, believed to be the last of its type taken out of industrial service in Britain. Many of its features, and its subsequent longevity, can be attributed to the influential works of William Fairbairn and John Smeaton. Detailed colour designs show the construction specifications of this water-wheel and its civil housing, along with other engineering plans such as a previously unrecorded Henry Simon horizontal turbine. Links with John Smeaton and the entry in his catalogue of designs for Castleford Oil Mill are also explored, and a former flood mill is identified at the site.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"70 1","pages":"45 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2015.0044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62043026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Crafting the microworld: how Robert Hooke constructed knowledge about small things 塑造微观世界:罗伯特·胡克如何构建关于小事的知识
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2015-12-16 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2015.0057
Ian Lawson
{"title":"Crafting the microworld: how Robert Hooke constructed knowledge about small things","authors":"Ian Lawson","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2015.0057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2015.0057","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the way in which Robert Hooke constructed his microscopical observations. His Micrographia is justifiably famous for its detailed engravings, which communicated Hooke's observations of tiny nature to his readers, but less attention has been paid to how he went about making the observations themselves. In this paper I explore the relationship between the materiality of his instrument and the epistemic images he produced. Behind the pictures lies an array of hidden materials, and the craft knowledge it took to manipulate them. By investigating the often counter-theoretical and conflicting practices of his ingenious microscope use, I demonstrate the way in which Hooke crafted the microworld for his readers, giving insight into how early modern microscopy was understood by its practitioners and audience.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"70 1","pages":"23 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2015.0057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62043184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
The logic of scientific unity? Medawar, the Royal Society and the Rothschild controversy 1971–72 科学统一的逻辑?梅达沃，皇家学会和罗斯柴尔德1971-72年的争论
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2015-10-07 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2015.0021
Neil Calver, Miles Parker
{"title":"The logic of scientific unity? Medawar, the Royal Society and the Rothschild controversy 1971–72","authors":"Neil Calver, Miles Parker","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2015.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2015.0021","url":null,"abstract":"In 1971 Lord (Victor) Rothschild published his report for the government, The organisation and management of government R&D, and Sir Peter Medawar launched a campaign for the election of Sir Karl Popper to Fellowship of the Royal Society. We explore these two developments in the contexts of the then current views of the role and purpose of science, and their underpinning philosophy. Although the political battle was won by Rothschild, resulting in major changes to the funding and management of applied R&D, we argue that, despite this, Medawar's campaign for Popper provided an embattled science community with a philosophical basis for defending pure research and the unity of basic and applied science.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"70 1","pages":"100 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2015.0021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62042925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
The importance of picking Porter: the Royal Institution, George Porter and the two cultures, 1959–64 挑选波特的重要性:皇家学院，乔治波特和两种文化，1959-64
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2015-06-20 DOI: 10.1098/RSNR.2014.0041
Rupert Cole
{"title":"The importance of picking Porter: the Royal Institution, George Porter and the two cultures, 1959–64","authors":"Rupert Cole","doi":"10.1098/RSNR.2014.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/RSNR.2014.0041","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the cultural reasons why in 1964 the Royal Institution (RI) selected George Porter, who became the only person so far to have been Director of the Royal Institution (1966–85), President of the Royal Society (1985–90) and President of the British Association (1985–86) at the same time, to succeed William Lawrence Bragg as the institution's scientific director and resident professor. Porter was established as first choice by an inner group of RI Managers before the formal selection process began. In this article I argue that Porter won their favour by presenting himself, during his tenure as the RI's Professor of Chemistry (1963–66), as a candidate who fitted well with the Managers' ideas about the future role of the RI—ideas that were deeply influenced by the prevailing technocratic visions of ‘science and society’, particularly C. P. Snow's writings on the ‘two cultures’.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"69 1","pages":"191 - 216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/RSNR.2014.0041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62042248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Freud, Jung and Boas: the psychoanalytic engagement with anthropology revisited 弗洛伊德，荣格和鲍亚士:精神分析学与人类学的结合
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2015-06-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2014.0048
R. Kenny
{"title":"Freud, Jung and Boas: the psychoanalytic engagement with anthropology revisited","authors":"R. Kenny","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2014.0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2014.0048","url":null,"abstract":"Sigmund Freud's and C. G. Jung's turn to evolutionist anthropological material after 1909 is usually seen as a logical progression of their long-term interest in such material. It is also seen that they used this material ignorant of the significant challenges to the evolutionist paradigm underpinning such material, in particular the challenges led by Franz Boas. This paper argues otherwise: that both psychologists' turnings to such material was a new development, that neither had shown great interest in such material before 1909, and that their turnings to such material, far from being taken in ignorance of the challenges to evolutionist anthropology, were engagements with those challenges, because the evolutionist paradigm lay at the base of psychoanalysis. It argues that it is no coincidence that this engagement occurred after their return from America in 1909, where they had come into first-hand contact with the challenges of Franz Boas.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"69 1","pages":"173 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2014.0048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62042351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
