Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science最新文献

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The York buildings dragons: Desaguliers, Arbuthnot and attitudes towards the scientific community 约克建筑龙:Desaguliers、Arbuthnot和对科学界的态度
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-12-20 DOI: 10.1098/RSNR.2017.0019
P. Rogers
{"title":"The York buildings dragons: Desaguliers, Arbuthnot and attitudes towards the scientific community","authors":"P. Rogers","doi":"10.1098/RSNR.2017.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/RSNR.2017.0019","url":null,"abstract":"The growing public awareness of natural philosophy and technology in the eighteenth century brought with it unintended consequences, including an enlarged space for satiric treatments of scientific issues, which have not always been recognized for what they are. A pamphlet entitled The York Buildings Dragons appeared in December 1725, with a second, augmented, edition in January 1726. It has generally been attributed to John Theophilus Desaguliers FRS (1683–1744), the Huguenot engineer, Newtonian expositor and leading Freemason. This article throws fresh light on the pamphlet: to provide more extensive background to the work, to describe its aims and methods, to define its mode as entirely satiric, to analyse its contents in greater detail, to show that Desaguliers cannot possibly have been the author and to suggest as a more plausible candidate the mathematician, physician and satiric author John Arbuthnot FRS (1667–1735). Historians of science and technology need to take care in assessing the pamphlet literature surrounding controversial innovations.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/RSNR.2017.0019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47311983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A riverbank of science 科学的河岸
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-12-20 DOI: 10.1098/RSNR.2017.0027
Casper Andersen
{"title":"A riverbank of science","authors":"Casper Andersen","doi":"10.1098/RSNR.2017.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/RSNR.2017.0027","url":null,"abstract":"Bernard Lightman, A companion to the history of science . Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History. Wiley Blackwell, Chichester, 2016. Pp. xvi + 601. £120.00 (hardback). ISBN 978-1-118-62077-9.\u0000\u0000Assembling a one-volume companion to the history of science across ages, scientific disciplines and global space is a particularly daunting task. The editor has approached this challenge in a somewhat unconventional way, as the companion is not organized chronologically or according to disciplines but in four overarching thematic sections devoted to roles, spaces, communication and tools in the history of science.\u0000\u0000The first thematic section explores social roles in the world of science from antiquity to the present. Drawing on the notion of the persona, the contributions in this section analyse a wide range of roles and social identities involved in the study of the natural world, including, for example, the alchemist, the instrument maker and the human experimental subject. This approach provides the reader with a strong sense of the shifting intellectual hierarchies among those who have studied nature through history. Moreover, the section also brings out illuminating contrasts, for example between the natural historian and the natural philosopher, and it historicizes the contested relations between amateurs and professionals.\u0000\u0000The second thematic section analyses the spaces and places that have been central in the study of the natural world and includes public and domestic as well as professional domains. A …","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/RSNR.2017.0027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44247922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The evolving spirit: morals and mutualism in Arabella Buckley's evolutionary epic 进化的精神:阿拉贝拉·巴克利进化史诗中的道德与互惠主义
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-12-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2016.0056
J. Larsen
{"title":"The evolving spirit: morals and mutualism in Arabella Buckley's evolutionary epic","authors":"J. Larsen","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2016.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2016.0056","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporaries of Charles Darwin were divided on reconciling his theory of natural selection with religion and morality. Although Alfred Russel Wallace stands out as a spiritualist advocate of natural selection who rejected a natural origin of morality, the science popularizer and spiritualist Arabella Buckley (1840–1929) offers a more representative example of how theists, whether spiritualist or more orthodox in their religion, found reconciliation. Unlike Wallace, Buckley emphasized the lawful evolution of morality and of the soul, drawing from the theological tradition of traducianism. Significantly, Buckley argued for a mutualistic and deeply theistic interpretation of Darwinian evolution, particularly the evolution of morals, without sacrificing the uniformity of natural law. Though Buckley's understanding of the evolutionary epic has been represented as emphasizing mutualism (Gates 1998) and spiritualist theology (Lightman 2007), here I demonstrate that her distinctive addition to the debate lies in her unifying theory of traducianism. In contrast to other authors, I argue that through Buckley we better understand Victorian spiritualism as more of a religion than an occult science. However, it was a conception of religion that, through her evolutionary traducianism, bridged science and spiritualism. This offers historians a more complex but satisfying image of the Victorian worldview after Darwin.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2016.0056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45391789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Rocks, skulls and materialism: geology and phrenology in late-Georgian Belfast 岩石、头骨和物质主义:格鲁吉亚贝尔法斯特晚期的地质学和颅相学
