Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science最新文献_第10页

Between Charcot and Bernheim: The debate on hypnotism in fin-de-siècle Italy. 在夏可与伯恩海姆之间:意大利晚期催眠学之争。

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-06-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0008

Maria Teresa Brancaccio

{"title":"Between Charcot and Bernheim: The debate on hypnotism in fin-de-siècle Italy.","authors":"Maria Teresa Brancaccio","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0008","url":null,"abstract":"In the late 1870s, a small group of Italian psychiatrists became interested in hypnotism in the wake of the studies conducted by the French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. Eager to engage in hypnotic research, these physicians referred to the scientific authority of French and German scientists in order to overcome the scepticism of the Italian medical community and establish hypnotism as a research subject based on Charcot's neuropathological model. In the following years, French studies on hypnotism continued to exert a strong influence in Italy. In the mid 1880s, studies on hypnotic suggestion by the Salpêtrière and Nancy Schools of hypnotism gave further impetus to research and therapeutic experimentation and inspired the emergence of an interpretative framework that combined theories by both hypnotic schools. By the end of the decade, however, uncertainties had arisen around both hypnotic theory and the therapeutic use of hypnotism. These uncertainties, which were linked to the crisis of the neuropathological paradigm that had to a large extent framed the understanding of hypnotism in Italy and the theoretical disagreements among the psychiatrists engaged in hypnotic research, ultimately led to a decline in interest in hypnotism in Italy.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36411831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

‘A portion of truth’: Demarcating the boundaries of scientific hypnotism in late nineteenth-century France. “真理的一部分”:19世纪晚期法国科学催眠术的边界划分。

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-06-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0010

Kim M Hajek

{"title":"‘A portion of truth’: Demarcating the boundaries of scientific hypnotism in late nineteenth-century France.","authors":"Kim M Hajek","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0010","url":null,"abstract":"In fin-de-siècle France, hypnotism enjoyed an unprecedented level of medico-scientific legitimacy. Researchers studying hypnotism had nonetheless to manage relations between their new ‘science’ and its widely denigrated precursor, magnétisme animal, because too great a resemblance between the two could damage the reputation of ‘scientific’ hypnotism. They did so by engaging in the rhetorical activity of boundary-work. This paper analyses such demarcation strategies in major texts from the Salpêtrière and Nancy Schools – the rival groupings that dominated enquiry into hypnotism in the 1880s. Researchers from both Schools depicted magnétisme as ‘unscientific’ by emphasizing the magnetizers’ tendency to interpret phenomena in wondrous or supernatural terms. At the same time, they acknowledged and recuperated the ‘portions of truth’ hidden within the phantasmagoria of magnétisme; these ‘portions’ function as positive facts in the texts on hypnotism, immutable markers of an underlying natural order that accounts for similarities between phenomena of magnétisme and hypnotism. If this strategy allows for both continuities and discontinuities between the two fields, it also constrains the scope for theoretical speculation about hypnotism, as signalled, finally, by a reading of one fictional study of the question, Anatole France's ‘Monsieur Pigeonneau’.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36411931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Hypnosis lessons by stage magnetizers: Medical and lay hypnotists in Spain. 催眠课程由舞台磁铁:医疗和非专业催眠师在西班牙。

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-06-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0009

Andrea Graus

引用次数: 4

From transnational to regional magnetic fevers: The making of a law on hypnotism in late nineteenth-century Belgium. 从跨国到地区磁热:19世纪晚期比利时催眠法的制定。

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-06-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0007

Kaat Wils

{"title":"From transnational to regional magnetic fevers: The making of a law on hypnotism in late nineteenth-century Belgium.","authors":"Kaat Wils","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0007","url":null,"abstract":"In May 1892, Belgium adopted a law on the exercise of hypnotism. The signing of the law constituted a temporary endpoint to six years of debate on the dangers and promises of hypnotism, a process of negotiation between medical doctors, members of parliament, legal professionals and lay practitioners. The terms of the debate were not very different from what happened elsewhere in Europe, where, since the mid 1880s, hypnotism had become an object of public concern. The Belgian law was nevertheless unique in its combined effort to regulate the use of hypnosis in public and private, for purposes of entertainment, research and therapy. My analysis shows how the making of the law was a process of negotiation in which local, national and transnational networks and allegiances each played a part. While the transnational atmosphere of moral panic had created a seedbed for the law, its eventual outlook owed much to the powerful lobby work of an essentially local network of lay magnetizers, and to the renown of Joseph Delbœuf, professor at the University of Liège, whose work in the field of hypnotism stimulated several liberal doctors and members of Parliament from the Liège region to defend a more lenient law.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36411832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