The collecting activities of James Cuninghame FRS on the voyage of Tuscan to China (Amoy) between 1697 and 1699 1697年至1699年，詹姆斯·康宁汉在托斯卡纳到中国(厦门)航行中的收集活动
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2015-06-20 DOI: 10.1098/RSNR.2014.0043
C. Jarvis, P. H. Oswald
{"title":"The collecting activities of James Cuninghame FRS on the voyage of Tuscan to China (Amoy) between 1697 and 1699","authors":"C. Jarvis, P. H. Oswald","doi":"10.1098/RSNR.2014.0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/RSNR.2014.0043","url":null,"abstract":"James Cuninghame's visit to China (1697–99) yielded a great deal of valuable information on both natural and artificial objects as well as items of contemporaneous trade interest (for example china clay and a scarlet dye). However, the circumstances surrounding the voyage have long been unclear. Although it has previously been assumed that Cuninghame must have travelled on an East India Company vessel, it now seems that he was aboard Tuscan, one of two private trading ships (interlopers) bound for Amoy under the command of Henry Gough. After an incident in La Palma (Canary Islands), only Tuscan proceeded to China after her release by the Spanish authorities. Study of surviving correspondence between Cuninghame and a Canarian cleric, Juan Bautista Poggio, has contributed to a better understanding of the events in the early part of the voyage. Cuninghame made extensive natural history collections during the six months that Tuscan remained in Amoy, before returning to England in 1699, where his specimens delighted his London supporters, James Petiver and Hans Sloane.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"69 1","pages":"135 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/RSNR.2014.0043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62042743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
James Gregory, the University observatory and the early acquisition of scientific instruments at the University of St Andrews 詹姆斯·格雷戈里，大学天文台和圣安德鲁斯大学早期获得的科学仪器
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2015-06-20 DOI: 10.1098/RSNR.2014.0026
Helen C. Rawson
{"title":"James Gregory, the University observatory and the early acquisition of scientific instruments at the University of St Andrews","authors":"Helen C. Rawson","doi":"10.1098/RSNR.2014.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/RSNR.2014.0026","url":null,"abstract":"James Gregory, inventor of the reflecting telescope and Fellow of the Royal Society, was the first Regius Professor of Mathematics of the University of St Andrews, 1668–74. He attempted to establish in St Andrews what would, if completed, have been the first purpose-built observatory in the British Isles. He travelled to London in 1673 to purchase instruments for equipping the observatory and improving the teaching and study of natural philosophy and mathematics in the university, seeking the advice of John Flamsteed, later the first Astronomer Royal. This paper considers the observatory initiative and the early acquisition of instruments at the University of St Andrews, with reference to Gregory's correspondence, inventories made ca. 1699–ca. 1718 and extant instruments themselves, some of which predate Gregory's time. It examines the structure and fate of the university observatory, the legacy of Gregory's teaching and endeavours, and the meridian line laid down in 1748 in the University Library.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"69 1","pages":"109 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/RSNR.2014.0026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62042276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Samuel Hartlib on the death of Descartes: a rediscovered letter to Henry More 塞缪尔·哈特利布论笛卡儿之死:一封重新发现的给亨利·莫尔的信
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2015-05-13 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2014.0055
Leigh T. I. Penman
{"title":"Samuel Hartlib on the death of Descartes: a rediscovered letter to Henry More","authors":"Leigh T. I. Penman","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2014.0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2014.0055","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discloses the content of a previously overlooked epistle by the Anglo-Prussian intelligencer Samuel Hartlib to Henry More concerning the death of René Descartes. After a discussion situating the letter within the sequence of the More–Hartlib correspondence, an analysis of the rhetorical structure of the epistle is offered, followed by a brief assessment of Hartlib's attitude towards Descartes, and the identification of his source concerning the news of the philosopher's death. An account of the transmission of the letter via a nineteenth-century periodical is also provided. The text of Hartlib's letter and an overlooked passage of Hartlib's diary concerning Descartes's death, which draws on the content of the More letter, are presented as appendixes.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"69 1","pages":"361 - 372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2014.0055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62042516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
John Dalton and the London atomists: William and Bryan Higgins, William Austin, and new Daltonian doubts about the origin of the atomic theory 约翰·道尔顿和伦敦原子论者:威廉和布莱恩·希金斯，威廉·奥斯汀，以及新道尔顿对原子理论起源的怀疑
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2014-12-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2014.0025
Mark I. Grossman
{"title":"John Dalton and the London atomists: William and Bryan Higgins, William Austin, and new Daltonian doubts about the origin of the atomic theory","authors":"Mark I. Grossman","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2014.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2014.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Most historians have ruled out the possibility that John Dalton was influenced by the theories of atomists William and Bryan Higgins, as well as William Austin, in developing his first table of atomic weights on 6 September 1803. I review and evaluate the case to be made for the influence of each scientist on Dalton. Contrary to prevailing views, I raise new Daltonian doubts, especially for Bryan Higgins.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"68 1","pages":"339 - 356"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2014.0025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62042208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
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