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-11-22 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0023
Jonathan Wright, Diarmid A. Finnegan
{"title":"Rocks, skulls and materialism: geology and phrenology in late-Georgian Belfast","authors":"Jonathan Wright, Diarmid A. Finnegan","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years have seen the development of a more nuanced understanding of the emergence of scientific naturalism in the nineteenth century. It has become apparent that scientific naturalism did not emerge sui generis in the years following the publication of Charles Darwin's On the origin of species (1859), but was present, if only in incipient form, much earlier in the century. Building on recent scholarship, this article adopts a geographically focused approach and explores debates about geology and phrenology—two of the diverse forms of knowledge that contributed to scientific naturalism—in late-Georgian Belfast. Having provided the venue for John Tyndall's infamous 1874 address as president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Belfast occupies a central place in the story of nineteenth-century scientific naturalism. However, in uncovering the intricate and surprising ways in which scientific knowledge gained, or was denied, epistemic and civic credibility in Belfast, this discussion will demonstrate that naturalism, materialism and the relationship between science and religion were matters of public debate in the town long before Tyndall's intervention.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44929593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A shared arena: the private astronomy lecturing trade and its institutional counterpart in Britain, 1817–1865 共享的舞台:1817-1865年,英国的私人天文学讲座贸易及其机构对应物
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-11-22 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0018
Hsiang-fu Huang
{"title":"A shared arena: the private astronomy lecturing trade and its institutional counterpart in Britain, 1817–1865","authors":"Hsiang-fu Huang","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Public lecturing on astronomy was prevalent in Britain throughout the first half of the nineteenth century. Many lecturers were private entrepreneurs operating lecturing businesses without institutional affiliations. Private lecturers enjoyed popularity in various places and sites ranging from metropolitan theatres to provincial town halls. By focusing on private lecturers, including Deane Franklin Walker (1778–1865), John Bird (d. 1840) and Robert Children, this paper explores the private astronomy lecturing trade and compares it with public lectures that took place inside scientific institutions. The careers of two London-based institutional lecturers, John Wallis (1788–1852) and George Henry Bachhoffner (1810–1879), are analysed as a comparison. Despite the trend towards institutionalized science, the activities of private astronomy lecturers had not been undermined by institutional competitors until the early 1860s. Astronomy remained largely an amateur practice in early Victorian Britain; public lecturing on astronomy was also far from a profession. Many astronomical lecturers, whether private or institutional, were not scientific practitioners working on original research or observational tasks. Some of their lecturing, and particularly their Lenten astronomical lectures, purveyed a distinctive kind of popular astronomy, which was a blend of instruction, amusement and religious sentiments. They indicate complex features of performance and showmanship beyond simply conveying popularized scientific knowledge.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42566377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Pesticides, pollution and the UK's silent spring, 1963–1964: Poison in the Garden of England 农药、污染和英国寂静的春天,1963-1964:英格兰花园里的毒药
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-09-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2016.0040
J. F. M. Clark
{"title":"Pesticides, pollution and the UK's silent spring, 1963–1964: Poison in the Garden of England","authors":"J. F. M. Clark","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2016.0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2016.0040","url":null,"abstract":"Despite being characterized as ‘one of the worst agricultural accidents in Britain in the 1960s’, the ‘Smarden incident’ has never been subjected to a complete historical analysis. In 1963, a toxic waste spill in Kent coincided with the publication of the British edition of Rachel Carson's Silent spring. This essay argues that these events combined to ‘galvanize’ nascent toxic and environmental consciousness. A seemingly parochial toxic waste incident became part of a national phenomenon. The Smarden incident was considered to be indicative of the toxic hazards that were born of technocracy. It highlighted the inadequacies of existent concepts and practices for dealing with such hazards. As such, it was part of the fracturing of the consensus of progress: it made disagreements in expertise publicly visible. By the completion of the episode, 10 different governmental ministries were involved. Douglas Good, a local veterinary surgeon, helped to effect the ‘reception’ of Silent spring in the UK by telling the ‘Smarden story’ through local and national media and through the publications of anti-statist organizations.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2016.0040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48956896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
War, nature and technoscience 战争、自然和科技