A dangerous method? The German discourse on hypnotic suggestion therapy around 1900. 危险的方法?1900年前后德国关于催眠暗示疗法的论述。

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-06-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0006

Andreas-Holger Maehle

{"title":"A dangerous method? The German discourse on hypnotic suggestion therapy around 1900.","authors":"Andreas-Holger Maehle","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0006","url":null,"abstract":"In the late nineteenth century, German-speaking physicians and psychiatrists intensely debated the benefits and risks of treatment by hypnotic suggestion. While practitioners of the method sought to provide convincing evidence for its therapeutic efficacy in many medical conditions, especially nervous disorders, critics pointed to dangerous side effects, including the triggering of hysterical attacks or deterioration of nervous symptoms. Other critics claimed that patients merely simulated hypnotic phenomena in order to appease their therapist. A widespread concern was the potential for abuses of hypnosis, either by giving criminal suggestions or in the form of sexual assaults on hypnotized patients. Official inquiries by the Prussian Minister for Religious, Educational and Medical Affairs in 1902 and 1906 indicated that relatively few doctors practised hypnotherapy, whereas the method was increasingly used by lay healers. Although the Ministry found no evidence for serious harm caused by hypnotic treatments, whether performed by doctors or by lay healers, many German doctors seem to have regarded hypnotic suggestion therapy as a problematic method and abstained from using it.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36411833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

History of hypnotism in Europe and the significance of place. 欧洲催眠术的历史和地方意义。

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-06-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0011

Andreas-Holger Maehle, Heather Wolffram

{"title":"History of hypnotism in Europe and the significance of place.","authors":"Andreas-Holger Maehle, Heather Wolffram","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 1990s a number of studies, such as Alan Gauld's A history of hypnotism , Alison Winter's Mesmerized , Daniel Pick's Svengali's web , Andreas Mayer's Sites of the unconscious and, most recently, William Hughes' That devil's trick , have elucidated the scientific as well as the popular cultures in which mesmeric and hypnotic practices thrived in the nineteenth century.1 By the end of the nineteenth century – that is, the time on which the articles of this special issue focus – hypnotism was a common topic of medical, legal and public debate in several European countries. The therapeutic potential of hypnotic suggestion was balanced against the dangers of a mental state that made the individual a seemingly powerless subject of the hypnotizer's will and commands. Risks to individual and collective mental health, of sexual abuse of hypnotized persons, and of criminal suggestions were widely invoked whenever hypnotism was discussed. The ‘magnetic’ treatments by lay healers and the popular performances by stage hypnotists such as Donato (Alfred Edouard D'Hont) and Carl Hansen, who toured Europe, caused political concerns about public health and public order, leading to calls for the banning of hypnotic practices or for restricting their use to qualified medical men. Indeed, hypnotism appears to have been a practice around which a number of acute popular anxieties coalesced during the nineteenth century, including fears related to psychological contagion, crowds, race, class and gender.2\u0000\u0000In the scientific discourse, the pendulum of opinion had begun to swing from Jean-Martin Charcot's school at the Salpetriere Hospital in Paris, which interpreted hypnosis as an induced pathological state of the nervous system, to Hippolyte Bernheim's school at the University of Nancy, which saw it as a psychological state resulting from suggestion. In some instances, however, the idea of pathology was hard …","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36411930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Crime and hypnosis in fin-de-siècle Germany: the Czynski case. 德国经济解体后的犯罪与催眠:琴斯基案。

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-06-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0005

Heather Wolffram

{"title":"Crime and hypnosis in fin-de-siècle Germany: the Czynski case.","authors":"Heather Wolffram","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Lurid tales of the criminal use of hypnosis captured both popular and scholarly attention across Europe during the closing decades of the nineteenth century, culminating not only in the invention of fictional characters such as du Maurier's Svengali but also in heated debates between physicians over the possibilities of hypnotic crime and the application of hypnosis for forensic purposes. The scholarly literature and expert advice that emerged on this topic at the turn of the century highlighted the transnational nature of research into hypnosis and the struggle of physicians in a large number of countries to prise hypnotism from the hands of showmen and amateurs once and for all. Making use of the 1894 Czynski trial, in which a Baroness was putatively hypnotically seduced by a magnetic healer, this paper will examine the scientific, popular and forensic tensions that existed around hypnotism in the German context. Focusing, in particular, on the expert testimony about hypnosis and hypnotic crime during this case, the paper will show that, while such trials offered opportunities to criminalize and pathologize lay hypnosis, they did not always provide the ideal forum for settling scientific questions or disputes.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36411834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Outward bound 拓展训练

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-05-24 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0026

J. Agar

{"title":"Outward bound","authors":"J. Agar","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Peter Collins, who worked as a policy officer and historian for the Royal Society for 32 years, has written an invaluable, eye-opening account of this premier organization for science, from the Tercentenary of 1960 through to the 350th anniversary of 2010. In doing so he fills a considerable gap in the historical literature. The account is meticulously sourced, drawing on Collins' unparalleled knowledge of the recent archives of the Society, as well as interviews, the memories of colleagues and the material held in external collections. But the volume is more than that. Between 1960 and 2010 the Society was led by 10 scientists—Howard Florey, Patrick Blackett, Alan Hodgkin, Alexander Todd, Andrew Huxley, George Porter, Michael Atiyah, Aaron Klug, Bob May and Martin Rees—but Collins has resisted, rightly, the temptation to organize his account as a chronology of presidents. Instead, his stated aim is ‘to analyse some key features of the Society's approach to promoting science … and thus to uncover something of its identity’ (p. xi). The chapters therefore explore these key themes and features.\u0000\u0000If we step back and look at the most significant changes in the organization's recent history, the most striking is that the Royal Society, through the years since the Second World War, has become more open, more publicly visible and more likely to take action in public than was the case, and this transformation has been partly deliberately sought but also partly thrust reluctantly upon it.\u0000\u0000Collins opens his history with a case in point. In 1945 the Society had to elect a new president. Should the president be chosen solely because he was ‘demonstrably in the very top rank of acknowledged scientific achievement’ or was it the case that, under ‘exceptional circumstances’ (p. 9), other characteristics might be necessary, such as political acuity? The …","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43919602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Observation, experiment or autonomy in the domestic sphere? Women's familiar science writing in Britain, 1790–1830 国内领域的观察、实验还是自主？1790–1830年英国女性熟悉的科学写作

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-03-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2016.0018

Eleanor Peters

{"title":"Observation, experiment or autonomy in the domestic sphere? Women's familiar science writing in Britain, 1790–1830","authors":"Eleanor Peters","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2016.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2016.0018","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines three female writers who chose to affiliate their educational scientific works with the ‘domestic sphere’: Priscilla Wakefield, Jane Marcet and Maria Edgeworth. It shows that within what is now broadly categorized as ‘familiar science’, differing motivations for writing, publishing and reading existed. Between 1790 and 1830 many educationalists claimed that the best way for children to learn was for them to exercise their memory on things encountered in everyday life. Religious allegiances, attitudes towards female science education and the utility of science in the home help to explain why these writers chose to introduce their readers to the illimitable world of science by setting their books in the seemingly restrictive domestic sphere. Furthermore, this paper argues that three different authors envisioned subtly different domestic spheres as settings for their work. Rather than there being a single homogeneous domestic sphere in which women and children received their education, and about which such authors wrote, there existed a multiplicity of domestic spheres depicted across the genre of educational science texts.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2016.0018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43214664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The Athenæum Club, the Royal Society and the reform of dentistry in nineteenth-century Britain: A research report 雅典æum俱乐部、皇家学会与19世纪英国牙科改革:一份研究报告

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-03-20 DOI: 10.1098/RSNR.2016.0006

M. Bishop

{"title":"The Athenæum Club, the Royal Society and the reform of dentistry in nineteenth-century Britain: A research report","authors":"M. Bishop","doi":"10.1098/RSNR.2016.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/RSNR.2016.0006","url":null,"abstract":"In 1978 M. J. Peterson examined the role played by the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) in nineteenth-century dental reform, noting the establishment of its Licence in Dental Surgery (LDS) in 1859. In a paper published in Notes and Records in 2010, the present author described the influential role played by Fellows of the Royal Society during the nineteenth-century campaign for dental reform led by Sir John Tomes. Key players in this campaign, including the dentists Samuel Cartwright, Thomas Bell and James Salter, were, as well as being Fellows of the Royal Society, members of the Athenæum Club. The present research report indicates the roles played by those members of the Athenæum Club who were also Fellows of the Royal Society in the scientific and professional reform of nineteenth-century dentistry. Although it does not attempt to document meetings at the Club, it suggests the potential for a symbiotic effect between the Royal Society and the Athenæum. Where the previous paper proposed an active scientific role for the Royal Society in reforming dentistry, this paper presents the Athenæum as a significant extension of the sphere of influence into the cultural realm for those who did enjoy membership of both organizations.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/RSNR.2016.0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48728725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1