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-09-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0032
B. Marsden
{"title":"War, nature and technoscience","authors":"B. Marsden","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0032","url":null,"abstract":"This issue of Notes and Records contains three papers and an essay review. The papers may be read, in rather different ways, as commentaries on the relationship between science, technology, medicine and war. War appears in these studies as an opportunity for the display of diverse technologies in the Crimea; as the unavoidable context for chemical work in the first half of the twentieth century; and as a chilling metaphor—Rachel Carson's ‘war against nature’—for the potentially devastating effect of pesticides and other chemicals on the natural world. The three papers comment, also, on the changing status and perception of technocracy—by throwing new light on the complex interplay of scientific innovation, large-scale industry and …","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43587131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Crimean War as a technological enterprise. 作为科技企业的克里米亚战争
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-09-20 Epub Date: 2017-02-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2016.0007
Yakup Bektas
{"title":"The Crimean War as a technological enterprise.","authors":"Yakup Bektas","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2016.0007","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsnr.2016.0007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Discussions of the Crimean War (1853-56) often emphasize its leaders' military and political incompetence and logistic failures, which led to heavy losses both on the battlefield and to disease. This portrayal ignores the significant entrepreneurial and technological novelties that emerged from the war. Begun and fought for the most part along traditional lines, the Crimean War became a stage for the display of innovative technologies ranging from telegraphy to photography, railways to steamships, and ironclads to sanitary hospitals. It became a business opportunity for entrepreneurs to promote their enterprises and to gain prestige, with the sanction of patriotism. These technologies, new and untried on such a scale though they were, began to shape the way in which the war was organized, fought and reported. More importantly, they generated enormous public excitement and helped make the war a spectacle for distant audiences, presented swiftly and vividly through the new media of telegraphy and photography.</p>","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5554787/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45419272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The FRS nomination of Sir Prafulla C. Ray and the correspondence of N. R. Dhar Prafulla C.Ray爵士的FRS提名和N.R.Dhar的信件
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-09-13 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0030
A. Choudhuri, Rajinder Singh
{"title":"The FRS nomination of Sir Prafulla C. Ray and the correspondence of N. R. Dhar","authors":"A. Choudhuri, Rajinder Singh","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0030","url":null,"abstract":"Sir Prafulla Chandra Ray (1861–1944) was the first Indian chemist to achieve high international reputation. Originally trained at the University of Edinburgh, he worked for many years at Presidency College in Calcutta and then at Calcutta University. He built up a remarkable school of chemical research by attracting many outstanding students to work with him and published about 150 papers—many of them in leading British and German journals. Ray was highly respected by his British peers and was the first Indian of that era to be nominated for FRS, in 1913. At the time when his nomination was being considered by the Royal Society, Ray's favourite student, Nil Ratan Dhar (1892–1986), who was to become the second Indian chemist to achieve high international reputation, worked in London and Paris for a few years. Even when Dhar was merely a 24-year-old student, he lobbied with several leading British chemists for the election of Ray and kept Ray informed in a series of fascinating letters—giving us a rare glimpse of what election to the Royal Society meant for Indian scientists of that era. During this time, Ray received a knighthood for his contributions to chemistry, and Nature published a front-page article on Ray's ‘life-work’. Many British chemists felt strongly that Ray should be elected FRS and were willing to discuss Ray's case with the young Dhar quite openly. But, rather mysteriously, Ray never got elected.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48409362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Russian scientists and the Royal Society of London: 350 years of scientific collaboration 俄罗斯科学家和伦敦皇家学会:350年的科学合作
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2017-08-30 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0001
E. Kolchinsky, U. Hossfeld, G. Levit
{"title":"Russian scientists and the Royal Society of London: 350 years of scientific collaboration","authors":"E. Kolchinsky, U. Hossfeld, G. Levit","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the dynamics of the honorary membership of Russian scientists at the Royal Society over a 350-year period. Using several outstanding Russian scientists as examples (Dmitrii Mendeleev, Il'ya Metschnikoff, Ivan Pavlov and Nikolai Vavilov), we will demonstrate how a combination of cultural and political factors influenced the dynamics of memberships. Furthermore, we explain how their memberships of the Royal Society influenced their scientific careers.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62043749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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